16

Oscillations
Periodic Motion
A motion that repeats itself over and over again after a regular interval of time IN THIS CHAPTER ....
is called a periodic motion. The regular interval of time after which the periodic
motion is repeated is called its time period. Revolution of the Earth around the Periodic Motion
Sun, rotation of the Earth about its axis are the common examples of periodic Oscillatory Motion
motion. Periodic Functions
Simple Harmonic Motion
Oscillatory Motion Energy in SHM
A special type of periodic motion in which a particle moves to and fro (back and
Angular Simple Harmonic
forth or up and down) about a fixed point after regular interval of time is
Motion
termed as oscillatory or vibratory motion. The fixed point about which the body
oscillates is called mean position or equilibrium position. Thus, a periodic or Spring Block System
bounded motion of a body about a fixed point is called an oscillatory or Simple Pendulum
vibratory motion. Examples of oscillatory motion are simple pendulum, spring Free, Forced, Damped and
pendulum, etc. Resonant Vibrations
A body that undergoes oscillatory motion always have a stable equilibrium
position (where net force on the body is zero). As the body is displaced from its
mean/equilibrium position, a force (torque) comes into existence, which tends
to bring the body back to the equilibrium position, this force or torque is
termed as the restoring force (torque).

Note There is no significant difference between oscillations and vibrations. When to and fro
motion of the body about a fixed position has small frequency, we call it oscillation such as the
oscillation of a simple pendulum.
When to and fro motion of the body about a fixed position has high frequency, we call it as
vibrations such as oscillation of a musical instrument.

Periodic Functions
Those functions which are used to represent periodic motion are known as
periodic functions.
A function f ( t ) is said to be periodic, if f ( t ) = f ( t + T ) = f ( t + 2 T ) …(i)
Q sine and cosine functions are example of periodic functions.
When T is the period of this periodic motion, then for periodic motion,
y = A sin wt = A sin w( t + T ) …(ii)
and x = A cos wt = A cos w( t + T ) …(iii)
Oscillations 507

But the value of sine or cosine functions repeat after a

period of 2 p radian. Simple Harmonic Motion
\ w( t + T ) = wt + 2p The type of oscillatory motion in which the particle moves
to and fro in a straight line about a fixed point under a
or wT = 2p …(iv) restoring force (or torque) whose magnitude is directly
or w = 2pn …(v) proportional to its displacement (or angular
Consider a linear combination of sine and cosine displacement), is known as simple harmonic motion.
functions are given as Y ω
x = f ( t ) = A sin wt + B cos wt P
N
ωt
Taking, A = R cos f and B = R sin f A
y
Then, x = R cos f sin wt + R sin f cos wt = R sin( wt + f ) ωt
…(vi) X′ x M X
O
It represents a period function of time period T and
amplitude R,
where R= A2 + B2 and tan f = B/ A.
Y′
The combination of any number of periodic functions will
also be periodic one, whose time period will be minimum A simple harmonic motion may also be considered as the
of the periodic functions used in the combinations. projection of a uniform circular motion on any diameter
of the circle. As shown in figure, let us consider uniform
Example 1. A function of time is represented as follows circular motion in a plane with constant angular velocity
sin wt + cos 2 wt + sin 4 wt. w and let at an instant t the particle executing circular
The motion represented by it is motion be at point P making an angle q = wt from X-axis,
(a) non-periodic then the projection of this circular motion along a
(b) periodic diameter YY ¢ is given by,
(c) both non-periodic and periodic y = A sin wt
(d) data insufficient and projection along diameter XX ¢ is given by
Sol. (b) This is an example of a periodic motion. It can be noted x = A cos wt
that each term represents a periodic function with different Such a motion is a simple harmonic motion. The radius
angular frequency. Since period is the least interval of time after A of the reference circle is the maximum value of
2p
which a function repeats its value, sin wt has a period T0 = , displacement (to and fro motion about the mean
w position O) and is known as the amplitude of SHM.
p T
cos 2wt has a period = 0
w 2
2p T0
Terms Related to SHM
and sin 4wt has a period = ● Displacement Displacement of a particle in the case
4w 4
of SHM is always measured from the mean position.
The period of the first term is a multiple of the periods of the last
two terms. Therefore, the smallest interval of time after which the (a) If the particle is at the mean position at t = 0, then
sum of the three terms repeats is T0 and thus, the sum is a periodic displacement is given by x = A sin wt.
2p (b) If the particle is at the extreme position at t = 0, then
function with a period .
w displacement is given by x = A cos wt.
(c) In general displacement is given by
Example 2. Among the following, what is the time period x = A sin ( wt + f ), where f is the initial phase or
of sin2 wt? phase constant.
w 2w p p Time period The time taken by the particle to
(a) (b) (c) (d) ●

p p w 2w complete one oscillation is called time period of

2p
Sol. (c) Given, sin 2 wt oscillation. It is denoted by T and given by T = .
Using the trigonometric identity, w
cos 2q = 1 - 2 sin 2 q
● Frequency The number of oscillations made by the
1 1 particle in one second is called frequency of oscillations.
We have, sin 2 wt = - cos 2 wt 1 w
2 2 It is denoted by n or n. Thus, n = = . w being the
p T 2p
The function is periodic having a period T = . It also represents a angular frequency of the oscillating particle.
w
1 ● Velocity As, x = A sin ( wt + f )
harmonic motion with the point of equilibrium occuring at dx
2 v= = Aw cos ( wt + f )
instead of zero. dt
508 JEE Main Physics

= Aw [1 - sin2 ( wt + f )]1/ 2 (In terms of time) v

1/ 2
æ x2 ö
= Aw ç1 - 2 ÷ +Aω
è A ø
(ii) t
So, v = w A2 - x 2
–Aω
(In terms of displacement from mean position) dx
v = dt = –Aω cos ωt
This is the required expression of velocity of the
particle executing SHM. a
(a) At mean position ( x = 0) velocity is maximum, i. e.
vmax = Aw. + ω2A

(b) At extreme positions ( x = ± A), velocity is zero. (iii) t

● Acceleration Acceleration is
dv – ω2A
a= = - Aw2 sin ( wt + f ) = - w2x dv
dt a = dt = – 2 A sin t
(a) Acceleration is zero at the mean position, i. e. a = 0,
at x = 0.
(b) Acceleration is maximum at extreme position, i. e.
Example 3. The displacement of a particle executing
periodic motion is given by
amax = - w2 A at x = A.
æt ö
y = 4 cos2 ç ÷ sin(1000t)
In above expressions negative sign indicate that in è2 ø
SHM, the acceleration is proportional to the Find independent constituents of SHMs.
displacement but is in opposite.
(a) y1 = 2 sin 1000 t , y 2 = sin 1001t , y3 = sin 999 t
Also in linear SHM, the force and displacement are
(b) y1 = 3 sin 1000 t , y 2 = sin 1000 t , y3 = sin 899 t
related by
(c) y1 = sin 1001t , y 2 = sin 999 t , y3 = 2 sin 1000 t
F = - ( a positive constant ) x
(d) None of the above
which says that the force is proportional to the
displacement but is in opposite direction. æt ö
Sol. (a) y = 4 cos2 ç ÷ sin(1000t )
è2ø
● Phase relationship between displacement,
velocity and acceleration of SHM = 2 (1 + cos t ) sin(1000t )
The term ( wt + f ) is called phase and f is called phase = 2 sin(1000t ) + 2 cos t sin(1000t )
constant. = 2 sin(1000t ) + sin (1001t ) + sin(999t )
As, we have seen that Thus, the given periodic motion is a combination of three
x = A sin ( wt + f ) independent SHMs, which are given by
v = Aw cos ( wt + f ) …(i) y1 = 2 sin 1000t , y 2 = sin 10001t
pö and y3 = 999 t
æ
= Aw sin ç wt + f + ÷
è 2ø Example 4. The following figure depicts circular motion.
and a = - Aw2 sin ( wt + f ) The radius of the circle, the period of revolution, the initial
2
= Aw sin ( wt + f + p ) …(ii) position and sense of revolution are indicated in the figure.
y
Thus from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we conclude that in P
SHM, particle velocity is ahead in phase to the P (t = 0)
displacement by p/2 and acceleration is further ahead
45°
in phase by p/2. T = 4s x
O
In figure, x, v and a as functions of time are illustrated.
x
The simple harmonic motion of the x-projection of the radius
+A vector of the rotating particle P is as follows
(i) æ 2p pö æp 2p ö
t (a) x (t ) = A cos ç t+ ÷ (b) x (t ) = A cos ç t - ÷
è 4 4ø è4 4ø
–A
x = A sin ωt æ 2p pö æp pö
(c) x (t ) = A sin ç t+ ÷ (d) x (t ) = A sin ç t - ÷
è 4 2ø è4 2ø
Oscillations 509

p Example 7. The displacement-time graph of a particle

Sol. (a) At t = 0, OP makes an angle of 45° = rad with the
4 executing SHM is given in figure (sketch is schematic and not
2p
positive direction of X-axis. After time t, it covers an angle t in to scale). [JEE Main 2020]
T
2p p
the anti-clockwise sense, and makes an angle of t + with the

Displacement (m)
T 4
X-axis. 2T/4
O Time (s)
The projection of OP on the X-axis at time t is given by T/4 3T/4 T 5T/4
æ 2p pö
x (t ) = A cos ç t+ ÷
èT 4ø
æ 2p pö
For, T = 4 s x (t ) = A cos ç t+ ÷ Which of the following statement(s) is/are true for this motion?
è 4 4ø
3T
which is a SHM of amplitude A, period 4 s and an initial phase A. The force is zero at t = .
p 4
= .
4 B. The acceleration is maximum at t = T .
T
Example 5. The periodic time of a body executing SHM is C. The speed is maximum at t = .
4
2 s. After what interval from t = 0, will its displacement be
half of its amplitude? D. The potential energy is equal to kinetic energy of the
T
(a) (1/5) s (b) (1/6) s (c) (1/10) s (d) (1/8) s oscillation at t = .
2
A
Sol. (b) Given, T = 2 s,t = ? ; x = (a) A, B and D (b) B, C and D
2
(c) A, B and C (d) A and D
2p
Now, x = A sin wt = A sin t
T Sol. (c) The displacement-time graph is as shown below,
A 2p y(m)
\ = A sin t = A sin pt
2 2
p 2T/4
Þ sin pt = sin 30° = sin t (s)
6 T/4 3T/4 T 5T/4
p 1
or pt = or t = s
6 6

Example 6. A particle in SHM is described by the 3T

At t = , particle is at mean position. At mean position of SHM,
displacement function. 4
acceleration of particle is zero. i.e. force is zero.
x = A cos ( wt + f), w = 2p /T
Statement (A) is correct.
If the initial (t = 0) position of the particle is 1 cm and its
initial velocity is p cm s-1 , what is the initial phase angle? At t = T , particle is at extreme position. As direction is changing,
-1 so its acceleration is maximum. Statement (B) is correct.
(The angular frequency of the particle is p s .)
T
At t = , particle is at mean position, so whole of energy is
(a) 3p / 4 (b) 2p / 4 (c) 5p / 4 (d) 7p / 4 4
Sol. (a) Here, at t = 0 , x = 1 cm and v = p cms ; f = ?; w = p s-1
-1 kinetic. i.e. its speed is maximum. Statement (C) is correct.
T
Given, x = A cos ( wt + f) PE = KE at t = , so statement (D) is incorrect.
8
1 = A cos ( p ´ 0 + f)
Hence, option (c) is correct.
1 = A cos f …(i)
dx Example 8. If two SHMs are represented by equations
Velocity, v = = - Aw sin ( wt + f) æ pö
dt y1 = 10 sin ç3pt + ÷ and y2 = 5 (sin 3pt + 3 cos 3pt),
è 4ø
\ p = - Ap sin ( p ´ 0 + f) = - Ap sin f
then the ratio of their amplitudes is
or 1 = -A sin f (a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
or A sin f = -1 …(ii) (c) 1 : 1 (d) 1 : 3
Dividing Eq. (ii) by (i), we get pö
Sol. (c) Here, y1 = 10 sin æç3 pt + ÷
p æ pö 3p è 4ø
tan f = -1 = - tan = tan ç p - ÷ = tan
4 è 4 ø 4 But y 2 = 5 (sin 3p + 3 cos 3pt ) does not appear to be a single
3p compact function of time t. We therefore, assume that
or f=
4 5 = A cos f and 5 3 = A sin f
510 JEE Main Physics

Thus, A = (5) 2 + (5 3) 2 = 10 Total energy = U (t) + K(t )

and tan f = 3 E

Energy
p U(t)
or f= (a)
3 K (t)
then, y 2 = A cos f sin 3pt + A sin f cos 3pt
O t
= A sin (3pt + f) T/ 2 T
æ pö
= 10 sin ç3pt + ÷ 1
E = kA 2
U, K
1
è 3ø 2 U = kx 2
2
Now, we find that A1 = 10 and A2 = 10
or A1 : A2 = 10 : 10 = 1 : 1
(b) 1
Differential Equations of SHM K= k(A2 – x2)
2
d 2x
For linear SHM, + w2x = 0
dt 2 −A O +A
or a = - w2x Displacement (Dashed line curve
showing KE)
In SHM, F = - kx or a = - w2x, i. e. F-x graph or a-x graph
is a straight line passing through the origin with Example 9. A particle executes SHM of amplitude A. At
negative slope. The corresponding graphs are shown what distance from the mean position is its KE equal to its PE?
below. (a) 0.71 A (b) 0.61 A (c) 0.65 A (d) 0.8 A
F a 1
Sol. (a) As, KE = mw2 ( A2 - x2)
2
a =– ω2x 1
F =– kx and PE = mw2x2
2
x x
As, KE = PE
1 1
\ mw2( A2 - x2) = mw2x2
2 2
(a) (b)
or A2 - x2 = x2
Slope = – k Slope = – ω2
or x2 = A2/ 2
or x = A / 2 = 0.71 A
Energy in SHM
A particle executing SHM possesses two types of energy. Example 10. A block of mass m attached to a massless
If a particle executes SHM, its kinetic energy changes spring is performing oscillatory motion of amplitude A on a
into potential energy and vice-versa keeping total energy frictionless horizontal plane. If half of the mass of the block
constant (if friction of air is neglected). breaks off when it is passing through its equilibrium point, the
1 amplitude of oscillation for the remaining system becomes fA.
Kinetic energy K = mv2
2 The value of f is [JEE Main 2020]
1 1 1 1
=mA2w2 cos2 ( wt + f ) = mw2 ( A2 - x 2 ) (a) 2 (b) (c) (d) 1
2 2 2 2
(because x = A sin( wt + f ) Sol. (c) In the equilibrium position, the velocity is maximum and
1 it is equal to v max = w A
2 2
Potential energy U = mw x k
2 where, w = = angular frequency
1 m
= mA2w2 sin2 ( wt + f ) and k = spring constant.
2
Now, kinetic energy in equilibrium position,
Thus, total energy = kinetic energy + potential energy 1 1 ækö
1 E = mw2A2 = mç ÷ A2 …(i)
orE = mw2A 2 (constant) 2 2 è mø
2
When half of the mass of the block breaks off, also the kinetic
The total energy is constant and is proportional to the energy of the system will become half, i.e. E/2.
square of amplitude (A) of motion. The angular frequency will become,
Figures show the variations of total energy (E), potential k
w¢ =
energy (U) and kinetic energy (K) with displacement (x). (m / 2)
Oscillations 511

Now, the amplitude will become fA. d 2q

or = - w2q …(i)
\The new kinetic energy, dt 2
E 1 æ mö
E ¢ = = ç ÷ w¢2 ( fA) 2 k
2 2è2ø where w=
I
E 1 æ m ö æ 2k ö
Þ = ç ÷ ç ÷( fA) 2 The Eq. (i) may be integrated in the similar manner and
2 2 è 2 øè m ø
we shall get
1 é 1 æ k ö 2ù 1 m 2k 2 2
Þ mç ÷ A = × × × f A [Using Eq. (i)] q = q 0 sin ( wt + d ) ...(ii)
2 êë 2 è m ø úû 2 2 m
1 where, q 0 is the maximum angular displacement on
Þ 1 = 2f 2 Þ f = either side.
2
The angular velocity at time t is
Example 11. A particle undergoing simple harmonic motion dq
pt w= = q 0w cos ( wt + d ) ...(iii)
has time dependent displacement given by x(t) = A sin . The dt
90
ratio of kinetic to potential energy of this particle at t = 210 s The time period of oscillation is
will be [JEE Main 2019] 2p I
T = = 2p ...(iv)
(a) 2 (b)
1
(c)
1
(d) 3 w k
3 9 and the frequency of oscillation is
pt 1 1 k
Sol. (b) Here given, displacement, x(t ) = A sin n= = ...(v)
90
T 2p I
where A is amplitude of SHM, t is time taken by particle to reach a
1 k
point where its potential energy U = kx2 and kinetic energy The quantity w = is the angular frequency.
2 I
1
= k( A2 - x2) here k is force constant and x is position of the
2 Energy in Angular SHM
particle.
1 2 1 2 2
Potential energy (U) at t = 210 s is The potential energy is, U = kq = Iw q
2 2
1 1 æ 210 ö
U = kx2 = kA2 sin 2ç p÷ 1 2
2 2 è 90 ø The kinetic energy is, K = Iw
1 æ 3 ö 1 æpö 2
= kA2 sin 2ç2p + p ÷ = kA2 sin 2ç ÷
2 è 9 ø 2 è3ø Total energy, E = U + K
Kinetic energy at t = 210 s , is 1 2 2 1 2
1 1 é æ 210 p ö ù = Iw q + Iw
K = k( A2 - x2) = kA2ê1 - sin 2ç ÷ 2 2
2 2 ë è 90 ø úû
From q = q 0 sin ( wt + d ) we have,
1 2
= kA cos2(210 p / 90) 1 2 2 1
2 E= Iw q 0 sin2 ( wt + d ) + Iq 20w2 cos2 ( wt + d )
1 2 2
Þ K = kA2 cos2(p / 3)
2 1 2 2
= Iw q 0 (Constant)
So, ratio of kinetic energy to potential energy is 2
1 2
kA cos2( p / 3)
K 2
= = cot 2( p / 3) =
1 Identifying Angular SHM
U 1 kA2 sin 2( p / 3) 3 When a system undergoes simple harmonic motion, its
2 angular acceleration a and angular displacement q are
related by
Angular Simple Harmonic Motion a = - (a positive constant) q
If the angular displacement of the body at an instant is q, which says that the angular acceleration a is
the resultant torque acting on the body in angular SHM proportional to the angular displacement q from the
should be equilibrium position but tends to rotate the system in the
direction opposite to the displacement.
t = -kq
Also in angular SHM, the torque t in terms of the
If the moment of inertia is I, the angular acceleration is
angular displacement q is given by
t k
a= =- q t = - (a positive constant) q
I I
512 JEE Main Physics

It says that the torque t is proportional to the angular The moment of inertia I at point O,
displacement q from the equilibrium position but tends to m æ 2l ö
2
ælö
2

rotate the system in an opposite direction. = ç ÷ + mç ÷

2 è3ø è3ø
m 2l 2m ml 2 3ml 2 ml 2
Example 12. Two masses m and are connected at the = + = =
2 9 9 9 3
2
two ends of a massless rigid rod of length l. The rod is ml q0 k ´ 3 q0k kq20
2
Þ T= = =
suspended by a thin wire of torsional constant k at the centre 3 ´ ml 2 l l
of mass of the rod-mass system (see figure). Because of
torsional constant k, the restoring torque is t = kq for angular
displacement q. If the rod is rotated by q 0 and released, the
Spring Block System
tension in it when it passes through its mean position will be Let a mass m be attached to the free end of a massless
[ JEE Main 2019] spring of spring constant (also known as force constant or
spring factor or stiffness) k, with its other end fixed to a
rigid support. If the mass be displaced through a distance
x and then released, a linear restoring force F = - kx acts
on the mass due to elastic nature of the spring.
l
m
m/2 F
S
m
2kq20 kq20 3kq20 kq20
(a) (b) (c) (d)
l l l 2l x
Sol. (b) Since in the given question, rotational torque, t µ angular
displacement. Force Constant for Spring-Block system
From Newton’s second law of motion and the expression
θ
for acceleration of a particle undergoing SHM, the force
τ = kθ = I ′θ′
acting on a particle of mass m in SHM is
2l/3 l/3 F ( t ) = ma = -mw2x( t )
m/2 m i. e. F ( t ) = - kx ( t )
Thus, when it will be released, the system will execute SHM with where, k = mw2
I k
a time period, T = 2p or w=
k m
(Where I is moment of inertia and k is torsional constant)
Force is always directed towards mean position and is also
k called restoring force and k is called the spring constant, its
and the angular frequency is given as, w = .
I value is governed by the elastic properties of the spring. A
If we now look at the top view of the above figure, we have stiff spring has large k and a soft spring has small k.
m/2
Example 13. A 5 kg collar is attached to a spring of spring
constant 500 Nm -1. It slides without friction over a horizontal
l/3
rod. The collar is displaced from its equilibrium position by
2l/3 θ0 T l 10 cm and released. The maximum speed is
O θ
A 3 0
(a) 1 ms-1 (b) 5 ms-1 (c) 10 ms-1 (d) 20 ms-1
(m)
Sol. (a) The velocity of the collar executing SHM is given by
At some angular displacement ‘q0 ’, at point ‘A ’ the maximum v (t ) = - Aw sin ( wt + f)
velocity will be
The maximum speed is given by
l l k
v max = q0 w = q0 ...(i) v m = Aw
3 3 I
Given, A = 10 cm = 0.1 m,
Then, tension in the rod when it passes through mean position
will be k
w=
2
m ´ v max ml 2 q20 k ´ 3 m
T= = [using Eq. (i)]
l 9 ´ l ´I 500
v m = 0.1 ´
3 5
ml q20k v m = 1 ms–1
=
3I
Oscillations 513

● The force constant of a spring is inversely proportional

Spring Pendulum 1
to its length, i. e. k µ . Thus, if we change the length of
A point mass suspended from a massless (or light) spring l
constitutes a spring pendulum. If the mass is once pulled a spring, the time of oscillation of spring pendulum will
downward so as to stretch the spring and then released, change. As an example, if a spring is cut into two parts
the system oscillates up and down about its mean of equal length and a pendulum is prepared by using
position simple harmonically. Time period and frequency one part of spring and some mass m, then the new time
of oscillations are given by period will be
m T
T ¢ = 2p =
2k 2
● If two masses m1 and m2 are connected by a spring as
k shown in figure and the arrangement is made to
oscillate on a horizontal surface, then time period is
given by
k
m1 m2
m

m m
T = 2p T ¢ = 2p
k k
m1m2
1 k where, m = = reduced mass.
or n= m1 + m2
2p m
If the spring is not light but has a definite mass ms , then Example 14. A block with a mass of 2 kg hangs without
it can be easily shown that period of oscillation will be vibrating at the end of a spring of spring constant 800 Nm–1,
m which is attached to the ceiling of an elevator. The elevator is
m+ s going upwards with an acceleration g/3. At a certain instant,
T = 2p 3
the acceleration suddenly ceases and elevator starts moving
k
with constant velocity. What is the angular frequency of
oscillation of block when the acceleration ceases?
Oscillations of Spring Combination (a) 12 rad s-1 (b) 20 rad s-1 (c) 21 rad s-1 (d) 19 rad s-1
For different combinations of spring block system,
following cases occurs k 800
Sol. (b) Angular frequency, w = = = 20 rads–1
● If a spring pendulum is constructed by using two springs m 2
in series and a mass m as shown in Fig. (a), the resultant
spring constant of the combination is given by Example 15. In the above example, by what amount is the
1 1 1 k1 + k2 spring stretched during the time when the elevator is
= + = , and hence accelerating?
ks k1 k2 k1k2
(a) 2.3 cm (b) 3.3 cm
m ( k1 + k2 )
T = 2p = 2p (c) 5.3 cm (d) 4.4 cm
ks k1k2
Sol. (b) When the elevator is accelerating upwards with an
acceleration a = g /3, the equation of motion of the block is
æ gö
k1 k1 çky - mg = ma = m ÷
è 3ø
k1 k2 m
k2 k2

m k = 800 Nm–1
m
(a) (b) (c)
● If in a spring pendulum, two springs are joined in 2 kg
parallel arrangement as shown in Fig. (b) and (c), then
m mg 4
kp = k1 + k2, and hence, T = 2p Þ ky = mg + = mg
k1 + k2 3 3
4 mg 4 ´ 2 ´ 10
These rules are applicable for horizontal motion of Þ y= = = 0.033 m or 3.3 cm
spring mass systems too. 3k 3 ´ 800
514 JEE Main Physics

Example 16. In the above example, what is the amplitude Example 19. When a particle of mass m is attached to a
-2 vertical spring of spring constant k and released, its motion is
of oscillation? (Take, g = 10 ms )
described by y(t) = y0 sin2 wt, where y is measured from the
(a) 0.1 cm (b) 0.7 cm (c) 0.8 cm (d) 0.5 cm
lower end of unstretched spring. Then w is [JEE Main 2020]
Sol. (c) In equilibrium, when the elevator has no acceleration, the 1 g g g 2g
equation of motion is (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 y0 y0 2y 0 y0
ky 0 = mg
mg 2 ´ 10 Sol. (c) Given that, displacement of particle at any instant
Þ y0 = = = 0.025 m or 2.5 cm
k 800 æ1 - cos 2wt ö
y(t ) = y 0 sin 2 wt , y = y 0 ç ÷
\ Amplitude of oscillation, è 2 ø
A = y - y 0 = 3.3 - 2.5 = 0.8 cm y0 y0
y- = - cos 2wt or Y = A cos 2wt
2 2
Example 17. A spring whose unstretched length is l has a
force constant k. The spring is cut into two pieces of
unstretched lengths l1 and l 2 where, l1 = nl 2 and n is an
integer. The ratio k1 / k2 of the corresponding force constants
k1 and k2 will be [JEE Main 2019]
1 1 y0
(a) n (b) (c) (d) n 2 2 m
n2 n
Equilibrium
Sol. (c) If parameters like material, number of loops per unit
length, area of cross-section, etc., are kept same, then force y0
where, amplitude (displacement), A =
constant of spring is inversely proportional to its length. 2
In given case, all other parameters are same for both parts of k
and 2w = …(i)
spring. m
1 1 y 0 mg
So, k1 µ and k2 µ Maximum displacement, = (see figure)
l1 l2 2 k
k1 l2 l2 1 2mg
\ = = = [Q l1 = nl2] or k= …(ii)
k2 l1 nl2 n y0

Example 18. An object of mass m is suspended at the end Putting the value of k from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get
of a massless wire of length L and area of cross-section A. 2mg 1 g
2w = ´ or w =
Young modulus of the material of the wire is Y. If the mass is y0 m 2y 0
pulled down slightly its frequency of oscillation along the
vertical direction is [JEE Main 2020] Example 20. A spring mass system (mass m, spring
constant k and natural length l) rests in equilibrium on
1 mL 1 YA
(a) f = (b) f = horizontal disc. The free end of the spring is fixed at the
2p YA 2p mL
centre of the disc. If the disc together with spring mass
1 mA 1 YL system, rotates about it’s axis with an angular velocity
(c) f = (d) f =
2p YL 2p mA w, (k >> mw2), the relative change in the length of the spring is
Sol. (b) best given by the option [JEE Main 2020]

mw2 2mw2 2 æ mw2 ö mw2

Y, A, L (a) (b) (c) ç ÷ (d)
3k k 3è k ø k
Sol. (d) When disc and spring mass system rotates about central
M m axis, spring force provides necessary centripetal pull for rotation
of spring mass system.
As we know that an elastic wire behaves as an elastic spring with Let extension in spring = x.
spring constant K given by, Then, total length of rotating spring = l0 + x.
YA Equating spring force and centripetal pull, we have
K=
L
kx = mw2(l0 + x)
This block-wire system can be taken as spring block system with
time period of small oscillation given by x mw2
Þ =
m mL l0 k - mw2
T = 2p = 2p
K YA x mw2
Þ =
1 1 YA l0 æ mw2 ö
\ Frequency of oscillation, f = = kç1 - ÷
T 2p mL è k ø
Oscillations 515

mw2 Sol. (d) The block executes SHM to angular frequency is

As k > > mw2, so 1 - »1
k k 50
x mw2 w= = = 7.07 rad s–1
Hence, = m 1
l0 k
Its displacement at any time t is given by
Example 21. Two identical springs of spring constant k are x (t ) = 0.1 cos (7.07 t )
attached to a block of mass m and to fixed supports as shown, Therefore, when the particle is 5 cm away from the mean
position, we have
when the mass is displaced from its equilibrium position on
0.05 = 0.1 cos (7.07 t )
either side, it executes SHM, the period of oscillation is
or cos (7.07 t ) = 0.5
3
m sin(7.07 t ) = = 0.866
2
k k
Then, the velocity of the block at x = 5 cm is
= 0.1 ´ 7.07 ´ 0.866 ms–1 = 0.61ms–1
[NCERT] Hence, the kinetic energy of the block
m 2m m m 1 1
(a) 2p (b) 2p (c) 2p (d) 2p KE = mv 2 = [1kg ´ (0.6123) 2] = 0.19 J
k k 3k 2k 2 2
and the potential energy,
Sol. (d) Let the mass be displaced by a small distance x to the 1 1
right side of the equilibrium position. Under this situation, the PE = kx2 = (50 ´ 0.05 ´ 0.05) = 0.0625 J
spring on the left side elongated by a length equal to x and that on 2 2
the right side gets compressed by the same length. The forces \ Total energy = KE + PE = 0.25 J
acting on the mass are then
Note At maximum displacement kinetic energy is zero and hence the
F1 total energy of the system is equal to potential energy. The result is also
F2
in conformity with the principle of conservation of energy.
O

Simple Pendulum
x
Given figure shows simple pendulum in which a small
(force exerted by the spring on the left side, trying to pull the mass bob of mass m tied to an in extensible massless string of
towards the mean position) length L. The other end of the string is fixed to a support
Fl = - kx in the ceiling. The bob oscillates in a plane about the
(force exerted by the spring on the right side, trying to push the vertical line through the support.
mass towards the mean position)
Rigid
F2 = - kx support
The net force, F acting on the mass is then
F = -2 kx L

Hence, the force acting on the mass is proportional to the m

displacement and is directed towards the mean position, therefore
the motion executed by the mass is simple harmonics. The time
period of oscillation is
m The various force acting on the system are as shown in
T = 2p
2k the diagram. If q is the angle made by the string with the
vertical. When the bob is at the mean position q = 0, there
Example 22. A block whose mass is 1 kg is fastened to a are only two forces acting on the bob, the tension T along
spring. The spring has a spring constant of 50 Nm -1. The block the string and the vertical force due to gravity ( = mg).
is pulled to a distance x = 10 cm from its equilibrium position at Resolving force ( = mg) into the component mg cosq along
x = 0 on a frictionless surface from rest at t = 0. The total energy the string and mg sinq perpendicular to it.
of the block when it is 5 cm away from the mean position is O

m
k θ L
T
m
(a) 0.19 J (b) 0.0625 J mg sin θ mg cos θ
(c) 0.09 J (d) 0.25 J mg
516 JEE Main Physics

Taking torque about point O. The time period of a simple pendulum which ticks seconds is 2 s.
t = - mgL sin q Therefore, for g = 9.8 ms–2 and T = 2 s, L is
t = - mgLq (for small angular displacement sin q ~
- q) 9.8 ´ 4
L= » 1m
Ia = - mgLq 4 p2
- mgLq
a= Example 25. The bob of a simple pendulum executes
I
SHM in water with a period t, while the period of oscillation
-mgL æ - gö g of the bob is t 0 in air. Neglecting frictional force of water and
a= q=ç ÷q Þ w=
mL 2 è L ø L æ 4ö
given that the density of the bob is ç ÷ ´ 1000 kgm -3. What
è3ø
So, the time period of the simple pendulum can be given as
relationship between t and t 0 is true?
L
T = 2p (a) t = t 0 (b) t = 4 t 0
g t
(c) t = 2t 0 (d) t = 0
2
Example 23. A ball is suspended by a thread of length
4
l at the point O on the wall PQ. Another wall OR is Sol. (c) Here density of bob, r = ´ 1000 kgm-3
inclined to the vertical by a. The thread with the ball is 3
displaced by a small angle b away from the vertical and and density of water, s = 1000 kgm-3
also away from the wall OR. If the ball is released, L
assuming the collision to be perfectly elastic the period of \ In air t 0 = 2p and in water
g
oscillation of the pendulum for b > a is
L
P O Q t = 2p
æ sö
g ç1 - ÷
α β è rø
L
= 2p
æ 3ö
g ç1 - ÷
è 4ø
R A C
L
B
= 2 ´ 2p = 2t 0
g
L é bù L é aù
(a) p + 2 cos-1 ú (b) p + 2 sin -1 ú
g êë aû g êë bû Important Points Related to Simple Pendulum
● The time period of a simple pendulum is
g é aù g é -1 b ù
(c) p + 2 tan -1 ú (d) êë2p + 2 tan a úû
T = 2p l/ g
L êë bû L
1 l
Þ T µ l or T µ Þ T µ
Sol. (b) When b > a times taken by pendulum from B to C and C g g
to B is
T 1 L L
Using these relations. We may conclude
t1 = = ´ 2 p =p (a) The graph between T 2 and l is a straight line.
2 2 g g
2 æ aö Y
and t2 = 2 t = sin -1 ç ÷
w èbø T2
Using, q = q0 sin wt
a = b sin wt
1 æ aö
or t = sin -1 ç ÷ O X
w èbø l

L é aù (b) The graph between T and l is a parabola.

Time period of motion, T = t1 + t 2 = ê p + 2 sin -1 ú
g ë bû Y

Example 24. Length of a simple pendulum which ticks T

seconds is
(a) 1 m (b) 2 m (c) 3 m (d) 4 m
Sol. (a) The time period of a simple pendulum is given by
O X
L gT 2 l
T = 2p Þ L=
g 4 p2 (c) The graph between T 2 and 1/g is a straight line.
Oscillations 517

Y
● If the time period of simple pendulum is 2s, then it is
called as second’s pendulum.
● If the simple pendulum is placed in some non-inertial
T2
frame of reference like an accelerated lift, g is replaced
by geff whose value can be computed by considering the
inertial force. In these cases, the equilibrium position
O X may also change.
1/g ● If the length of simple pendulum is very large, then g
2
(d) The graph between T and g is a rectangular can’t be taken along vertical direction.
hyperbola. 1
Y In this case, T = 2p
æ1 1 ö
gç + ÷
T2 è l Rø
where, R = Radius of length of the pendulum.
● If temperature of system changes, then time period of
simple pendulum changes due to change in length of
O g X
the simple pendulum.
● In the case of water oscillating in a U-tube ● If a simple pendulum is in a carriage which is
accelerating with an acceleration a, then
geff = g - a
e. g. , if the acceleration a is upwards, then
l
|geff|= g + a and T = 2p
h g+a
If the acceleration a is downwards, then ( g > a )
l
|geff| = g - a and T = 2p
g-a
æhö
T = 2p ç ÷ If the acceleration a is in the horizontal direction, then
è gø
where, h is the height of liquid column in each limb. |g eff| = a 2 + g 2
● When a pendulum is kept in a car which is sliding In a freely falling lift, geff = 0 and T = ¥, i. e. the
down, then pendulum will not oscillate.
æ l ö ● If in addition to gravity one additional force F (e. g.
T = 2p ç ÷ electrostatic force Fe ) is also acting on the bob, then in
è g cos q ø
that case
where, q is the angle of inclination. geff = g +
F
● If a simple pendulum oscillates in a non-viscous liquid m
of density r, then its time period is Here, m is the mass of the bob.

é l ù Example 26. The acceleration due to gravity on the

T = 2p ê æ sö ú surface of the moon is 1.7 ms–2. What is the time period of a
ê ç1 - ÷ g ú simple pendulum on the moon, if its time period on the earth
êë è r ø úû is 3.5 s? (g on the Earth 9.8 ms–2).
where, r = density of suspended mass. (a) 8.4 s (b) 8.2 s (c) 7.4 s (d) 6.4 s
–2
● If the mass m attached to a spring oscillates in a Sol. (a) Given, g m = 1.7 ms ,
non-viscous liquid of density s, then its time period is g e = 9.8 ms–2,Tm = ? ; T = 3.5 s
1/ 2
ém æ s öù l
T = 2p ê ç1 - ÷ ú As, Te = 2p
ëk è r øû ge
where, k = force constant. and Tm = 2p
l
● For a body executing SHM in a tunnel dug along any gm
chord of earth. Tm ge
Re \ =
Time period, T = 2p = 84.6 min Te gm
g
ge 9.8
where, Re is the radius of Earth. or Tm = Te = 3.5 = 8.4 s
gm 1.7
518 JEE Main Physics

Example 27. A simple pendulum oscillating in air has where, I = Moment of inertia of the object,
period T. The bob of the pendulum is completely immersed in phr n
C = Torsional constant of wire = ,
1 2l
a non-viscous liquid. The density of the liquid is th of the
16 h = Modulus of elasticity of wire,
material of the bob. If the bob is inside liquid all the time, its r = Radius of wire
period of oscillation in this liquid is [JEE Main 2019] and l = Length of wire.
1 1 1 1
(a) 2T (b) 2T (c) 4T (d) 4T
10 14 14 15 Physical Pendulum
Sol. (d) We know that, When a rigid body of any shape is capable of oscillating
Time period of a pendulum is given by about an axis (may or may not be passing through it), it
T = 2p L / g eff …(i) constitutes a physical pendulum.
Here, L is the length of the pendulum and g eff is the effective
P
acceleration due to gravity in the respective medium in which bob
is oscillating. θ
Initially, when bob is oscillating in air, g eff = g . d
L
So, initial time period, T = 2p …(ii) C
g
C
Let rbob be the density of the bob. mg

When this bob is dipped into a liquid whose density is given as

r r
rliquid = bob = (given) So, the time period of physical-pendulum can be given as
16 16
r I
\ Net force on the bob is Fnet = Vrg - V × ×g …(iii) Þ T = 2p
16 mgd
(where, V = volume of the bob = volume of displaced liquid by the where, I = moment of inertia of body about axis passing
bob when immersed in it). If effective value of gravitational through point of suspension.
acceleration on the bob in this liquid is g eff , then net force on the
bob can also be written as d = distance of COM of body from point of suspension.
Fnet = Vrg eff …(iv) The simple pendulum whose time period is same as that
Equating Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we have of a physical pendulum is termed as an equivalent simple
pendulum.
Vrg eff = Vrg - Vrg /16
I l
Þ g eff = g - g /16 =
15
g …(v)
T = 2p = 2p
mgd g
16
Substituting the value of g eff from Eq. (v) in Eq. (i), the new time The length of an equivalent simple pendulum is given by
period of the bob will be I
l=
L 16 L md
T ¢ = 2p = 2p
g eff 15 g
Example 28. A uniform rod of mass m and length l0 is
16 L 4 pivoted at one end and is hanging in the vertical direction.
Þ T¢ = ´ 2p = ´T [using Eq. (ii)]
15 g 15 The period of small angular oscillations of the rod is

Torsional pendulum l0
In a torsional pendulum, an object is suspended from a 2 l0 O CM
wire. If such a wire is twisted due to elasticity, it exerts a
restoring torque t = C q
2l0 l0
(a) T = 3p (b) T = 4p
3g 3g
l
2l0 2l0
(c) T = 4p (d) T = 2p
3g 3g

θ Sol. (d) Here the rod is oscillating about an end point O. Hence,
moment of inertia of rod about the point of oscillating is
1
In this case, time period is given by I = ml02
3
l
T = 2p Moreover, length l of the pendulum = distance from the
C oscillation axis to centre of mass of rod = l0 /2
Oscillations 519

\ Time period of oscillation, md 2x bdx

1 2 or + + kx = 0
ml 0 dt 2 dt
I 3 2l0
T = 2p = 2p Þ T = 2p Displacement of a damped oscillator is given by
mgl æl ö 3g
mg ç 0 ÷ x = xme-bt/ 2m sin (w¢t + f )
è 2ø
w¢ = w20 - ( b/ 2m )2
Example 29. Two physical pendulums perform small
oscillations about the same horizontal axis with frequencies w1 where, w¢ = angular frequency of the damped oscillator.
and w2. Their moments of inertia relative to the given axes are
Mechanical energy of a damped oscillator which
I1 and I2 respectively. In the equilibrium positions, they are
decreases exponentially with time can be given as
joined rigidly. The frequency of small oscillations of the
combined pendulum is 1 2 -bt/m
E= kxme
2
I1w12 + I2w22 I1 + I2
(a) (b) Resonant Vibrations It is a special case of forced
I1 + I2 I12w1 + I22w2
vibrations in which frequency of external force is exactly
I1w12 - I2w22 I1 - I2 same as the natural frequency of oscillator. As a result,
(c) (d) the oscillating body begins to vibrate with a large
I1 - I2 I1 w1 - I22w2
2
amplitude leading to the resonance phenomenon to occur.
Sol. (a) When the pendulums are rigidly joined and set to Resonant vibrations play a very important role in music
oscillate, each exerts a torque on the other. These torques are and tuning of station/channel in a radio/TV.
equal and opposite, thus
I1a = - w12I1q + G …(i) Example 30. A damped harmonic oscillator has a
frequency of 5 oscillations per second. The amplitude drops
I2a = - w 22 I2q - G …(ii)
to half its value for every 10 oscillations. The time it will take
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 1
(I1w12 + I2w22) q
to drop to of the original amplitude is close to
a=- 1000
I1 + I2 [JEE Main 2019]
(a) 20 s (b) 50 s
Comparing with a = - w2q, we get
(c) 100 s (d) 10 s
I1w12 + I2w22
Frequency, w= Sol. (a) Given, frequency of oscillations is
I1 + I2
f = 5 osc s-1
1 1
Þ Time period of oscillations is T = = s
Free, Forced, Damped and f 5
10
Resonant Vibrations So, time for 10 oscillations is =
5
= 2s
Free Vibrations If a given body is once set into Now, if A0 = initial amplitude at t = 0 and g = damping factor, then
vibrations and then let free to vibrate with its own for damped oscillations, amplitude after t second is given as
natural frequency, the vibrations are said to be free A = A0 e- g t
vibrations.
\ After 2 s,
Forced Vibrations The vibrations in which a body A0
oscillates under the effect of an external periodic force, = A0 e-g( 2)
2
whose frequency is different from the natural frequency
of oscillating body are called forced vibrations. Þ 2 = e2g
log 2
Damped Vibrations When a body is set in free Þ g= …(i)
vibrations, there is a dissipation of energy due to 2
dissipative causes like viscous drag of a fluid, frictional 1
Now, when amplitude is of initial amplitude, i.e.
force, hysteresis, electromagnetic damping force, etc. and 1000
A0
as a result, amplitude of vibration regularly decreases = A0 e-g t
with time. Such vibrations of continuously falling 1000
amplitudes are called damped vibrations. Þ log(1000) = gt
If the velocity of an oscillator is v, the damping force Þ log(10 3) = gt
Fd = - bv 3 log 10 = gt
2 ´ 3 log 10
where, b = damping constant. Þ t= [using Eq. (i)]
log 2
Resultant force on a damped oscillator is given by
Þ t = 19.93 s
F = FR + FD = - kx - bv or t » 20 s
 Practice Exercise
ROUND I Topically Divided Problems

Oscillatory Motion and Simple 6. Motion of an oscillating liquid column in a U-tube

Harmonic Motion is [NCERT Exemplar]

1. The displacement of a damped harmonic oscillator is (a) periodic but not simple harmonic
given by x( t) = e- 0.1tcos (10 pt + f). Here, t is in (b) non-periodic
seconds. (c) simple harmonic and time period is independent of
The time taken for its amplitude of vibration to drop the density of the liquid
to half of its initial value is close to [JEE Main 2019] (d) simple harmonic and time-period is directly
proportional to the density of the liquid
(a) 27 s
(b) 13 s 7. A particle is acted simultaneously by mutually
(c) 4 s perpendicular simple hormonic motions x = a cos wt
(d) 7 s and y = a sin wt. The trajectory of motion of the
2. The displacement of the particle varies with time particle will be [NCERT Exemplar]

according to the relation. (a) an ellipse (b) a parabola

y = a sin wt + b cos wt, then (c) a circle (d) a straight line
[NCERT Exemplar]
8. The acceleration d2 x2 / dt2 of a particle varies with
(a) The motion is oscillating but not SHM d x
displacement x as = - kx where k is a constant of
(b) The motion is SHM with amplitude a + b dt 2
(c) The motion is SHM with amplitude a 2 + b2 the motion. The time period T of the motion is equal to
(a) 2pk (b) 2p k
(d) The motion is SHM with amplitude a 2 + b2
(c) 2 p / k (d) 2 p / k
3. The displacement of a particle is represented by
æp ö 9. A block is resting on a piston which is moving
the equation y = 3 cos ç - 2wt ÷. The motion of the
è4 ø vertically with SHM of period 1.0 s. At what
particle is [NCERT Exemplar]
amplitude of motion will the block and piston
separate?
(a) simple harmonic with period 2p/w
(a) 0.2 m (b) 0.25 m
(b) simple harmonic with period p /w
(c) 0.3 m (d) 0.35 m
(c) periodic but not simple harmonic
(d) non-periodic 10. Figure shows the circular motion of a particle. The
4. The displacement of a particle is represented by the radius of the circle, the period, sense of revolution
3
equation y = sin wt. The motion is [NCERT Exemplar]
and the initial position are indicated on the figure.
The simple harmonic motion of the x-projection of
(a) non-periodic
(b) periodic but not simple harmonic the radius vector of the rotating particle P is
y
(c) simple harmonic with period 2p /w P (t = 0)
(d) simple harmonic with period p /w
T = 30 s
5. A simple harmonic oscillator has amplitude a and B x
time period T. The time required by it to travel O
a [NCERT Exemplar]
from x = a to x = is
2 æ 2 pt ö æ pt ö
T T (a) x (t ) = B sin ç ÷ (b) x (t ) = B cos ç ÷
(a) (b) è 30 ø è 15 ø
6 4
æ pt p ö æ pt p ö
(c)
T
(d)
T (c) x (t ) = B sin ç + ÷ (d) x (t ) = B ç + ÷
è 15 2 ø è 15 2 ø
3 2
Oscillations 521

11. Two pendulums have time period T and 5T/4. They 18. A body has a time period T1 under the action of one
start SHM at the same time from the mean force and T2 under the action of another force, the
position. What will be the phase difference between square of the time period when both the forces are
them after the bigger pendulum completed one acting in the same direction is
oscillation? (a) T12T22 (b) T12T 22
(a) 45º (b) 90º (c) 60º (d) 30º
(c) T12 + T22 (d) T12T22/ (T12 + T22)
12. The displacement of two particles executing SHM
are represented by equations 19. Two linear SHMs of equal amplitude A and angular
frequencies w and 2w are impressed on a particle
y1 = 2 sin (10 t + q ), y2 = 3 cos 10 t.
along the axes x and y respectively. If the initial
The phase difference between the velocity of these phase difference between them is p/2, the resultant
particles is path followed by the particle is
(a) q (b) - q (c) q + p /2 (d) q - p /2 (a) y2 = x2(1 - x2/ A 2) (b) y2 = 2x2(1 - x2/ A 2)
13. A particle executes simple harmonic motion with (c) y2 = 4x2(1 - x2/ A 2) (d) y2 = 8x2(1 - x2/ A 2)
an amplitude of 5 cm. When the particle is at 4 cm
from the mean position, the magnitude of its 20. A coin is placed on a horizontal platform, which
velocity in SI units is equal to that of its undergoes horizontal SHM about a mean
acceleration. Then, its periodic time (in seconds) is position O. The coin placed on platform does not
[JEE Main 2019] slip, coefficient of friction between the coin and the
4p 8p 7 3 platform is m. The amplitude of oscillation is
(a) (b) (c) p (d) p
3 3 3 8 gradually increased. The coil will begin to slip on
the platform for the first time
14. Two pendulums of length 121 cm and 100 cm start (a) at the mean position
vibrating. At some instant both are in the mean
position in the same phase. After how many (b) at the extreme position of oscillations
vibrations of the shorter pendulum, both will be (c) for an amplitude of mg/ w2
again in phase at the mean position? (d) for an amplitude of g/mw2
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 20 (d) 21
21. A particle in SHM is described by the displacement
15. The piston in the cylinder head of a locomotive has function x( t) = A cos( wt + f), w = 2p/ T. If the initial
a stroke (twice the amplitude) of 1.0 m. If the ( t = 0) position of the particle is 1 cm, its initial
piston moves with simple harmonic motion with an velocity is p cm s–1 and its angular frequency is ps–1,
angular frequency of 200 rad/min, what is its then the amplitude of its motion is
maximum speed? [NCERT] (a) p cm (b) 2 cm (c) 2 cm (d) 1 cm
(a) 100 m/min (b) 200 m/min
22. A cylindrical plastic bottle of negligible mass is
(c) 300 m/min (d) 50 m/min filled with 310 mL of water and left floating in a
16. Two points are located at a distance of 10 m and pond with still water. If pressed downward slightly
15 m from the source of oscillation. The period of and released, it starts performing simple harmonic
oscillation is 0.05s and the velocity of the wave is motion at angular frequency w . If the radius of the
300 m/s. What is the phase difference between the bottle is 2.5 cm, then w is close to
oscillations of two points? (Take, density of water = 103 kg/m 3) [JEE Main 2019]
p p 2p (a) 2 . 50 rad s -1 (b) 8.00 rad s -1
(a) p (b) (c) (d)
6 3 3 (c) 1.25 rad s -1 (d) 3.75 rad s -1

17. A horizontal plank has a rectangular block placed 23. A large horizontal surface moves up and down in
on it. The plank starts oscillating vertically and SHM with an amplitude of 1 cm. If a mass of 10 kg
simple harmonically with an amplitude of 40 cm. (which is placed on the surface) is to remain
The block just loses contact with the plank when continuously in contact with it, then the maximum
the later is momentarily at rest, then frequency of SHM will be
(a) the block becomes weighless (a) 5 Hz (b) 0.5 Hz
(b) the block weighs double its weight when the plank (c) 1.5 Hz (d) 10 Hz
is at one of the positions of momentary at rest 24. A horizontal platform vibrates with simple
(c) the block weighs 1.5 times its weight on the plank harmonic motion in the horizontal direction with a
at extreme position period 2 s. A body of mass 0.5 kg is placed on the
(d) the block weighs its true weight on the plank, at platform. The coefficient of static friction between
one of the positions of momentary at rest the body and platform is 0.3. What is the maximum
522 JEE Main Physics

frictional force on the body when the platform is 32. When the potential energy of a particle executing
oscillating with an amplitude 0.2 m? simple harmonic motion is one-fourth of its
Assume p2 = 10 = g. maximum value during the oscillation, the
(a) 0.5 N (b) 1 N displacement of the particle from the equilibrium
(c) 1.5 N (d) 2 N position in terms of its amplitude a is
a a a 2a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25. The composition of two simple harmonic motions of 4 3 2 3
equal periods at right angle to each other and with
a phase difference of p results in the displacement 33. The potential energy of a particle (Ux ) executing
of the particle along SHM is given by
(a) circle (b) figure of eight k
(a) U x = (x - a )2 (b) U x = k1x + k2x 2 + k3 x 3
(c) straight line (d) ellipse 2
(c) U x = Ae-bx (d) U x = constant
26. The bob of a simple pendulum of length L is
released at time t = 0 from a position of small 34. A particle of mass m is executing oscillations about
angular displacement. Its linear displacement at the origin on the X-axis with amplitude A. Its
time t is given by potential energy is given as U( x) = a x4 , where a is
L g positive constant. The x-coordinate of mass where
(a) x = a sin 2p ´t (b) x = a cos 2p ´t potential energy is one-third of the kinetic energy
g L
of particle, is
g g
(c) x = a sin ´t (d) x = a cos ´t (a) ±
A
(b) ±
A
(c) ±
A
(d) ±
A
L L 3 2 3 2
27. Displacement-time equation of a particle executing 35. A particle starts SHM from the mean position. Its
SHM is , x = 3 sin w t + 4 sin (wt + p/ 3 ). Here x is in amplitude is a and total energy E. At one instant,
centimetre and t in second. The amplitude of its kinetic energy is 3E/4. Its displacement at this
oscillation of the particle is approximately instant is
(a) 5 cm (b) 6 cm a
(a) y = a / 2 (b) y =
(c) 7 cm (d) 9 cm 2
a
28. Which one of the following equations does not (c) y = (d) y = a
3 /2
represent SHM, x = displacement and t = time?
(parameters a, b and c are the constants of motion) 36. A point particle of mass 0.1 kg is executing SHM of
(a) x = a sin bt (b) x = a cos bt + c amplitude 0.1 m. When the particle passes through
the mean position, its kinetic energy is 8 ´ 10 -3 J.
(c) x = a sin bt + c cos bt (d) x = a sec bt + c cosec bt
The equation of motion of this particle, if its initial
29. A particle is performing simple harmonic motion phase of oscillation is 45°, is
along X-axis with amplitude 4 cm and time period ær pö æt pö
(a) y = 0.1sin ç + ÷ (b) y = 0.1sin ç + ÷
1.2 s. The minimum time taken by the particle to è4 4 ø è2 4 ø
move from x = + 2 to x = 4 cm and back again is
æ pö æ pö
given by (c) y = 0.1sin ç4 t - ÷ (d) y = 0.1sin ç4t + ÷
è 4ø è 4ø
(a) 0.4 s (b) 0.3 s (c) 0.2 s (d) 0.6 s
37. If a simple pendulum of length l has maximum
Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion angular displacement q, then the maximum kinetic
30. The angular velocity and the amplitude of a simple energy of bob of mass m is
pendulum is w and a respectively. At a 1 ælö 1 mg
displacement x from the mean position, if its (a) ´ç ÷ (b) ´
2 è gø 2 l
kinetic energy is T and potential energy is V, then 1
the ratio of T to V is (c) mgl ´ (1 - cos q) (d) ´ mgl sin q
2
(a) (a 2 - x2w2) / x2w2 (b) x2w2/ (a 2 - x2w2)
38. For a particle executing SHM, the kinetic energy K
(c) (a 2 - x2) / x2 (d) x2/ (a 2 - x2)
is given by K = K 0 cos2 wt. The equation of its
31. A particle is vibrating in a simple harmonic motion displacement can be
1/ 2 1/ 2
with an amplitude of 4 cm. At what displacement æ K ö æ 2K 0 ö
(a) ç 02 ÷ sin wt (b) ç ÷ sin wt
from the equilibrium position is its energy half è mw ø è mw2 ø
potential and half kinetic? 1/ 2 1/ 2
(a) 1 cm (b) 2 cm æ 2w2 ö æ 2K 0 ö
(c) ç ÷ sin wt (d) ç ÷ sin wt
(c) 3 cm (d) 2 2 cm è mK 0 ø è mw ø
Oscillations 523

Springs and their Oscillations 44. Time period of mass m suspended by a spring is T.
If the spring is cut to one-half and made to oscillate
39. Two springs of force constants k and 2 k are by suspending double mass, the time period of the
connected to a mass as shown below. The frequency mass will be
of oscillation of the mass is (a) 8T (b) 4T
T
(c) (d) T
k 2k 2
m
45. What will be the force constant of the spring
system shown in figure?
1 1
(a) k/ m (b) 2k/ m
2p 2p
1 3k 1 m k1 k1
(c) (d)
2p m 2p k

40. A simple spring has length l and force constant k. It

is cut into two springs of length l1 and l2 such that k2
l1 = nl2 (n = an integer). The force constant of the
spring of length l2 is
(n + 1) k
(a) k (1 + n ) (b) (c) k (d) k / (n + 1) -1
n k1 æ 1 1ö
(a) + k2 (b) ç + ÷
41. A weightless spring which has a force constant k 2 è 2k1 k2 ø
oscillates with frequency n when a mass m is -1
1 1 æ2 1ö
suspended from it. The spring is cut into two equal (c) + (d) ç + ÷
halves and a mass 2 m is suspended from one part 2k1 k2 è k1 k2 ø
of spring. The frequency of oscillation will now
46. A particle of mass m is fixed to one end of a light
become
n spring having force constant k and unstretched
(a) n (b) 2n (c) (d) n (2)1/ 2 length l. The other end is fixed. The system is given
2
an angular speed w about the fixed end of the
42. An object suspended from spring such that it rotates in a circle in gravity free
a spring exhibits space. Then, the stretch in the spring is
oscillations of period T. [JEE Main 2020]
Now, the spring is cut in mlw2 mlw2
two halves and the same (a) (b)
k + mw k + mw2
object is suspended with
two halves as shown in mlw2 mlw2
(c) (d)
figure. The new time m m k - mw2 k - mw
period of oscillation will
47. A massless spring (k = 800 N/m), attached with a
become
T T T mass (500 g) is completely immersed in 1 kg of
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2 T water. The spring is stretched by 2 cm and
2 2 2 2
released, so that it starts vibrating. What would be
43. On a smooth inclined plane, a body of mass M is the order of magnitude of the change in the
attached between two springs. The other ends of temperature of water when the vibrations stop
the springs are fixed to firm support. If each spring completely? (Assume that the water container and
has force constant k, then the period of oscillation spring receive negligible heat and specific heat of
of the body (assuming the springs as massless) is mass = 400 J/kg K, specific heat of water
= 4184 J/kg K) [JEE Main 2019]
(a) 10-4 K (b) 10-3 K
(c) 10-1 K (d) 10-5 K
M
48. A mass M, attached to a spring, oscillates with a
θ period of 2 s. If the mass is increased by 4 kg, the
time period increases by 1 s, the initial mass M was
(a) 2p [M / 2k]1/ 2 (b) 2p [2M / k]1/ 2 (a) 3.2 kg (b) 1 kg
(c) 2p [Mg sin q/ 2k] 1/ 2
(d) 2p [2Mg/ k] 1/ 2 (c) 2 kg (d) 8 kg
524 JEE Main Physics

49. A mass M is suspended from a light spring. An 56. A heavy sphere of mass m is suspended by string of
additional mass m is added and displaces the length l. The sphere is made to revolve about a
spring further by a distance X. Now the combined vertical line passing through the point of
mass will oscillate on the spring with period suspension in a horizontal circle such that the
mg (M + m)X string always remains inclined to the vertical at an
(a) T = 2p (b) T = 2p angle q . What is its period of revolution?
X (M + m) mg
l l cos q
mg (M + m) (a) T = 2p (b) T = 2p
(c) T = p / 2 (d) T = 2p g g
X (M + m) mg
l sin q l tan q
50. Two blocks with masses m1 = 1 kg and m2 = 2 kg are (c) T = 2p (d) T = 2p
g g
connected by a spring of spring constant
k = 24 Nm–1 and placed on a frictionless horizontal 57. A ring is hung on a nail. It can oscillate without
surface. The block m1 is imparted an initial velocity slipping or sliding
v0 = 12 cms–1 to the right, the amplitude of (i) in its plane with a time period T1 and
oscillation is
(ii) back and forth in a direction perpendicular to
(a) 1 cm (b) 2 cm (c) 3 cm (d) 4 cm
its plane, with a period T2 .
51. A mass 1 kg suspended from a spring whose force T
constant is 400 Nm–1, executes simple harmonic The ratio 1 will be [JEE Main 2020]
T2
oscillation. When the total energy of the oscillator
2 2 3 2
is 2 J, the maximum acceleration experienced by (a) (b) (c) (d)
the mass will be 3 3 2 3
(a) 2 ms–2 (b) 4 ms–2 58. The mass and the diameter of a planet are three
(c) 40 ms–2 (d) 400 ms–2 times the respective values for the earth. The
period of oscillation of a simple pendulum on the
Simple Pendulum and Other earth is 2 s. The period of oscillation of the same
Oscillating Systems pendulum on the planet would be [JEE Main 2019]
52. A simple pendulum of length l and mass (bob) m is 2 3 3
suspended vertically. The string makes an angle q (a) s (b) s (c) 2 3 s (d) s
3 2 2
with the vertical. The restoring force acting on the
pendulum is 59. A simple pendulum has a length l. The inertial and
(a) mg tan q (b) - mg sin q gravitational masses of the bob are m1 and m g
(c) mg sin q (d) - mg cos q respectively. Then the time period T is given by
53. A man measures the period of a simple pendulum mg l mil
(a) T = 2p (b) T = 2p
inside a stationary lift and finds it to be T second. mi g mg g
If the lift accelerates upwards with an acceleration
g/4, then the period of pendulum will be mi ´ mg ´ l l
2T T (c) T = 2p (d) T = 2p
(a) 2T 5 (b) T (c) (d) g mi ´ mg ´ g
5 4
60. Four pendulums A, B, C and D are suspended from
54. A simple pendulum of length l has been set up
the same elastic support as shown in figure. A and
inside a railway wagon sliding down a frictionless
C are of the same length, while B is smaller than A
inclined plane having an angle of inclination q = 30°
and D is larger than A. [NCERT Exemplar]
with the horizontal. What will be its period of
oscillation as recorded by an observer inside the
wagon?
2l
(a) 2p (b) 2p 2l / g
3g B
3l A
(c) 2p l / g (d) 2p C
2g D

55. If a simple pendulum is taken to a place where g (a) D will vibrate with maximum amplitude
decreases by 2%, then the time period (b) C will vibrate with maximum amplitude
(a) increases by 0.5% (b) increases by 1% (c) B will vibrate with maximum amplitude
(c) increases by 2.0% (d) decreases by 0.5% (d) All the four will oscillate with equal amplitude
Oscillations 525

61. If the length of second’s pendulum is increased by 67. A and B are fixed points and the mass M is tied by
2%. How many seconds it will lose per day? strings at A and B. If the mass M is displaced
(a) 3927 s (b) 3427 s slightly out of this plane and released, it will
execute oscillations with period
(c) 3737 s (d) 864 s
(Given, AM = BM = L, AB = 2 d)
62. A pendulum bob of mass m is hanging from a fixed A B
point by a light thread of length l. A horizontal
speed v0 is imparted to the bob, so that it takes up
horizontal position. If g is the acceleration due to
gravity, then v0 is
(a) mgl (b) 2 gl M

(c) gl (d) gl L (L 2 - d 2)1/ 2

(a) 2p (b) 2p
g g
63. The bob of a pendulum of length l is pulled a side
from its equilibrium position through an angle q (L 2 + d 2)1/ 2 (2d 2) 3 / 2
(c) 2p (d) 2p
and then released. The bob will then pass through g g
its equilibrium position with a speed v, where v
equals 68. A piece of wood has dimensions a, b and c. Its
relative density is d. It is floating in water such
(a) 2 gl(1 - cos q)
that the side c is vertical. It is now pushed down
(b) 2 gl(1 + sin q) gently and released. The time period is
(c) 2 gl(1 - sin q) æ abc ö æ ba ö
(a) T = 2p ç ÷ (b) T = 2p ç ÷
è g ø è dg ø
(d) 2 gl(1 + cos q)
æ gö æ dc ö
64. A tunnel is made across the earth of radius R, (c) T = 2p ç ÷ (d) T = 2p ç ÷
è dc ø è gø
passing through its centre. A ball is dropped from a
height h in the tunnel. The motion will be periodic
69. A pendulum clock is placed on the Moon, where
with time period
object weighs only one-sixth as much as on the
R h Earth. How many seconds the clock tick out in an
(a) 2p +4
g g actual time of 1 min the clock keeps good time on
R 2h the Earth?
(b) 2p +4 (a) 12.25 (b) 24.5 (c) 2.45 (d) 0.245
g g
70. A uniform cylinder of length L and mass M having
R h
(c) 2p + cross-sectional area A is suspended with its vertical
g g
length, from a fixed point by a massless spring,
R 2h such that it is half submerged in a liquid of density
(d) 2p +
g g d at equilibrium position. When released, it starts
oscillating vertically with a small amplitude. If the
65. Two simple pendulums of length 0.5 m and 20 m force constant of the spring is k, the frequency of
respectively are given small linear displacement in oscillation of the cylinder is
one direction at the same time. They will again be 1/ 2 1/ 2
1 æ k - Adg ö 1 æ k + Adg ö
in the phase when the pendulum of shorter length (a) ç ÷ (b) ç ÷
2p è M ø 2p è M ø
has completed …… oscillations.
1/ 2 1/ 2
(a) 5 (b) 1 1 æ k - dgL ö 1 æ k + AgL ö
(c) ç ÷ (d) ç ÷
(c) 2 (d) 3 2p è M ø 2p è Adg ø
66. In damped oscillation the amplitude of oscillations 71. A particle, with restoring force proportional to
is reduced to one-third of its initial value a0 at the displacement and resisting force proportional to
end of 100 oscillation. When the oscillation velocity is subjected to a force, F = F0 sin wt.
completes 200 oscillations, its amplitude must be If the amplitude of the particle is maximum for
a0 a0 w = w1 and the energy of the particle is maximum
(a) (b)
2 4 for w = w2 , then
a0 a0 (a) w1 = w0 and w2 ¹ w0 (b) w1 = w0 and w2 = w0
(c) (d)
6 9 (c) w1 ¹ w0 and w2 = w0 (d) w1 ¹ w0 and w2 ¹ w0
526 JEE Main Physics

72. Which of the following figure represent(s) damped 73. A particle of mass m is released from rest and
simple harmonic motions? follows a parabolic path as shown. Assuming that
the displacement of the mass from the origin is
Displacement

small. Which graph correctly depicts the position of

the particle as a function of time?
Time v(x)
(1)
Displacement

O (x)

Time
x(t) x(t)
(2)
(a) (b)
t t
Displacement

O O

Time
x(t) x(t)
(3)
(c) (d)
Displacement

O t O t

Time

74. The amplitude of damped oscillator becomes (1/3)rd

(4)
in 2 s. Its amplitude after 6 s is 1/n times the
(a) Fig. 1 (b) Fig. 2 original. Then n is equal to
(c) Fig. 4 (d) Figs. 3 and 4 (a) 23 (b) 32 (c) 31/ 3 (d) 33

ROUND II Mixed Bag

Only One Correct Option (a) Phase of the oscillator is same at t = 0 s and t = 2 s
1. Motion of a ball bearing inside a smooth curved (b) Phase of the oscillator is different at t = 2 s and t = 6 s
bowl, when released from a point slightly above the (c) Phase of the oscillator is same at t = 1 s and t = 7 s
lower point is [NCERT Exemplar] (d) Phase of the oscillator is same at t = 1 s and t = 5 s
(a) simple harmonic motion (b) non-periodic motion 4. The total energy of a particle executing SHM is 80 J.
(c) periodic but not SHM (d) None of the above What is the potential energy when the particle is at a
2. The time period of a mass suspended from a spring distance of 3/4 of amplitude from the mean position?
is 5 s. The spring is cut into four equal parts and (a) 60 J (b) 10 J (c) 40 J (d) 45 J
the same mass is now suspended from one of its 5. A particle is executing simple harmonic motion
parts. The period is now with a time period T. At time t = 0, it is at its
1 position of equilibrium. The kinetic energy-time
(a) 5 s (b) 2.5 s (c) 1.25 s (d) s
16 graph of the particle will look like [JEE Main 2017]
3. Displacement vs. time curve for a particle executing KE KE
SHM is shown in figure. Choose the correct
statements. [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) (b)
O T t O T/2 T t
Displacement

KE KE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (s)
(c) (d)
O T/4 T/2 T O T/2 T T
t t
Oscillations 527

6. For a simple pendulum, a graph is plotted between 12. Two pendulums begin to swing simultaneously.
its Kinetic Energy (KE) and Potential Energy (PE) The first pendulum makes 9 full oscillations when
against its displacement d. Which one of the the other makes 7. The ratio of lengths of the two
following represents these correctly? (graphs are pendulums is
schematic and not drawn to scale) [JEE Main 2015] (a) 9/7 (b) 7/9 (c) 49/81 (d) 81/49
E E
PE 13. A ball of mass (m) 0.5 kg is
KE
(a) (b) attached to the end of a string
PE KE having length (L) 0.5m. The ball L
d d
is rotated on a horizontal circular
E path about vertical axis. The
KE E maximum tension that string can
PE
(c) (d) bear is 324 N.The maximum m
d KE possible value of angular velocity
of ball (in rad/s) is
PE
(a) 9 (b) 18 (c) 27 (d) 36
7. Two simple harmonic motions act on a particle. 14. A point mass is subjected to two simultaneous
These harmonic motions are sinusoidal displacement in X-direction
x = A sin( wt + a ); y = A cos( wt + a ), then path of æ 2p ö
particle is X1( t) = A sin wt and X2 ( t) = A sin ç wt + ÷ .
è 3 ø
(a) an ellipse and the actual motion is counter
Adding a third sinusoidal displacement
clockwise
X 3( t) = B sin( wt + f) brings the mass to a complete
(b) an ellipse and the actual motion is clockwise
rest. The values of B and f are
(c) a circle and the actual motion is counter clockwise
3p 4p 5p p
(d) a circle and the actual motion is clockwise (a) 2 A, (b) A, (c) 3 A, (d) A,
4 3 6 3
8. A uniform cylindrical metal rod A of
length L and radius R is suspended at its 15. Average value of kinetic energy and potential
mid-point from a rigid support through a energy over entire time period is
strong metal wire of length l. The rod is 1 1
A (a) 0, mw 2A 2 (b) mw 2A 2,0
given a small angular twist and released 2 2
so that it oscillates to and fro about its 1 1 1 1
(c) mw 2A 2, mw 2A 2 (d) mw 2A 2, mw 2A 2
mean position with a time period T1. The rotational 2 2 4 4
inertia of metal rod about the wire as an axis is
ML 2 MR 2 16. A particle in SHM is described by the displacement
(a) (b) function x( t) = A cos ( wt + q ). If the initial ( t = 0)
12 2
position of the particle is 1 cm and its initial
é L2 R 2ù é L2 R 2ù velocity is p cms–1, what is its amplitude? The
(c) M ê + (d) M ê +
ë 12 2 úû ë 12 4 úû angular frequency of the particle is p s–1.
(a) 1 cm (b) 2 cm (c) 2 cm (d) 2.5 cm
9. A particle is having kinetic energy 1/3 of the
maximum value at a distance of 4 cm from the 17. The period of particle in SHM is 8 s. At t = 0,
mean position. Find the amplitude of motion. particle is at the mean position. The ratio of the
(a) 2 6 cm (b) 2 / 6 cm distances travelled by it in Ist second and 2nd
second is
(c) 2 cm (d) 6 / 2 (a) 1.6 : 1 (b) 2.4 : 1 (c) 3.2 : 1 (d) 4.2 : 1
10. If a spring extends by x on loading, then the energy 18. A simple pendulum of length l has a bob of mass m,
stored in the spring is (if T is the tension and k is with a charge q on it. A vertical sheet of charge,
the force constant of the spring) with surface charge density s passes through the
T2 T2 2k 2T 2 point of suspension. At equilibrium, the spring
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2x 2k T2 k makes an angle q with the vertical. Its time period
of oscillations is T in this position. Then
11. The period of oscillation of a mass m suspended sq sq
from a spring is 2 s. If along with it another mass (a) tan q = (b) tan q =
2e 0mg e 0mg
2 kg is also suspended, the period of oscillation
increases by 1 s. The mass m will be 1 1
(c) T > 2p (d) T = 2p
(a) 2 kg (b) 1 kg (c) 1.6 kg (d) 2.6 kg g g
528 JEE Main Physics

19. The time period of a particle in simple harmonic 26. A pendulum is executing simple harmonic motion
motion is 8 s. At t = 0, it is at the mean position. and its maximum kinetic energy is K 1. If the length
The ratio of the distances travelled by it in the first of the pendulum is doubled and it performs simple
and second, seconds is harmonic motion with the same amplitude as in the
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : ( 2 - 1) (d) 1 : 3 first case, its maximum kinetic energy is K 2 . Then
[JEE Main 2019]
20. The bob of a simple pendulum is of mass 10 g. It is K
(a) K 2 = 2K 1 (b) K 2 = 1
suspended with a thread of 1 m. If we hold the bob 2
so as to stretch the string horizontally and release K1
it, what will be the tension at the lowest position? (c) K 2 = (d) K 2 = K 1
4
(Take, g = 10 ms–2)
(a) Zero (b) 0.1 N (c) 0.3 N (d) 1.0 N 27. A simple harmonic motion is represented by
y = 5 (sin 3 pt + 3 cos 3 pt) cm. The amplitude and
21. A block of mass M is suspended from a light spring time period of the motion are [JEE Main 2019]
of force constant k. Another mass m moving 3 2
upwards with velocity v hits the mass M and gets (a) 10 cm, s (b) 5 cm, s
2 3
embedded in it. What will be the amplitude of 3 2
oscillation of the combined mass? (c) 5 cm, s (d) 10 cm, s
2 3
mv mv
(a) (b)
k (M - m) (M - m)k 28. A highly rigid cubical block A of small mass M and
mv mv side L is fixed rigidly on the another cubical block
(c) (d) of same dimensions and low modulus of rigidity h
k (M + m) (M + m)k
such that the lower face of A completely covers the
22. Lissajous figure shown below corresponds to which upper face of B. The lower face of B is rigidly held
one of the following? on a horizontal surface. A small force F is applied
perpendicular to one of the side faces of Z. After the
force is withdrawn, block A executes small
oscillations, the time period of which is given by
(a) 2p MLh (b) 2p Mh /L
(c) 2p ML / h (d) 2p M / h L
(a) Phase difference p/2 and period 1 : 2
(b) Phase difference 3p/4 and period 1 : 2 29. Two pendulums of length 1 m and 16 m start
(c) Phase difference p/4 and period 2 : 1 vibrating one behind the other from the same
(d) Phase difference 2p/3 and period 2 : 1 stand. At some instant, the two are in the mean
position in the same phase. The time period of
23. The amplitude of a damped oscillator decreases to shorter pendulum is T. The minimum time after
0.9 times its original magnitude in 5s. In another
which the two threads of the pendulum will be one
10s, it will decrease to a times its original
behind the other is
magnitude, where a equals [JEE Main 2013]
(a) T /4 (b) T/3 (c) 4 T/3 (d) 4 T
(a) 0.7 (b) 0.81 (c) 0.729 (d) 0.6
30. A particle is in linear simple harmonic motion
24. A silver atom in a solid oscillates in simple between two points A and B, 10 cm apart (Fig).
harmonic motion in some direction with a Take the direction from A to B as the +ve direction
frequency of 1012 per second. What is the force and choose the correct statements. [NCERT Exemplar]
constant of the bonds connecting one atom with the
other? (Take, molecular weight of silver = 108 and B O C A
Avogadro number = 602 . ´ 1023 g mol -1) AO = OB = 5 cm , BC = 8 cm
(a) 6.4 N/m (b) 7.1 N/m [JEE Main 2018] (a) The sign of velocity, acceleration and force on the
(c) 2.2 N/m (d) 5.5 N/m particle when it is 3 cm away from A going towards
B are positive
25. A particle moves with simple harmonic motion in a
straight line. In first t sec, after starting from rest, (b) The sign of velocity of the particle at C going
towards O is negative
it travels a distance a and in next t sec, it travels 2a
in same direction, then [JEE Main 2014]
(c) The sign of velocity, acceleration and force on the
particle when it is 5 cm away from B going towards
(a) amplitude of motion is 3a
A are positive
(b) time period of oscillations is 5 t
(c) amplitude of motion is 4a (d) The sign of acceleration and force on the particle
(d) time period of oscillations is 6 t when it is at point B is positive
Oscillations 529

31. A particle performs harmonic oscillation along the 34. A body of mass 4.9 kg hangs from a spring and
X-axis about the equilibrium position x = 0. The oscillates with a period 0.5 s on the removal of the
oscillation frequency is w = 4.00 s–1. At a body, the spring is shortened by
certain moment of time the particle has a (Take g =10 ms -2 , p2 = 10)
coordinate x0 = 25.0 cm and its velocity is equal to (a) 6.3 m (b) 0.63 m
n x = 100 cms–1. Find the equation of motion of the (c) 6.25 cm (d) 63.5 cm
0
particle.
æ pö æ pö 35. A simple pendulum of length l and having a bob of
(a) y = 13 3 sin ç4t + ÷ (b) y = 25 2 sin ç4t + ÷ mass M is suspended in a car. The car is moving on
è 4ø è 4ø
a circular track of radius R with a uniform speed v.
æ pö æ pö
(c) y = 27 2 sin ç4t + ÷ (d) y = 27 5 sin ç t + ÷ If the pendulum makes small oscillations in a
è 4ø è 2ø
radial direction about its equilibrium position,
32. A metal rod of length L and mass m is pivoted at what will be its time period?
one end. A thin disc of mass M and radius R ( < L) is 3l æ v4 ö
attached at its centre to the free end of the rod. (a) 2p (b) 2p l ç g 2 + 2÷
v2 è R ø
Consider two ways, the disc is attached (case A), g+
R
the disc is not free to rotate about its centre and
(case B) the disc is free to rotate about its centre. 2l 2l
(c) 2p (d) 2p
The rod-disc system perform SHM in vertical plane æ 2 v2 ö ( g 2 + v 2 /R)
after being released from the same displaced ç g + 2÷
è R ø
position in each case. Which of the following
statements is (are) true? 36. When a body of mass 1.0 kg is suspended from a
certain light spring hanging vertically, its length
increases by 5 cm. By suspending 2.0 kg block to
the spring and if the block is pulled through 10 cm
and released, the maximum velocity of it, (in ms–1)
is (Take, g = 10 ms–2)
(a) 0.5 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 4
(a) Restoring torque in case A = Restoring torque in 37. A simple pendulum of length 1 m is oscillating with
case B. an angular frequency 10 rad/s. The support of the
(b) Restoring torque in case A < Restoring torque in pendulum starts oscillating up and down with a
case B . small angular frequency of 1 rad/s and an
(c) Angular frequency for case A > Angular frequency amplitude of 10- 2 m. The relative change in the
for case B. angular frequency of the pendulum is best given by
(d) None of the above
[JEE Main 2019]
33. A mass m is suspended separately by two different (a) 1 rad/s (b) 10- 5 rad /s
springs in successive order, then time periods is t1 (c) 10- 3 rad /s (d) 10- 1 rad /s
and t2 respectively. If m is connected by both
springs as shown in figure, then time period is t0 , 38. A particle performs simple harmonic motion with
the correct relation is amplitude A . Its speed is trebled at the instant
2
when it is at a distance A from equilibrium
3
position. The new amplitude of the motion is
[JEE Main 2016]
k1 k2 A 7
(a) 41 (b) 3 A (c) A 3 (d) A
3 3
39. An ideal gas enclosed in a vertical cylindrical
m
container supports a freely moving piston of mass
(a) t 02 = t12 + t22 M. The piston and the cylinder have equal
cross-sectional area A. When the piston is in
(b) t 0-2 = t1-2 + t2-2
equilibrium, the volume of the gas is V0 and its
(c) t 0-1 = t1-1 + t2-1 pressure is p0 . The piston is slightly displaced from
(d) t 0 = t1 + t2 the equilibrium position and released. Assuming
530 JEE Main Physics

that the system is completely isolated from its 44. A spring balance has a scale that reads from 0 to
surrounding, the piston executes a simple harmonic 50 kg. The length of the scale is 20 cm. A body
motion with frequency [JEE Main 2013] suspended from this balance, when displaced and
1 A g p0 released, oscillates with a period of 0.6 s. What is
(a)
2p V 0M the weight of the body? [NCERT]
1 V 0Mp0 (a) 222.13 N (b) 200.13 N
(b)
2p A 2g (c) 193.13 N (d) 219.13 N

1 A 2 g p0 45. The displacement time graph of a particle

(c)
2p M V0 executing SHM is shown in figure. Which of the
following statement is/are true? [NCERT Exemplar]
1 M V0
(d)

Displacement
2p A g p0

40. A block of mass 1 kg attached to a spring is made to 2T/4

0
oscillate with an initial amplitude of 12 cm. After T/4 3T/4 T 5T/4 Time (s)
2 min, the amplitude decrease to 6 cm. Determine
the value of the damping constant for this motion.
[JEE Main 2021] 3T
(a) The force is zero at t = .
(a) 0.69 ´ 102kg s-1 (b) 3.3 ´ 102kg s-1 4
(c) 1.16 ´ 102kg s-1 (d) 5.7 ´ 10-3 kg s-1 3T
(b) The acceleration is maximum at t = .
4
41. A mass M is attached to a horizontal spring of force T
(c) The velocity is maximum at t = .
constant k fixed on one side to a rigid support as 2
T
shown in figure. The mass oscillates on a (d) The PE is equal to KE of oscillation at t = .
frictionless surface with time period T and 2
amplitude A. When the mass is in equilibrium 46. A pendulum is made to hang from a ceilling of an
position, another mass m is gently placed on it. elevator.It has period of Tsec . (for small angles). The
What will be the new amplitude of oscillations? elevator is made to accelerate upwards with
10 m/s2.The period of the pendulum now will be
(assume g =10 m/s2)
m (a) T 2 (b) infinite
k
M (c) T/ 2 (d) zero
47. Two light identical springs of spring constant k are
æ M ö æ M -mö attached horizontally at the two ends of an uniform
(a) A ç ÷ (b) A ç ÷
è M -mø è M ø horizontal rod AB of length l and mass m. The rod
æ M ö æ M + mö is pivoted at its centre ‘O’ and can rotate freely in
(c) A ç ÷ (d) A ç ÷ horizontal plane. The other ends of the two springs
è M + mø è M ø
are fixed to rigid supports as shown in figure.
42. A bottle weighing 200 g and area of cross-section The rod is gently pushed through a small angle and
50 cm2 and height 4 cm oscillates on the surface of released. The frequency of resulting oscillation is
water in vertical position. Its frequency of oscillation is A
(a) 1.5 Hz
(b) 2.5 Hz y
(c) 3.5 Hz
(d) 4.5 Hz
O x
43. One end of a U-tube containing mercury is
connected to a suction pump and the other end to
atmosphere. A small pressure difference is
maintained between the two columns. The suction
B [JEE Main 2019]
pump is removed, the column of mercury in the
U-tube will show [NCERT] 1 2k 1 3k
(a) (b)
(a) periodic motion 2p m 2p m
(b) oscillation
1 6k 1 k
(c) simple harmonic motion (c) (d)
(d) None of the above 2p m 2p m
Oscillations 531

n
Numerical Value Questions frequency of vertical oscillations will be Hz. Find
p
48. Two point masses of 3.0 kg and 1.0 kg are the value of n.
attached to opposite ends of a horizontal spring
whose spring constant is 300 Nm -1 as shown in
adjacent figure. The natural frequency (in Hz) of
vibration of the system is ……… .
P
k = 300 Nm–1
3 kg 1 kg

k
49. A particle performs simple harmonic motion with m
a period of 2 s. The time taken by the particle to
cover a displacement equal to half of its
amplitude from the mean position is (1/ a) s . The
value of a to the nearest integer is ……… . 53. Consider two identical springs each of spring
[JEE Main 2021]
constant k and negligible mass compared to the mass
50. Two springs of force constants 20 N/m and 10 M as shown in figure. Fig. 1 shows one of them and
N/m, have equal highest velocities when Fig. 2 shows their series combination. The ratios of
executing SHM, then the ratio of their amplitudes T
time period of oscillation of the two SHM is b = x ,
1 Ta
(given their masses are equal) will be . Find
x where value of x is ……… . (Rounded off to the
the value of x. nearest integer) [JEE Main 2021]
51. A particle of mass 4 cm is executing oscillations
about the origin on the X-axis. Its potential
energy is U( x) = k|x|3 , where k is a positive Ta Tb
constant. If the amplitude of oscillation is 4 cm,
then its time period T will be proportional to M
……… . M
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
52. As shown in figure, system consisting of massless
pulley, a light spring of force constant k = 16 N/m 54. A particle is executing SHM of amplitude 25 cm and
and a block of mass 0.01 kg. If the block is time period 3 s. The minimum time (in s) required for
slightly displaced vertically downwards from its the particle to move between two points 12.5 cm on
equilibrium position and released, then the either side of the mean position will be ……… s.

Answers
Round I
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (b)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (b) 50. (b)
51. (c) 52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (b) 56. (b) 57. (a) 58. (c) 59. (b) 60. (b)
61. (d) 62. (b) 63. (a) 64. (b) 65. (a) 66. (d) 67. (b) 68. (d) 69. (b) 70. (b)
71. (c) 72. (a) 73. (a) 74. (d)

Round II
1 (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (*)
41. (c) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (c) 48. 3 49. 6 50. 2
51. 0.5 52. 20 53. 2 54. 0.5
 Solutions
Round I 1
4. Given, y = sin3 wt = (3 sin wt - sin 3 wt )
1. Given, displacement is 4

x (t ) = e- 0.1t cos (10pt + f ) As this motion is not represented by single harmonic

function, hence it is not an SHM. As this motion
Here, amplitude of the oscillator is
involves sine and cosine functions, hence it is periodic
A = e- 0.1 t … (i) motion.
Let it takes t seconds for amplitude to be dropped by 5. It is required to calculate the time for extreme
half.
position.
At t =0 Þ A =1 [from Eq. (i)]
Hence in this case, equation of displacement of
A 1
At t = t Þ A¢ = = æ pö
2 2 particle can be written as x = a sin ç wt + ÷ = a cos wt
è 2ø
So, Eq. (i) can be written as a
1 Þ = a cos wt (as per question)
e- 0.1 t = 2
2 1
or e0.1 t
=2 = cos wt
2
or 0.1 t = ln (2) p ì p 1ü
Þ cos = cos wt íQ cos = ý
or t=
1
ln (2) = 10 ln (2)
3 î 3 2þ
0.1 p
Þ wt =
Now, ln (2) = 0.693 3
2p p
\ t = 10 ´ 0.693 = 6.93 s Þ ×t =
T 3
or t »7s T
Þ t=
2. Given, y = a sin wt + b cos wt 6
Let a = A cos q and b = A sin q …(i) 6. Motion of an oscillating liquid column in a U-tube is
l
then y = A cos q sin wt + A sin q cos wt SHM with period, T = 2p , where l is the height of
g
y = A sin (wt + q)
liquid column in one arm of U-tube in equilibrium
which is in the form of SHM. position of liquid. Therefore, T is independent of
From Eq. (i) density of liquid.
a 2 + b2 = A 2 cos 2 q + A 2 sin 2 q
7. x = a cos wt and y = a sin wt
Þ A = a 2 + b2
\ x2 + y2 = a 2(cos 2 wt + sin 2 wt ) = a 2
æp ö It is an equation of a circle. Thus, trajectory of motion
3. Given, y = 3 cos ç - 2wt ÷ ... (i)
è4 ø of the particle will be a circle.
dy æp ö 8. As, d 2x / dt 2 = - kx
Velocity, v= = 3 ´ 2 w sin ç - 2 wt ÷
dt è4 ø displacemant
and T = 2p
Acceleration, acceleration
dv æp ö T = 2p
x
= 2p
1
A= = - 4 w2 ´ 3 cos ç - 2wt ÷ = -4 w2y So,
dt è4 ø kx k

As A µ y and - ve sign shows that it is directed 9. Weight kept on the system will separate from the
towards equilibrium (or mean position), hence particle piston, when the maximum force just exceeds the
will execute SHM. Comparing Eq. (i) with equation weight of the body. Hence,
y = r cos (f - w¢ t ) mw2y = mg
or y = g /w2 = 9.8 /(2p )2 = 0.25 m
we have, w¢ = 2 w
2p
10. Given, T = 30 s, OQ = B. The projection of the radius
or =2 w vector on the diameter of the circle when a particle is
T¢
moving with uniform angular velocity (w) on a circle of
p reference is SHM. Let the particle move from P to Q in
or T¢=
w time t, then ÐPOQ = wt = ÐOQP.
Oscillations 533

The projection of radius OQ on X-axis will be OR = x (t ) So, nT2 = (n - 1)T1

say. 100 121
or n ´ 2p = (n - 1) ´ 2p
g g

P (t = 0) or 10n = (n - 1)11
Q or n = 11

ωt ωt 15. Given, angular frequency of the piston,

w = 200 rad/min
X
O x(t) R and stroke length = 1 m
Stroke length 1
\Amplitude of SHM, A = = = 0.5 m
2 2
Now, vmax = wA
x (t ) = 200 ´ 0.5 = 100 m/min
In DOQR, sin w t =
B 16. As, Wavelength = Velocity of wave ´ Time period
2p 2p
or x (t ) = B sin wt = B sin t = B sin t i. e. l = 300 ´ 0.05 = 15 m
T 30
According to the problem path difference between two
11. When bigger pendulum of time period (5T /4) completes
points
one vibrations, the smaller pendulum will complete
= 15 - 10 = 5 m
(5 /4) vibrations. It means the smaller pendulum will
2p
be leading the bigger pendulum by phase T /4 sec \ Phase difference = ´ path difference
p l
= rad = 90°.
2 2p 2p 2p
Df = ´ Dx = ´5 =
dy l 15 3
12. We can find the velocities, v1 = 1 = 2 ´ 10 cos (10 t + q)
dt 17. At one of the extreme position, weight of block =
and v2 = -3 ´ 10 sin 10t = 30 cos(10t + p / 2) restoring force. At the other extreme position where it
is momentary at rest, weight of block and restoring
\ Phase difference = (10t + q) - (10t + p / 2) = q - p /2
force both act in downward direction. So the block
13. In simple harmonic motion, position (x), velocity (v) weighs double than its weight.
and acceleration (a ) of the particle are given by m 4 p 2a m 4p 2a
18. As, F1 = and F2 =
x = A sin w t T12
T22
v = w A 2 - x2 Net force, F = F1 + F2
or v = Aw cos wt 4p 2ma 4p 2ma
= +
and a = - w2x T12 T22
or a = - w2A sin wt æ 1 1 ö
= 4p 2ma ç 2 + 2 ÷
Given, amplitude A = 5 cm and displacement x = 4 cm. è T1 T 2ø
At this time (when x = 4 cm), velocity and acceleration
4p 2ma æ 1 1 ö
have same magnitude. or = 4p 2ma ç 2 + 2 ÷
T2 è T1 T2 ø
Þ | vx = 4 | = | a x = 4 |
1 1 1
or | w 52 - 42 | = | - 4w2| or = +
T 2 T12 T22
Þ 3 w = + 4 w2 1 T12 + T22
or =
Þ w = (3 / 4) rad/s T2 T12 T22
2p
So, time period, T = T12 T22
w or T2 =
T12 + T22
2p 8p
Þ T= ´4 = s
3 3 19. As, x = A sin( w+ p /2) = A cos wt

14. The time periods, T1 = 2p

121
and T2 = 2p
100 \ cos wt = x / A
g g and sin wt = 1 - (x2 / A 2)
So, T1 > T2. , Let the shorter pendulum makes n y = A sin 2wt = 1 - (x2/ A 2)
vibrations, then the longer pendulum will make less
than n vibrations to come in phase again. y = A sin 2 wt = 2 A sin wt cos wt
534 JEE Main Physics

or y2 = 4 A 2 sin 2 w t cos 2 wt As for SHM, a = - w2x

x2 æ A 2 - x2 ö g 10
= 4 A2 ´ 2 ´ ç ÷ We have w = = = 63.29 » 8 rad s -1
A è A2 ø l 0.158
æ x2 ö 23. Here, a = 1 cm = 0.01 m . The mass will remain in
= 4 x2 ç 1 - 2 ÷
è A ø contact with surface, if
mg = mw2a
20. Let, O be the position and x be the distance of coin or w= g/a
from O. The coin will slip if pseudo force on coin just
becomes equal to force of friction, i. e.mxw2 = mmg. or 2pn = g / a
The coin will slip if, x = maximum = amplitude A 1 g
or n=
2p a
m Aw2 = m mg
7 980
or A = mg / w2 =
2 ´ 22 1
21. As, x (t ) = A cos (wt + f ) …(i)
= 4.9 Hz » 5 Hz
\ 1 = A cos(p ´ 0 + f ) = A cos f …(ii)
24. Maximum force on body while in SHM
d [x (t )]
velocity = = - Aw sin (wt + f ) = mw2a = 0.5 (2p /2)2 ´ 0.2 = 1 N
dt
Maximum force of friction = m mg = 0.3 ´ 0.5 ´ 10 = 1.5 N
p = - A ´ p sin (0 + f ) = - pA sin f - 1
= A sin f …(ii) Since, the maximum force on the body due to SHM of
the platform is less than the maximum possible
Squaring and adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we have frictional force, so the maximum force of friction will
1 + 1 = A 2(cos 2 w + sin 2 w) = A 2 be equal to the maximum force acting on body due to
or A = 2 cm SHM of platform, i. e. 1 N.
22. In equilibrium condition bottle floats in water and its 25. As, x = a sin wt
length l inside water is same as the height of water and y = b sin(wt + p ) = - b sin wt
upto which bottle is filled. x y b
Þ =- Þ y=- x
a b a
It is an equation of a straight line.
L 2p g
x 26. Time period, T = 2p and w = =
l g T L
l g
\Displacement, x = a cos wt = a cos t
L
27. Given, x = 3 sin wt + 4 sin (wt + p / 3)
So, l = Volume of water in bottle/Area Comparing it with the equation
310 x = r1 sin wt + r2 sin(wt + f )
= = 15.8 cm = 0.158 m
p ´ (2.5)2 We have, r1 = 3 cm, r2 = 4 cm and f = p /3
When bottle is slightly pushed inside by an amount x The amplitude of combination is
then, restoring force acting on the bottle is the
upthrust of fluid displaced when bottle goes into liquid r = r12 + r22 + 2r1r2 cos f
by amount x. = 32 + 42 + 2 ´ 3 ´ 4 ´ cos p / 3
So, restoring force,
= 37 » 6 cm
F = - (rAx) g …(i)
28. As, sec bt is not define for bt = p /2
where r = density of water, a sin bt + c cos bt
and x = a sec bt + c cosec bt =
A = area of cross-section of bottle sin bt cos bt
and x = displacement from equilibrium position. This equation cannot be modified in the form of simple
But F = ma …(ii) equation of SHM containing sine or cosine function.
where, m = mass of water and bottle system So, it cannot represent SHM.
= Alr 29. When particle is at x = 2, the displacement is
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have y = 4 - 2 = 2 cm. If t is the time taken by the particle to
‘ Alra = -rAxg go from x = 4 cm to x = 2 cm, then
g 2 pt 2 pt
or a=- x y = a cos wt = a cos = a cos
l T 1.2
Oscillations 535

2pt y 2 or y2 = a 2 / 4
or cos = =
1.2 a 4 or y = a /2
2 pt 1 p 1
cos = = cos 36. Kinetic energy at mean position = mw2a 2 = 8 ´ 10-3
1.2 2 3 2
2 pt p 1/ 2 1/ 2
Þ = æ 2 ´ 8 ´ 10-3 ö é 2 ´ 8 ´ 10-3 ù
1.2 3 or w=ç ÷ =ê 2ú
= 4 rad/s
è ma 2 ø ë 0.1 ´ (0.1) û
2t 1
or =
1.2 3 Equation of SHM is,
1.2 æ pö
or t= = 0.2 s y = a sin(wt + q ) = 0.1sin ç4 t + ÷
6 è 4ø
Time taken to move from x = +2 cm to x = +4 cm and 37. From the figure, OC = l cos q
back again = 2t = 2 ´ 0.2 s = 0.4 s. O
1
30. Potential energy, V = mw2x2 θ
2
1 T
and kinetic energy E, T = mw2(a 2 - x2) l
2
T a 2 - x2 C B
\ =
V x2
31. Let x be point, where KE = PE A mg mg cos θ
1 1 mg sin θ
Hence, mw2(a 2 - x2) = mw2x2
2 2
\ AC = OA - OC
Þ 2 x2 = a 2
= l - l cos q
a y
Þ x= = = 2 2 cm = l (1 - cos q)
2 2
Maximum KE of bob at O or A = Maximum PE of bob
1
mw2y2 at B
U 2 1
32. As, = =
U max 1 mw2a 2 4 = ma ´ AC = mgl (1 - cos q)
2
38. If m is the mass and r is the amplitude of oscillation,
y2 1 a
= Þy= then maximum kinetic energy,
a2 4 2 1
K 0 = mw2r 2
33. Potential energy of body in SHM at an instant, 2
1 2 1/ 2
Ux = ky æ2 K0 ö
2 or r=ç ÷
è mw2 ø
If the displacement, y = (a - x), then
1 1 The displacement equation can be
U x = k (a - x)2 = k (x - a )2 1/ 2
2 2 æ 2K 0 ö
y = r sin wt = ç ÷ sin w t
è mw ø
34. Total energy of oscillation, E = aA 4
(at maximum displacement) 1 keffective 1 k+2k 1 3k
39. As, n = = =
Kinetic energy of mass at x = x is 2p m 2p m 2p m
K = E - U = a ( A 4 - x4 ) (for parallel combination of spring, keq = k1 + k2)
As K = 3U
a ( A 4 - x4 ) = 3 ax4 40. Let k be the force constant of spring of length l2. Since,
A l1 = nl2, where n is an integer, so the spring is made of
or x=±
2 (n + 1 ) equal parts in length, each of length l2.
1 1 (n + 1 )
35. Total energy, E = mw2a 2 …(i) \ =
2 k k
3E 1 or k = (n + 1 )k
KE = = mw2(a 2 - y2) …(ii)
4 2
The spring of length l1 = n l2 will be equivalent to n
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
spring connected in series where spring constant
3 a 2 - y2 k (n + 1) k
= k¢ = =
4 a2 n n
536 JEE Main Physics

1 k 47. The given situation is shown in the figure given below.

41. We have, n= ;
2p m
1 k' 1 2k
n¢ = = =n (Q k' = 2k )
2p 2m 2p 2m
k=800N/m
42. Let k be the spring constant of each half part of the
spring. For a complete spring, the spring constant
k¢ = k /2 (spring in series). When two splitted parts of a m

spring are connected to the body, then spring are in

parallel. Their effective spring constant, k¢ = k + k = 2 k. When vibrations of mass are suddenly stopped,
m oscillation energy (or stored energy of spring) is
As T =2p
k dissipated as heat, causing rise of temperature.
1 So, conversation of energy gives
or Tµ (for a fixed value of m)
k 1 2
kxm = (m1s1 + m2s2)DT
T¢ k /2 1 2
\ = =
T 2k 2 where, xm = amplitude of oscillation,
T s1 = specific heat of mass,
or T¢ =
2 s2 = specific heat of water
and DT = rise in temperature.
43. It is a system of two springs in parallel. The restoring
force on the body is due to springs and not due to Substituting values given in question, we have
gravity. 1 é æ 500 ö ù
´ 800 ´ (2 ´ 10- 2)2 = ê ç ÷ ´ 400 + 1 ´ 4184ú DT
2 ë è 1000 ø û
Therefore slope is irrelevant.
Here, the effective spring constant = k + k = 2 k 16 ´ 10- 2
Þ DT =
Thus time period, T = 2p M / 2k 4384
m = 3.65 ´ 10- 5 K
44. As, T = 2p
k So, the order of magnitude of change in temperature is
2m m approx 10- 5 .
and T ¢ = 2p = 2p =T M
2k k 48. As, T = 2 = 2p
k
45. Two spring, each of spring constant k1 in parallel, give
M +4
equivalent spring constant of 2k1 and this is in series and 2 + 1 = 2p (from question)
k
with another spring of spring constant k2, so
equivalent spring constant k+4
-1
or 3 = 2p
æ1 1 ö k
k=ç + ÷ 4 M
è k2 2k1 ø So, =
9 M +4
46. Initially, it is given that the unstretched length of the or 4 M + 16 = 9 M
spring is l. When it is given an angular speed w, then 16
let x = stretched length of spring. or M= = 3.2 kg
5
Then, total length of the spring system while rotating
will be (l + x) as shown in the figure. 49. A total restoring force, F = kX = mg
or k = mg / X
(M + m) (M + m) X
ω \ T = 2p = 2p
mg / X mg
l+x
50. The amplitude of oscillations will be the maximum
when compression in the spring is maximum. At the
time of maximum compression, velocities of both the
As we know, spring force will give the necessary
blocks are equal say v, then using law of conservation
centripetal force for rotation.
of momentum,
So, kx = m(l + x)w2
m1v0 = (m1 + m2) v
Þ (k - mw )x = mlw2
2
or 1 ´ 12 = (1 + 2) v
mlw2
Þ x= or v = 4 cms -1
(k - mw2) Using law of conservation of energy, we have
Oscillations 537

1 1 1 54. On the inclined plane, the effective acceleration due to

m1v02 = kx2 + (m1 + m2)v2
2 2 2 gravity
Putting the value of v = 4 cms –1 and solving, we get g ¢ = g cos 30° = g ´ 3 /2
x = 2 cm. l 2l
T = 2p = 2p
51. As, energy stored = work done g¢ 3g
1 2
Þ E= kr (where, r = displacement) 55. As, T = 2p l /g
2
1 1
2E 2 ´2 1 Þ log T = log 2 + log p + log l - log g
or r= = = m 2 2
k 400 10 Differentiating it, we get
2
æ kö 1 dT 1 dl 1 dg 1 dg
Now, a = w2r = ç ÷ ´ = - =- ( \l is constant )
è m ø 10 T 2 l 2 g 2 g

æ 400 ö 1 % change in time period

=ç ÷´ = 40 ms -2 dT 1 dg
è 1 ø 10 = ´ 100 = ´ 100
T 2 g
52. S 1 æ -2 ö
=- ç ÷ ´ 100 = 1% (increase)
2 è 100 ø
θ
l 56. Resolving tension T in string into two rectangular
T
components, we get
T cos q = mg
C P
and T sin q = mr w2
θ
A T sin q rw2
O B mg mg cos θ So, = tan q =
T cos q g
mg sin θ
or g tan q = rw2 = r ´ 4p 2/ T 2
When the bob is displaced to position P, through a
r l sin q
small angle q from the vertical, the various forces or T = 2p = 2p
acting on the bob at P are g tan q g tan q
(i) the weight mg of the bob acting vertically l cos q
= 2p
downwards g
(ii) the tension T in the string acting along PS 57. Let I1 be the moment of inertia in case (i) and I 2 be the
Resolving mg into two rectangular components, we get moment of inertia in case (ii).
(a) mg cos q acts along PA, opposite to tension, Axis of rotation
(b) mg sin q acts along PB, tangent to the arc OP and
directed towards O.
If the string neither slackens nor breaks but remains
taut, then
T = mg cos q (i) (ii)
The force mg sin q tends to bring the bob back to its
mean position O.
T1 T2
\ Restoring force acting on the bob is
F = - mg sin q The time period of physical pendulum is given by
l I
53. As, T = 2p . When lift is accelerated upwards with T = 2p (where, d = R)
g mgd
acceleration a (= g / 4), the effective acceleration due to Here,
3
I1 = 2 mR2 Þ I 2 = mR2
gravity inside the lift, 2
g 5g I1
g1 = g + a = g + = \ T1 = 2p
4 4 mgd
l I2
\ T1 = 2p and T2 = 2p
5 g /4 mgd
l 2 2T T1 I1 2 mR2 2
= 2p ´ = Þ = = =
g 5 5 T2 I2 3 3
mR2
2
538 JEE Main Physics

58. Period of motion of a pendulum is given by 2 1

\ T¢ -T = = s
100 50
l
T = 2p …(i) Therefore, loss in seconds per day
g
1 / 50
On the surface of Earth, let period of motion is Te and = ´ 24 ´ 60 ´ 60 = 864 s
2
acceleration due to gravity is ge
l 62. According to the law of conservation of mechanical
\ Te = 2p …(ii) energy, we get
ge
On the another planet, let period of motion is T p and
gravitational acceleration is g p
l l
\ T p = 2p …(iii)
gp m
(Q Pendulum is same, so l will be same) v0
1
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get mv02 = mgl Þ v0 = 2 gl
2
l
2p
Te ge gp 63. When the bob of pendulum is brought to a position
= = …(iv) making an angle q with the equilibrium position, the
Tp l ge
2p height of bob of pendulum will be,
gp h = l - l cos q = l (1 - cos q).
GM e GM p
Now, ge = and g p = Taking free fall of the bob,
2
Re R2p u = 0, a = g , g = h = l (1 - cos q), v = ?
Given, M p = 3M e and R p = 3Re Now, v2 = u 2 + 2 gh = 0 + 2 gl (1 - cos q) f
G ´ 3M e 1 GM e 1
\ gp = = × 2 = ge or v = 2 gl (1 - cos q)
9Re2 3 Re 3
64. When the ball of mass m falls from a height h, it
gp 1 gp 1 reaches the surface of Earth in time, t = 2h/g with
Þ = or = …(v)
ge 3 ge 3 velocity v = 2 gh. It then moves into the tunnel and
reaches upto a height h from other side of Earth. The
From Eqs. (iv) and (v), T p = 3 Te
ball then returns back and thus executes periodic
or Tp = 2 3 s (QTe = 2 s) motion. Outside the Earth, ball crosses distance h four
59. Torque acting on the bob = Ia = - (mg )l sin q times. When the ball is in the tunnel at distance x
from the centre of the Earth, then gravitational force
or (mil 2) a = - (mg g )l q acting on ball is
æ mg g ö Gm æ 4 ö æ4 ö
or a = - çç ÷÷ q = - w2q F = 2 ´ ç px3r ÷ = G ´ ç pr ÷mx
m
è i øl x è3 ø è3 ø
mg g 4
where, 2
w = Mass of the Earth, M = pR3r
mi l 3
4 M
2p mi l or pr = 3
\ T= = 2p 3 R
w mg g GMmx
\ F =
60. Since length of pendulums A and C is same and R3
T = 2p l/ g , hence their time period is same and they i. e. F µx
will have same frequency of vibration. Due to it, a As, this force, F is directed towards the centre of
resonance will take place and the pendulum C will Earth, i. e. the mean position. So, the ball will execute
vibrate with maximum amplitude. periodic motion about the centre of Earth.
61. According to question, Here, Inertia factor = mass of ball = m
l + 2 l / 100 GMm gm
T¢ = T Spring factor = =
l R3 R
1/ 2
æ 2 ö æ 1 ö \Time period of oscillation of ball in the tunnel is
= T ç1 + ÷ = 2ç1 + ÷
è 100 ø è 100 ø inertia factor
T ¢ = 2p
[Q using binomial theorem, (1 + x)n = 1 + nx spring factor
1/ 2
æ 2 ö æ 1 öù m R
Þ ç1 + ÷ = ç1 + ÷ = 2p = 2p
è 100 ø è 100 ø úû gm / R g
Oscillations 539

Time spent by ball outside the tunnel on both the sides 70. When the cylinder is given a small downward
will be = 4 2h/g . displacement, say y, the additional restoring force is
Therefore, total time period of oscillation of ball is due to (i) additional extension y, which is, F1 = ky
R 2h (ii) additional buoyancy which is F2 = AYd g .
= 2p +4
g g Total restoring force,
- F = F1 + F2 = (k + Adg )Y
65. Let T1 and T2 be the time period of shorter length and
= new force constant
longer length pendulums respectively. As per
1 k¢
question, nT1 = (n - 1 )T2 \ n=
2p M
0.5 20
So n 2p = (n - 1) 2p 1 k + Adg
g g =
2p M
or n = (n - 1) 40 » (n - 1)6
Hence, 5n =6 71. Amplitude resonance takes place at a frequency of
external force which is less than the frequency of
Hence, after 5 oscillations they will be in same phase.
undamped maximum vibration, i.e. w1 ¹ w0.
66. In damped oscillation, amplitude goes on decaying Velocity-resonance takes place ( i. e. maximum energy),
exponentially, when frequency of external periodic force is equal to
a = a 0 e-bt natural frequency of undamped vibrations, i.e. w2 = w0.
where, b = damping coefficient initially 72. Fig. (1) alone represents damped SHM as
a0 displacement is decreasing regularly with time.
= a 0e-b´ 100T ,
3
73. Motion given here is SHM starting from rest.
T = time of one oscillation Therefore, the graph shown in option (a) is correct.
1
or = e-100bT …(i) 74. For damped motion, a = a 0e-bt
3
Finally, a = a 0e-b´ 200T For first case,
a0 1
or a = a 0 (e -100bt 2
) = a 0e-b´ 2 or = e-2b
2 3 3
æ1ö a
or a = a0 ´ ç ÷ [ \from Eq. (i) ] For second case, 0 = a 0e- (b´ 6)
è3ø n
3
a0 1 æ1ö
a= or = e = (e-2b )3 = ç ÷ Þ n = 33
-6b
9 n è3ø
67. The motion of M is SHM, with length, l = L2 - d 2
Round II
d
A C B 1. A ball bearing when released a little above the lower
2d limit inside a smooth curved bowl, will execute SHM
with a definite period.
L L m
l
2. As, T = 2p
k
m T 5
M and T ' = 2p = = s = 2.5 s
4k 2 2
l (L2 - d 2)1/ 2
\Time period, T = 2p = 2p 3. Phase is the state of a particle as regards with its
g g position and direction of motion w.r.t. mean position.
68. Let the distance x of vertical side c of block be pushed In the given curve phase is same when t = 1 s and
in liquid, when block is floating, the buoyancy force t = 5 s. Also, phase is same when t = 2 s and t = 6 s.
= abxdw g = abxg (Q dw = 1 ) 1
4. Given, mw2r 2 = 80 J;
The mass of piece of wood = abcd 2
æ gö 2
So, acceleration = - abxg / abcd = - ç ÷ x 1 1 æ3 ö
è cd ø \ PE = mw2y2 = mw2 ´ ç r ÷
2 2 è4 ø
dc
Hence, time period, T = 2p 9 æ1 2 2ö 9
g = ç mw r ÷ = ´ 80 = 45 J
16 è 2 ø 16
69. We have, T ¢ = 2p l/( g / 6) = 6T
5. KE is maximum at mean position and minimum at
Hence, the clock will tick in one minute, æ Tö
extreme position çat t = ÷ , so correct graph is (c).
n = 60 / 6 = 24.5 times è 4ø
540 JEE Main Physics

6. During oscillation, (motion of a simple pendulum) KE 13. From the figure, T sin q = mL sin qw2
is maximum at mean position where PE is minimum. 324 = 0.5 ´ 0.5 ´ w2
At extreme position, KE is minimum and PE is 324
maximum. Thus, correct graph is depicted in w2 =
0.5 ´ 0.5
option (b).
324 18
7. Given, x = A sin (wt + a) …(i) Þ w= = = 36 rad/s
0.5 ´ 0.5 0.5
and y = A cos(wt + a ) ...(ii) 14. x2(t)
Squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x2 + y2 = A 2[sin 2(wt + a ) + cos 2(wt + a )] = A 2
120°
It is an equation of a circle. The given motion is 240°
x1(t)
counter-clockwise.
8. The moment of inertia of a cylindrical rod about axis of
wire(i. e. an axis passing through the centre of rod and
x3(t)
perpendicular to its length) is
æ L2 R2 ö It is clear from figure that, magnitude of x3 (t ), must be
I=Mç + ÷ the resultant of x1 (t ) andx2(t ), to bring the mass at rest.
è 12 4 ø 4p
So, B = A and f = 240° = .
1 1 1 3
9. As, mw2(r 2 - y2) = ´ mw2r 2
2 3 2 1
15. Maximum KE = mw2A 2; minimum KE = 0
1 2 2
or r 2 - y2 = r 1
3 0 + mw2A 2
2 1
Average KE = = mw2A 2
or 3 r 2 - 3 y2 = r 2 2 4
or 2 r 2 - 3 y2 = 0 æ 1 2 2ö
ç 0 + mw A ÷ 1
Similarly, average PE = ç 2 2 2
3 3 ÷ = mw A
or r= ´y= ´ 4 = 2 6 cm ç 2 ÷ 4
2 2 è ø
10. In equilibrium, T = mg 16. Given, x (t ) = A cos (wt + q)
1 2
Work done = mg = mgx = kx dx
2 Velocity, v= = - Aw sin(wt + q)
2mg 2T dt
or x= = …(i)
k k = - Aw 1 - cos 2(wt + q)
Energy stored = mgx = T x Þ v = - A w 1 - x2/A 2 = - w A 2 - x2
2T 2T 2
=T ´ = [from Eq. (i)] Here, v = p cms -1 , x = 1 cm, w = p s -1
k k
So, p = -p A 2 - 12
m
11. Here, 2 = 2p
k or (-1)2 = A 2 - 1
m+2 or A2 = 2
and 3 = 2p or A = 2 cm
k
3 m+2 17. As, x1 = a sin(w ´ 1) = a sin w
So, =
2 m and x2 = a sin(w ´ 2) - a sin w
or 9m = 4m + 8 x2 sin(2 w) - sin w
Now =
or m = 1.6 kg x1 sin w
12. Since the time period of simple pendulum is = sin 2 ´ (2p / 8) - sin 2p / 8 (from question)
L 1 - (1 / 2 ) 2 -1
T = 2p = =
g (1 / 2 ) 1
x1 1 2 +1
t0 l1 t l2 or = =
= 2p and 0 = 2p x2 2 - 1 ( 2 - 1 )( 2 + 1 )
9 g 7 g
2 +1
2 =
l1 æ 7 ö æ 49 ö 2 -1
\ =ç ÷ =ç ÷
l2 è 9 ø è 81 ø = 2.414 = 2.4
Oscillations 541

1/ 2
18. Electric intensity at B due to sheet of charge, æ M + mö mv
or A¢ = ç ÷ ´
1 sq è k ø (M + m)
E=
2 e0 mv
=
O (M + m)k

θ 22. The Lissajous figure will be parabola, if period ratio is

1 : 2 and phase difference is p /2.
T
Let x = a sin(2wt + p / 2) and y = b sin wt
B \ sin wt = y / b
C
F x
Now, = sin(2wt + p / 2) = cos 2w / t
mg a
Sheet of charge x 2 y2
Þ = 1 - 2 sin 2 wt = 1 - 2
Force on the bob due to sheet of charge, a b
1 sq 2 y2 x æx-aö
F = qE = or = 1 - = -ç ÷
2 e0 b2 a è a ø
As, the bob is in equilibrium, so b2
mg F T or y2 = - (x - a )
= = 2a
OC CB BO
1 It is an equation of a parabola as given in figure.
sq/e 0 Hence, period ratio is 1 : 2 and phase difference is p /2.
CB F sq
\ tan q = = =2 =
OC mg mg 2e 0mg 23. Amplitude of damped oscillator is given by
bt
-
19. When t = 1 s, y1 = r sin w ´ 1 = r sin w A = A0 e 2m

b (5 )
when t = 2 s, y2 = r sin w ´ 2 = r sin 2w -
y1 r sin w After 5 s, 0.9 A0 = A0 e 2m
\ = b(5 )
y2 r sin 2w -
Þ 0.9 = e 2m …(i)
1 1
= = (15 )
2 cos w 2 cos 2p / T -b
After, 10 s, A = A0 e 2m
1
= -
5b
2 cos 2p / 8 2m)3
Þ A = A0 (e …(ii)
1 1 1
= = = From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 cos p / 4 2(1 / 2 ) 2
A = 0.729 A0
\ y2 = 2 y1
Hence, a = 0.729
Distance covered in 2nd second = y2 - y1 = ( 2 - 1 )y1
24. For a harmonic oscillator,
\ Ratio = 1 : ( 2 - 1 )
m
20. When the bob falls through a vertical height h, the T = 2p
k
velocity acquired at the lowest point, 1
-1 where, k = force constant and T = .
v = 2 gh = 2 ´ 10 ´ 1 = 20 ms f
mv2 0.01 ´ 20 \ k = 4p 2f 2m
Centrifugal force = = = 0.20 N
108 ´ 10-3
2
r 1 æ 22 ö
= 4 ´ ç ÷ ´ (1012)2 ´
Net tension = Weight + Centrifugal force è 7ø 6.02 ´ 1023
= (0.01 ´ 10 + 0.20) = 0.30 N Þ k = 7.1 N/m
21. v and v¢ are the velocities of the block of mass M and 25. In SHM, a particle starts from rest, we have
(M + m) respectively while passing from the mean
x = A cos wt, at t = 0, x = A
position when executing SHM.
When t = t, then x = A - a
Using law of conservation of linear momentum, we
have When t = 2t, then x = A - 3a
So, A - a = A cos w t
mv = (M + m) v¢
A - 3a = A cos 2w t
or v¢ = mv / (M + m)
As, cos 2wt = 2 cos 2 w t - 1
Also, maximum PE = maximum KE 2
1 1 A - 3a æ A - aö
\ k A ¢2 = (M + m) v¢2 Þ =2 ç ÷ -1
2 2 A è A ø
542 JEE Main Physics

A - 3a 2 A 2 + 2a 2 - 4 Aa - A 2 28. When the force F is applied to one side of block A, let

Þ =
A A2 the upper face of A be displaced through distance DL.
A 2 - 3aA = A 2 + 2a 2 - 4 Aa Then
∆L
a 2 = 2aA Þ A = 2a
Now, A - a = A cos wt Þ cos wt = 1 /2 L
A
2p t p θ θ
=
T 3
T = 6t
B
26. Kinetic energy of a pendulum is maximum at its mean
position. Also, maximum kinetic energy of pendulum
1
K max = mw2 a 2 F / L2
2 h= or F = hLDL …(i)
DL / L
where, angular frequency
2p 2p So, F µ DL and this force is restoring one. So, if the
w= = force is removed, the block will execute SHM.
T l
2p From Eq. (i) spring factor = hL
g
Here, inertia factor = M
g g
or w= or w2 = M
l l \ Time period, T = 2p
and a = amplitude. hL
As amplitude is same in both cases, so T1 l 16
29. As, = 1 = =4 or T1 = 4 T
K max µ w 2 T l 1
1 Let after time t, the pendulum be in the same phase. It
or K max µ [Q g is constant] will be so, then
l
1 1 t t t -T
According to given data, K 1 µ and K 2 µ = -1 =
l 2l T1 T T
K1 æ 1 / l ö t t -T
\ =ç ÷ =2 or =
K 2 è 1 / 2l ø 4T T
or K 1 = 2K 2 or t = 4 t -4T
K or 3 t = 4T
Þ K2 = 1
2 or t = 4T /3
27. Equation for SHM is given as 30. As per question, the direction from A to B, i. e. from A
y = 5 (sin 3pt + 3 cos 3pt ) towards mean position O is positive, therefore if a
æ1 3 ö particle starting from A reaches at D, where
= 5 ´ 2 ç ´ sin 3pt + cos 3pt ÷ AD = 3 cm, then its direction of motion is towards the
è 2 2 ø mean position O. Hence, its velocity is positive,
æ p p ö acceleration is positive and force is positive.
= 5 ´ 2 ç cos . sin 3pt + sin . 3pt ÷
è 3 3 ø 3 cm
æ pö
= 5 ´ 2 sin ç3pt + ÷ B D O C A
è 3ø
[using, sin (a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b] 4 cm 5 cm
æ pö When a particle from B reaches point O, where BO
or y = 10 sin ç3pt + ÷
è 3ø = 4 cm, then its direction of motion is towards BA, i. e.
Comparing this equation with the general equation of along BO, then velocity, acceleration and force are
SHM, i.e. negative.
æ 2pt ö When particle reaches at B, its velocity becomes zero
y = A sin ç + f÷
è T ø but its acceleration and force are towards BA, i. e.
negative.
We get, amplitude, A = 10 cm
2p 31. Let x (t ) = A sin(wt + f 0 )
and 3p =
T and v(t ) = Aw cos(wt + f 0 )
2 We have,
or Time period, T = s
3 x (0) = A sin f 0 = 25
Oscillations 543

25 1 Substituting the given values, we get

Þ sin f 0 = =
A 2 4 ´ 10 ´ 4.9
K = Nm–1 …(i)
\ A = 25 2 (0.5)2
Also, v(0) = Aw cos f 0 On the removal of the body the spring is shortened
100 100 1 by x
Þ cos f 0 = = = \ mg = kx
Aw 25 2 ´ 4 2
mg 4.9 ´ 10 ´ (0.5)2
p Þ x= = [ from Eq. (i) ]
\ f0 = k 4 ´ 10 ´ 4.9
4
0.25
The equation of motion, = = 0.0625 m = 6.25 cm
4
æ pö
x (t ) = 25 2 sin ç4 t + ÷ 35. The bob is subjected to two
è 4ø
simultaneous, accelerations
æ pö
or y = 25 2 sin ç4 t + ÷ perpendicular to each other viz
è 4ø acceleration due to gravity g and
2
32. Torque is same for both the cases, i.e. restoring torque v2 ar = v
radial acceleration aR = towards R
is same for both cases. R g
I the centre of the circular path.
\ T = 2p 2
mgd 2 æ v2 ö
\Effective acceleration, a eff = g +ç ÷
Since, I A > IB è Rø
therefore, wa < wb l
\Time period of the simple pendulum, T = 2p
a eff
l l
L = 2p = 2p
æv 2ö2 v4
2
g +ç ÷ g2 +
è Rø R2
mg
36. As, F = mg = kx
mg 1 ´ 10 N
For first case, k = = = 200 Nm-1
x 0.05
k 200
m For second case, w = = = 100 = 10Hz
33. As, t1 = 2p m 2.0
k1
m¢g 2 ´ 10
r= = = 0.1 m
2p 2m k 200
or t12 =
k1 \ vmax = rw = 0.1 ´ 10 = 1 ms -1
2
4p m 37. We know that, time period of a pendulum is given by
or k1 = …(i)
t12 l
T = 2p
4p 2m g
Similarly, k2 = …(ii)
t 22 2p g
So, angular frequency, w = = ..(i)
4p 2m T l
and (k1 + k2) = …(iii)
t 02 Now, differentiate both side w.r.t g
dw 1
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get \ =
dg 2 g l
4p 2m 4p 2m 4p 2m
\ = + dg
t02 t12 t22 dw = ...(ii)
2 g l
1 1 1
or 2
= 2+ 2 By dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
t0 t1 t2 dw dg
=
m w 2g
34. Time period of oscillation, T = 2p
k Or we can write
Dw Dg
where m is the mass of body suspended from a spring = ...(iii)
w 2g
4 p 2m As Dg is due to oscillation of support.
and K is spring constant of the spring and K = .
T2 \ Dg = 2 w2A (w1 = 1 rad/s, support)
544 JEE Main Physics

Putting value of Dg in Eq. (iii) we get 40. For damped motion, A = A0e-rt
Dw 1 2 w12A w12A
(A = 10-2m )
bt
= × = ; -
w 2 g g 12 = 6e 2m

Dw 1 ´ 10-2 b
Þ = = 10-3 rad/s or ln 2 = ´ 120
w 10 2m
38. The velocity of a particle executing SHM at any 0.693 ´ 2 ´ 1
b=
instant, is defined as the time rate of change of its 120
displacement at that instant. = 1.16 ´ 10-2 kg s -1
v = w A 2 - x2 41. When a mass m is placed on mass M , the new system
is of mass = (M + m), attached to the spring. New time
where, w is angular frequency, A is amplitude and x is
period of oscillation,
displacement of a particle.
M +m
Suppose that the new amplitude of the motion T ¢ = 2p
be A¢. k
Initial velocity of a particle performing SHM, M
T = 2p
é k
æ 2A ö ù
2
v2 = w2 ê A 2 - ç ÷ ú ... (i) Let v = velocity of mass M while passing through the
ë è 3 ø û
mean position.
where, A is initial amplitude and w is angular
v¢ = velocity of mass (M + m), while passing through
frequency.
the mean position.
Final velocity,
é According to law of conservation of linear momentum,
æ2Aö ù
2
(3v)2 = w2 ê A ¢2 - ç ÷ ú ...(ii) Mv = (M + m)v'
ë è 3 ø û
At mean position, v = A w = and v¢ = A ¢w¢
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
\ MA w = (M + m) A ' w'
4 A2
A2 - æ M ö w
1
= 9 Þ A¢ =
7A or A¢ = ç ÷ A
2 è M + m ø w'
9 4A 3
A¢ 2 - M T¢
9 = ´ ´A
M +m T
39. Pressure applied by piston,
æ M ö M +m
Mg =ç ÷´ ´A
= p0 è M + mø M
A
æ M ö
=A ç ÷
x è M + mø

x0 42. Let h be the depth of in water, then

A h r g = mg
m 200
Mg = p0 A …(i) or h= = = 4 cm (Q r = 1 gcm -3 )
Ar 50 ´ 1
As no exchange of heat, so process is adiabatic.
h
p0V 0g = pV g T = 2p
g
p0 Ax0g = pA (x0 - x)g
p0x0g 1 1 g 7 980
Now, n= = = = 2.5 Hz
p= T 2p h 2 ´ 22 4
(x0 - x)g
Let piston be displaced by x. 43. Density of mercury column = r
æ p0x0g ö Acceleration due to gravity = g
Mg - ç g
÷ A = frestoring
è (x0 - x) ø
æ x0g ö Area of cross-section = A
p0 A ç1 - ÷ = Frestoring (Q x0 - x » x0 )
è (x0 - x)g ø 2h
g p0 Ax
F =-
x0
1 gp0 A 1 gp0 A 2
\ f = =
2p x0M 2p MV 0
Oscillations 545

Restoring force, 2p p T
If t = , then, t =
F = - Weight of mercury column in excess of one arm T 2 4
= - (Volume ´ density ´ g) 2p 3p 3T
If t= , then t = (given)
= - ( A ´ 2h ´ r ´ g ) T 2 4
3T
= - 2 Argh = - k ´ Displacement in one arm (h ) So for t = , force is zero.
4
Clearly, 2 Arg = constant = k (say)
Acceleration is maximum, if cos wt = 1 or 2 p
As, F = - kx Þ F µ - h 2p 4T
Hence, motion is SHM. or t = 2p or t = T = s (given)
T 4
m m Velocity is maximum, if sin (wt + p ) = 1 or wt + p = p /2
\Time period, T = 2p = 2p
k 2 Arg p
or wt = - p = - p / 2
where, m = mass of the mercury column of length l. 2
2p p T
If r Hg is density of mercury, then or t = - or t = - s
T 2 4
m = Alr 1 2 2 1
Alr l PE = m w y = mw2a 2 cos 2 wt
\ T = 2p = 2p 2 2
2 Arg 2g 1
KE = m w a sin 2 wt
2 2

44. As, the length of the scale is 20 cm and it can read 2

upto 50 kg. The maximum extension of 20 cm will If PE = KE, then cos 2 wt = sin 2 wt or cos wt = sin wt or
correspond to maximum weight of 50 kg ´ 9.8 m/s 2. tan wt = 1
p 2p p T
or wt = or t = or t = s
4 T 4 8
l
46. T ¢ = 2p
gnet
gnet = g + a = 10 + 10 = 20 m/s 2
T
T¢ =
2
Using, F = - kx
|F| = F = kx 47. When a system oscillates, the magnitude of restoring
-2 torque of system is given by
Here, x = 20 ´ 10 m
50 ´ 9.8 t = Cq …(i)
k= = 2450 N/m where, C = constant that depends on system.
20 ´ 10-2
Also, t = Ia …(ii)
We have for loaded oscillation where, I = moment of inertia
m and a = angular acceleration
T = 2p
k From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2m C
or 2
T = 4p a = ×q ...(iii)
k I
T 2k (0.60)2 ´ 2450 and time period of oscillation of system will be
m= =
4p 2 4 ´ (3.14)2 I
T = 2p
C
= 22.36 kg
In given case, magnitude of torque is
\ Weight = mg = 22.36 ´ 9.8 = 219.13 N
t = Force ´ Perpendicular distance
45. For the given SHM, the displacement is given by kx
y = a cos wt
x
dy l cos θ
Velocity, v = = - w sin wt = aw sin(wt + p )
dt 2
θ
dV l/2
Acceleration, A = = aw2 cos wt
dt
Force = mass ´ acceleration = - m a w2 cos wt
p 3p
Force is zero, when cos wt = 0 or wt = or
2 2 kx
2p p 3p l
i. e. t = or t = 2kx ´ cos q
T 2 2 2
546 JEE Main Physics

æ kl2 ö F = - [k ( y + y0 ) - mg ]
For small deflection, t = ç ÷q …(iv)
è 2 ø = [k ( y + y0 ) - ky0 ] = - ky
x F k
Q For small deflections, sin q = »q \ Acceleration, a = = y
(l / 2) m m
lq As acceleration is proportional to the displacement y
Þ x=
2 and opposite to y, the motion will be SHM. Frequency
Also, cos q » 1 of oscillations will be
Comparing Eqs. (iv) and (i), we get 1 k
n=
kl2 (kl2 / 2) 6k 2p m
C= Þ a= ×qÞ a = ×q
2 æ 1 2ö m 1 16
ç ml ÷ =
è 12 ø
2p 0.01
m 20
Hence, time period of oscillation is T = 2p = Hz
6k p
Frequency of oscillation is given by \ n = 20
1 1 6k
f = = M
T 2p m 53. Ta = 2p
k
mm 3 ´1
48. Here reduced mass of the system, m = 1 2 = k
m1 + m2 3 + 1 In series combination, k¢ =
2
= 0.75kg
M
\Vibrational frequency, Tb = 2p
k¢
1 k 1 300 20 10
n= = = = @ 3 Hz M 2M
2p m 2p 0.75 2p p = 2p = 2p
T 2 1 k/2 k
49. For half displacement, t = = = s Tb
12 12 6 = 2
\ a =6 Ta
50. At highest velocities, A1w1 = A2w2 \ x=2

A1 w2 k /m k 1 54. Here, A = 25 cm; T = 3 s;

\ = = 2 2= 2 = (since, m1 = m2)
A2 w1 k1 /m1 k1 2 Let the particle be at the locating - 12.5 cm at time t1
and + 12.5 cm at time t 2.
\ x=2
æ 2pt ö
51. As potential energy U (x ) = k|x|3 , hence maximum Using the relation, x = A cos ç + f÷
è T ø
value of potential energy, æ 2pt1 ö
1 First condition -12.5 = 25 cos ç + f÷ …(i)
U max = U (a ) = mw2a 2 = ka 2 è 3 ø
2
æ 2 pt 2 ö
Þ wµ a Second condition 12.5 = 25 cos ç + f÷ …(ii)
è 3 ø
2p 1 1
As, T = , hence T µ = = 0.5
w 4 2 æ 2pt1 ö -12.5 1 2p
From Eq. (i), cos ç + f÷ = = - = cos
è 3 ø 25 2 3
52. In equilibrium, due to weight mg spring is stretched by
y0 as shown in figure. When further depressed by a 2 pt1 2p
\ +f=
small distance y, the restoring force will be 3 3
or 2 pt1 + 3f = 2p …(iii)
æ 2 pt 2 ö 12.5 1 p
From Eq. (ii), cos ç + f÷ = = = cos
è 2 ø 25 2 3
2 pt 2 p
\ + f=
m 3 3
y0 or 2 p t2 + 3f = p …(iv)
m Subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii), we get
2 p (t1 - t2) = p
y
or (t1 - t2) = p / 2p = 1 / 2 = 0.5 s
m