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CFD Modeling of Vehicle Aerodynamics

Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Vehicle Aerodynamics

1.1. what is aerodynamics
2. Flow Over a Car
3. Aerodynamics of a Car
3.1. Aerodynamic Forces:
3.2. Streamlining of Aerodynamic Components:
3.3. Ground Clearance:
3.4. Wheel Design:
4. Types of Drag and Lift Forces
4.1. Pressure drag
4.2. Viscous (Shear) Drag
5. Aerodynamics of Vehicle
5.1. Determination of Coefficients of Drag for Car
6. Drag Coefficients for Different Vehicles
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6.1. Sports Cars

6.2. Sedans and Coupes
6.3. SUVs and Autoriksha
6.4. Hatchbacks and Compact Cars
6.5. Commercial Trucks and Vans
7. CFD Modeling of Flow Over A Car
8. YouTube Video for Geometry, meshing, and simulation
9. Conclusion
10. References

Aerodynamics of Vehicle and

Determination of Drag from a CFD Analysis
Introduction to Vehicle Aerodynamics
what is aerodynamics

The objective of aerodynamics is to reduce drag and avoid unwanted lift forces to
maintain the stability of the vehicle (car, bus, and airplane)
Aerodynamics is part of fluid dynamics to study various forces and relative
motions between objects and air
By understanding the motion of air around an object (like a vehicle or airplane) we
can measure the forces of lift, drag, and gravity
The lift force acts in the direction normal to airflow and the drag force is opposite to
the direction of the vehicle
Fluid Mechanics is an important subject to study the dynamics of fluid flow around
a moving object like a car
The shape of objects and relatives’ motions decide the drag and lifer forces acting on
a vehicle. The application of aerodynamics is given on the page of flow Technology
which covers flying cars, flying boats, flow over vehicles (car, bus, and auto risk
show), flow patterns over airplanes for different angles of attack, flow patterns over
a cricket ball, and a shuttle cock.
We shall discuss the following topics:

Flow over a Car

Aerodynamics of car
Determination of Drag
Drag for Different Cars

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The Geometry of Sedan Car in ANSYS Space Claim

The meshing of Car Models in ANSYS Workbench
CFD solver setup and Simulation in ANSYS FLUENT as presented in the post
Determination of Drag Coefficients in FLUENT

Flow Over a Car

Flow over a car is turbulent.
A boundary layer is observed for flow over a car

The following figure shows streamline of airflow over a Lamborghini car

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Aerodynamics of a Car
The aerodynamics of a car refers to the study of how air flows around and interacts
with the vehicle.
It plays a crucial role in determining a car’s performance, fuel efficiency, stability,
and overall design. Here are some key aspects of car aerodynamics:

Aerodynamic Forces:

1. When a car is in motion, it experiences various aerodynamic forces, including:

Drag:
Drag is the resistance a car encounters as it moves through the air.
It opposes the car’s forward motion and is influenced by its shape, size, and
speed.
Minimizing drag is essential for fuel efficiency.
Lift:
A lift is an upward force that can affect a car’s stability.
It’s more commonly associated with aircraft, but some sports cars are
designed to generate downforce to improve traction and handling.

Streamlining of Aerodynamic Components:

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Car designers work to streamline the vehicle’s shape to reduce drag.

This involves making the car’s body as smooth and aerodynamic as possible.
This can include sculpting the body to minimize air resistance, using features like
spoilers, and ensuring that airflow is controlled efficiently.
Some common aerodynamic components found in cars include:
Spoiler:
A spoiler is often found on the rear of a car and helps reduce lift by
disrupting the airflow.
It can also improve the car’s stability at high speeds.
Diffuser:
A diffuser is often located on the rear of a car and helps manage the airflow
underneath the vehicle.
It can create downforce, which enhances traction and stability.
Air Dams:
Air dams are found on the front of the car and are designed to reduce air
from flowing underneath the vehicle, which can create lift.
They also help direct air around the car rather than under it.
Side Skirts:
Side skirts run along the sides of the car, reducing the airflow under the
vehicle and preventing air from entering the wheel wells, which can cause
drag.

Ground Clearance:

The height of a car from the ground is crucial for aerodynamics.

Lowering a car reduces the amount of air that flows under it, reducing drag.
However, too low a car can compromise ground clearance and make it
impractical for normal road conditions.

Wheel Design:

Even the design of a car’s wheels can affect its aerodynamics. Wheels with flat
surfaces or open spokes can create less drag compared to intricate designs with
many small openings.
Testing and Simulation:
Car manufacturers use wind tunnels and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
simulations to test and optimize a car’s aerodynamics.
These tools help in refining the design for improved performance.
Trade-Offs:
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It’s important to note that while enhancing aerodynamics can improve fuel
efficiency and high-speed stability, it may also affect other aspects like passenger
space, comfort, and aesthetics.
Car designers must balance these trade-offs to create a well-rounded vehicle.

Types of Drag and Lift Forces

There are two types of dynamic forces acting due to relative motion between fluid
and vehicles
Drag force has two types: pressure and viscous drag

Total Drag force = Pressure Drag force + Viscous Drag

Pressure drag depends on the pressure difference across the body, and viscous drag
depends on viscous forces acting on the body

Pressure drag

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due to pressure differences across the body. This is also called as the form drag. The
shape of the body decides the pressure drag.
The pressure drag force, also known as form drag or pressure resistance, is one of
the components of aerodynamic drag experienced by an object moving through a
fluid (such as air or water). It arises due to the pressure difference between the front
and rear surfaces of the object.
When an object moves through a fluid, the fluid exerts pressure on its surfaces. In
the case of a streamlined object, such as an airfoil or a well-designed vehicle, the
pressure on the front surface is higher than on the rear surface. This pressure
difference creates a force that opposes the motion, known as a pressure drag force.
Pressure drag force is influenced by several factors, including the shape and contour
of the object, the velocity of the fluid, the fluid’s density, and the angle of attack (in
the case of airfoils). An object with a blunter or less streamlined shape tends to
experience higher pressure drag compared to a more streamlined object.
To quantify pressure drag force, the drag coefficient (Cd) is used. The drag
coefficient represents the ratio of the drag force acting on the object to the dynamic
pressure of the fluid and the reference area of the object.
The formula for calculating pressure drag force is:

Pressure Drag Force, Fd = 0.5 * Cd * ρ * V^2 * A

where, Cd is the drag coefficient, ρ is the density of the fluid, V is the Inlet
velocity of the fluid relative to the object, and A is the reference area of the
object which is typically the frontal area of the object perpendicular to the
direction of motion.

Reducing pressure drag is a key consideration in vehicle design and aerodynamics

optimization.
Streamlining the shape, reducing frontal area, adding fairings, or incorporating
features like spoilers or vortex generators can help in lowering of pressure drag and
improve the overall efficiency of the vehicle.

Viscous (Shear) Drag

Viscous drag, also known as shear drag or skin friction drag, is another component
of aerodynamic drag experienced by an object moving through a fluid.
it is due to viscous shear stress acting on the surface of the body

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Unlike pressure drag, which is related to the pressure difference on the surfaces of
an object, viscous drag arises from the friction between the fluid and the surface of
the object.
When a fluid flows over the surface of an object, there is a thin layer called the
boundary layer in which the fluid velocity gradually changes from zero at the
surface to the free-stream velocity.
This velocity gradient within the boundary layer creates a shearing effect, resulting
in viscous drag.
Viscous drag is influenced by the viscosity of the fluid, the surface roughness of the
object, and the flow conditions. The roughness of the surface can disrupt the
smooth flow of the fluid, increasing the viscous drag.
Additionally, factors like the Reynolds number (which relates the inertial forces to
the viscous forces) and the boundary layer thickness affect the magnitude of the
viscous drag.
To quantify viscous drag, the drag coefficient (Cd) is again used. The drag
coefficient for viscous drag is typically calculated separately from the pressure drag
coefficient.
The total drag coefficient is the sum of the pressure drag coefficient and the viscous
drag coefficient.The formula for calculating viscous drag force is:

Viscous Drag Force, Fdv = 0.5 * Cd_v * ρ * V^2 * A

where,

Cd_v is the viscous drag coefficient,

ρ is the density of the fluid,
V is the inlet velocity of the fluid relative to the object, and
A is the reference area of the object.
Reducing viscous drag is important in aerodynamic design to minimize energy
losses and improve efficiency. Smoothing the surface, using streamlined shapes,
employing laminar flow control techniques, and reducing surface roughness are
some approaches used to decrease viscous drag.

Aerodynamics of Vehicle
When air flows over the car’s body, the viscous boundary layer is formed over the
body

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The high-pressure region is on the front part of the car and low pressure (
separated flow region) is observed back of the car body
Due to the large pressure difference across the car, the pressure drag becomes
significant compared to the viscous drag

Aerodynamics of Vehicle

Aerodynamics of car – forces acting on a car

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Aerodynamics of car – forces acting on a car

Determination of Coefficients of Drag for Car

By integrating pressure difference and shear stress over the surface, we can find
total drag
Total drag force = Pressure drag + Viscous Drag
Find coefficient drag separately due to pressure and viscous stress with respect to
dynamic fluid pressure

FD = Drag force
ρ = Air density

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V = Airspeed
A = Frontal area

Determination of Coefficients of Drag for Car

Drag Coefficients for Different Vehicles

Drag force is higher for bluff bodies of old-generation vehicles
Due to improvements in the aerodynamics of vehicles in the last 50 years, the shape
of the car is optimized to reduce drag and fuel consumption.

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Drag Coefficients for Different Vehicles

The coefficient of drag and lift is low for the streamlined body. A sedan-type car has
a lower resistance to drag compared to other types. The racing car can have more
lowest drag to run at high speed.

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Coefficients of drag and lift for the streamlined body.

The coefficient of drag, often denoted as Cd or Cx, is a dimensionless value that

represents the aerodynamic resistance or drags experienced by a vehicle as it moves
through the air.
It quantifies how streamlined or aerodynamically efficient a vehicle is. A lower
coefficient of drag indicates better aerodynamics and reduced resistance.
The specific coefficient of drag for a vehicle depends on its shape, design, and
various factors such as the frontal area, body contours, and features like spoilers or
air dams. Different vehicles have different coefficients of drag, and they can vary
significantly depending on the type of vehicle.
To give you an idea of the range of coefficients of drag for different vehicles, here
are some approximate values:

Sports Cars

High-performance sports cars often have lower coefficients of drag due to their
streamlined designs.
They typically range from 0.25 to 0.35.

Sedans and Coupes

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Standard sedans and coupes generally have coefficients of drag ranging from
0.25 to 0.35.
However, some newer models are designed to be more aerodynamic and can
achieve even lower values.
Flow over a sedan car. The coefficient of drag is around 0.3

Streamlined body with an example of a Sedan Car

The following figure shows the flow over a hatchback car. The coefficient of drag
is around 0.45

Streamlined body with an example of a hatchback Car

More smooth flow for sedan cars and less drag (resistance for airflow)

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Streamlined body with an example of a sedan Car

SUVs and Autoriksha

Due to their larger size and less streamlined shapes, SUVs and trucks typically
have higher coefficients of drag compared to sports cars and sedans.
They often range from 0.35 to 0.5.
When a truck flows over a truck, a large wake region is observed behind the
truck

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Hatchbacks and Compact Cars

Hatchbacks and compact cars tend to have coefficients of drag similar to sedans,
ranging from 0.25 to 0.35.
The flow pattern between a pickup car and a hatchback car is shown below.
A low-pressure region is formed in the backside container. This is results in
high-pressure drag compared

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CFD Results: streamlines over pick up and sedan car

Commercial Trucks and Vans

Commercial trucks and vans generally have higher coefficients of drag due to
their boxy shapes and larger frontal areas.
Their coefficients of drag can vary widely, typically ranging from 0.40 to 0.70 or
higher.
It’s important to note that the values provided are approximate and can vary
depending on the specific model, year, and other design considerations.
Manufacturers continuously work on improving the aerodynamic efficiency of
vehicles to reduce drag and improve fuel

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A sudden jump in flow for the back side of the bus and more drag (resistance for
airflow)

The coefficient of drag for buses and trucks can vary depending on their specific
design, shape, and aerodynamic features.
However, on average, buses typically have a coefficient of drag ranging from 0.55 to
0.8, while trucks have a coefficient of drag ranging from 0.6 to 1.0. These values are
approximate and can vary significantly based on the vehicle’s size, shape, and
aerodynamic enhancements.

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CFD Modeling of Flow Over A Car

CFD modeling helps to determine the aerodynamics of the vehicle
The testing of vehicles in wind tunnels can be replaced by CFD analysis of flow
By numerically solving governing equations of mass, and momentum with
turbulent flows, we can find out the coefficient of drag and lift based on mean
velocities
CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) modeling is a powerful tool used to simulate
and analyze the aerodynamics of vehicles. It involves using numerical methods to
solve the governing equations of fluid flow around a vehicle, taking into account
factors such as air density, velocity, and pressure.

Here’s a brief overview of the steps involved in CFD modeling of vehicle

aerodynamics:

1. Geometry Creation:
The first step is to create a digital representation of the vehicle’s geometry using
specialized software.
This includes capturing the exterior shape, dimensions, and any specific features
like mirrors, spoilers, or air vents.
2. Mesh Generation:
A computational mesh is created, dividing the geometry into numerous small
elements or cells.
The quality and resolution of the mesh are crucial for accurate results, as it
affects the level of detail captured in the simulation.
The mesh should adequately represent the geometry and capture key flow
features.
3. Boundary Conditions:
Boundary conditions define the flow properties at the boundaries of the
computational domain.
This includes specifying the vehicle’s velocity, atmospheric conditions, and any
other relevant inputs.
The ground surface and surrounding structures may also be included to capture
the real-world environment.
4. Solver Selection and Simulation Setup:
A suitable numerical solver is chosen to solve the fluid flow equations within the
computational domain.

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The solver discretizes the equations and iteratively solves them to predict the
flow behavior.
Simulation parameters such as time step size and convergence criteria are
defined.
5. Simulation Run and Analysis:
The CFD simulation is executed, and the solver computes the flow field
variables, such as velocity, pressure, and turbulence characteristics.
Post-processing tools are used to visualize and analyze the results, including
generating streamlines, velocity contours, pressure distribution, and drag and
lift forces.
6. Iteration and Optimization:
CFD simulations can be iterative, allowing for design changes and optimization.
By modifying the vehicle’s geometry or adding aerodynamic devices, engineers
can assess the impact on performance metrics like drag coefficient, lift
coefficient, or downpour.
This iterative process helps in improving the vehicle’s aerodynamic efficiency.

CFD modeling provides insights into the flow behavior around vehicles, helping
engineers optimize the design to reduce drag, improve fuel efficiency, enhance
stability, and minimize noise.
It is widely used in the automotive industry for vehicle development, racing
aerodynamics, and evaluating the impact of design changes without the need for
physical prototypes.
Air flows over a car at a speed of 60 kmph

CFD Modeling of Flow Over A Car

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YouTube Video for Geometry, meshing, and

simulation
Watch this video for a complete tutorial for geometry, meshing, and simulation
using ANSYS tools.

CFD Modelling of Vehicle Aerodynamics | Determination of Drag| Complet…

Complet…

Conclusion
Basics of Fluid Mechanics helps to understand aerodynamics using streamlines and
forces acting on fluids
Aerodynamics is an important topic for shape optimization vehicles to reduce fuel
consumption with lower drag
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) plays a role in vehicle aerodynamics in many
industries
Optimizing a vehicle’s aerodynamics is essential not only for improving fuel
efficiency but also for enhancing safety and handling at high speeds.

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Vehicle aerodynamics is a complex field of engineering that requires a combination

of design, testing, and technology to achieve the desired results

References
1. K.H. Lo, K. Kontis, Flow around an articulated lorry model, Experimental Thermal
Fluid Science, 82, 58-74 (2017)
2. Basic of Aerodynamics Forces Acting on Aeroplane, NASA website

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