CHAPTER 11 OSCILLATIONS Introduction Since childhood, we have came across different types of motion. Some of them are rectilinear motion, projectile motion, uniform circular motion, orbital motion of the planets of the solar system. In our childhood, we all have enjoyed swinging on a swing or on a see-saw. We are also aware about the motion of pistons of the car engines and the motion of the pendulum clock. In musical instruments too, when strings of guitar are plucked they produce pleasing sound by vibration. Vibrations of the air molecules make propogation of sound possible. All these are repetitive motion in nature but they are indeed different from the periodic motion of the planets. All these objects execute a periodic to and fro motion which is termed RICHESH PARAB as oscillatory motion. In this chapter we'll study about this motion in more detail. Perit ion (i) Any motion which repeats itself after regular interval of time is called periodic motion or harmonic motion. (ii) The constant interval of time after which the motion is repeated is called time period. Examples : (i) Motion of the pendulum of wall clock. (ii) Uniform Circular Motion. (iii) Motion of planets around the sun. Oscillatory Motion (i) The motion of a body is said to be oscillatory or vibratory motion if it moves back and forth (to and fro) about a fixed point after certain interval of time. (ii) Petiodic motion which is to and fro is called oscillatory motion. (iii) Vibration means oscillatory motion with high frequency. (iv) The fixed point about which the body oscillates is called mean position or equilibrium positi Exampl ) Vibration of the wire of ‘Sitar’ i) Oscillation of the mass suspended from spring. All periodic motions are not oscillatory but all oscilatory motion are periodic except in which the energy is lost (Damped ) ue pnysics |@ME BA: Mean Position The point at which the restoring force on the particle is zero and potential energy is minimum, is known as its mean position. Restoring Force * The force acting on the particle which tends to bring the particle towards its mean position, is known as restoring force. * This force is always directed towards the mean position. o Restoring force always acts in a direction opposite to that of displacement. Displacement is measured from the mean position. © Iti given by F= and has dimension MLT?. kx" ; n= 1,3,5,. Amplitude The maximum displacement of particle from mean position is defined as amplitude. Time perio It is the least interval of time after which the periodic motion of the body repeats itself. itisgivenby T=22, T= © n where is angular frequency and n is frequency. Frequency: It is defined as the number of periodic motions executed by body per second. SI Unit: Hertz (Hz) 1 Hertz = 1 cycle per second (cycle is a number not a dimensional quantity). Angular frequency: The rate of change of phase angle of a particle with respect to time is define as its angular frequency. RICHESH PARAB tion or Vibration: Oscil <~cxcllation->¢--oscilaion->, displacementix) —» When a particle goes on one side from mean position and returns back and then it goes to other side and again returns back to mean position, then this process is known as one oscillation. Phase : The parameter, by which the position of particle from its mean position is represented, is known as phase. The phase at any instant tells the state of position & direction of motion at that instant. y=Asin( wt +) The quantity (ot + $) represents the phase angle at that instant. The phase at time t = 0 is known as the initial phase or epoch. The difference of total phase angles of two particles executing S.H.M. with respect to the mean position is known as phase difference. Ag = (ot + $2) (ot + 4) or Ad= 6: ~6, ‘Two vibrating particles are said to be in same phase if the phase difference between them is an even multiple of m, ie Ag =2Nn (Same phase) Two vibrating particle are said to be in opposite phase if the phase difference between them is an odd multiple of mi.e., Ag = (2N+1)n (Opposite phase) 11 pHysics || @)SIMPLE _HARMONIC _ MOTION {SHM) SHM is a special type of oscillation in which the particle moves to and fro repeatedly about a mean position under a restoring force which is always directed towards the mean position and whose magnitude at any instant is directly proportional to the displacement of the particle from the mean position at that instant. Simple harmonic motion is the simplest form of vibratory or oscillatory motion. Itis a special case of oscillations. F=4o';n=1 Negative sign shows that direction of force and acceleration is towards equilibrium position and x is displacement of particle from equilibrium position. S.E.M. are of two types (@) Linear S.H.M. When a particle moves to and fro about a fixed point (called equilibrium position) along a straight line then its motion is called linear simple harmonic motion. Example : Motion of a mass connected to spring. (b) Angular S.H.M. When a system oscillates angularly with respect to a fixed axis then its motion is called angular simple harmonic motion. Example : Motion of a bob of simple pendulum. Necessary Condition to execute S.H.M. (@) Motion of particle should be oscillatory. (b)Total mechanical energy of particle should be conserved (Kinetic energy + Potential energy = constant) (©) Extreme position should be well defined. RICHESH PARAB. Note: Angular oscillatory motion can be treated as simple harmonic motion only in the limit of small amplitude because in this limit the restoring force (or torque) becomes linear, A particle is performing SHM as shown above. It starts its journey from the extreme position (+A). Since force on the particle is always directed towards the mean position, the acceleration is also directed towards the mean position. At mean position F=0 and hence a=0. This means acceleration is decreasing from the extreme position to the mean position. Acceleration is always directed towards the mean position. a = -F/m = -(k/m)x = - @°x Acceleration at x = 0 a=-a"x Acceleration at x = +A or x = -A Jamax| = a? 11" PHYSICS || @)Relation between vel displacement Velocity: It is definelas the time rate of change of the displacement of the particle ata given instant. ity and RICHESH PARAB _Rearangia ® = [for the arare of aes c= => Ta 2] 4 L “ ud" B= oe SL _ ofuh avis utah == Gon)” bhoughouk. z | A Coe)’ eg of Ellipse xe = Graphs (i) Acceleration Vs Displacement a=-wx If particle oscillates with unit angular frequency (w = 1) then curve between v and x will be circle. uspHysics | @ -EQUATION OF SIM, Till now we have discussed about the relation between all parameters with displacement. Lets see how displacement, velocity and acceleration depends on time. Relation of Displacement and time toe have the relaton OF Veloaly and Aieplacement Vs De 2] N= Aw Te 2 doe = 4 Wo VAR dt Va. Dr sHosergnt Pubiong \irots . eet eae foe z Aw fdt AP to R=larkally Let imihal poston bea! eat, ge = Perea gee ) rrr tho Subshte w= ASIN: Ge. Acose: de RICHESH PARAB de = Atosede We = SA Pare = AV 1-810" 6 = AVtere =A CosO Side = Atos do Ver Cos" =do There fro aoe §do = rw fat ans ants 6 =4u0Ttl, Buk © = Sint {¥] : So, ene, Siw [z]] =k. eanel Condihon CD. soshrally ok t=o0 aa. yenre. Qo" | = tuk ls). S07 {=| ~ S10 i leecs Suet) =a Ti] =twk 11" PHysics||)Siti] - T sawt Sin [28] = tuk + Vo w= an [Vo 4 wt) A mw = Asin [Vo twt) © f® © | © Sin (Wa 4x) = Cosa, Qin CNfo-4) = Lose, m= A Costwtd Condihon Cad, vorvolly at £=0 5 on =e. Son! Tal = Fut m=0 Ser? \z] = BePo] = wk Sor Ea = fuk Re Qin C4ws), R= ASnCAwh). RICHESH PARAB Ths imples Evther R= A Si9 (Od), or m= ARAQ Gud == AM Crokd Condinon 63, \nthally at &=0; e'=-f ae~7e Sarr" =] = Awk- 5 e=-f Sov" fag] = Soe Fs] =awt: Sher" [=]- ani(-{) = tut > aetGo =7 Ve. Bor = S/o. Therefore, Soot \#\- Bo = tut Siw! \z = hwl 4 3o a Qa. B= So (PV swe] WH N Wy CBMa tk) RW=A Cos Ctwd. u" PHYSICS 1)Surmariain Condthon (1). Re= A Sin Took 4 Wo] Condition Cx), m= AS Tots OF, Conditton (a). R= A Sq TwoksenA] , Therefore Genera) equakon Of Sim Con bO Written as General Eq. lees ASO Toe aod] -@ ST © o- Pagaeh Genera) Eq con also be wr«utien as. w= Acoslwk+ o] The Prat general equal is Valid whenthe time is measured wort mean Roshan. The Second rdobon is. Nlalid. hen the Aime is measured wrt extreme positon. RICHESH PARAB Now, hot we hove the Equohon of SUM, we ean Fnd the dependonce oF Veloahy on & R= ASN Cooks Hd. N= de 2 8d antots &) at dt =A Costwtrd) wo: N= Avo cos Qtr d)] Also Qadv — Aro Costust +) gen oct = Aro (Antwtdy) vo OE = AUS Gnlwoer gD] Gq ~w ASiq Cook Hb) 3e. 2. [OS= wee. Gree = - ure, ae die .uve =0 det Af any porhcle Gohshes Anya equahon shen vb as Sand 4o perform Stim, ' 118 Puysics |@)Graphical study of displacement, velocity, acceleration and force in S.H.M. S.No. Graph In form of t In form of x | Maximum value Tv Displacement x= Asinot x=x x=A 4} zg | your = 2 2. | Velocity v= Aacosat eaavat v=iaA 1 a|\ £ [oa 3 i g Ti 3 3. | Acceleration a=-wAsinat | a=-o%x a. F=-moAsinat_ |F=-mox FeimoA Important Points: If particle oscillates with unit angular frequency (@ = 1) then curve between v and x will be circle. The direction of displacement is always away from the mean position whether the particle is moving from or coming towards the mean position. The direction of velocity of a particle in S.H.M. is either towards or away from the ‘mean position. The acceleration of a particle executing S.H.M. is always directed towards the mean position. In linear S.H.M., the length of S.H.M. path = 2A; one oscillation path = 4 Velocity is always ahead of displacement by phase angle 1/2 Acceleration leads displacement by 1 radian i.e., opposite to displacement. Acceleration leads the velocity by phase angle 1/2 radian. RICHESH PARAB 118 PHYSICS iNUMERICALS SET - 1 1, A simple harmonic motion is represented by the equation x = 10 sin(20 ¢ + 0.5) Find its amplitude, angular frequency, time period and initial phase. 2. Which of the following functions represent SHM (i) sin 2ot (ii) sin at + 2cos ot (iii) sin ot + cos 20t 3. An object performs S.H.M. of amplitude 5 cm and time period 4 s. If timing is started when the object is at the centre of the oscillation i.e,, x = 0 then calculate (i)Frequency of oscillation (ii) The displacement at 0.5 sec. {{ii)The maximum acceleration of the object. (iv)The velocity at a displacement of 3 cm. 4. A particle executing S.H.M. having amplitude 0.01 m and frequency 60 Hz. Determine maximum acceleration of particle, 5. A particle performing SHM is found at its equilibrium position at t = 1 sec and it is found to have a speed of 0.25 mvs at t = 2 sec. If the period of oscillation is 8 sec. Calculate the amplitude of oscillations. 6. The velocity of a particle in S.H.M. at position x1 and x2 are v1 and v2 respectively. Determine value of time period and amplitude. If a particle is moving with uniform speed along the circumference of a circle then the straight line motion of the foot of perpendicular drawn from the particle on the diameter of the circle is called S.H.M. HLM. ba: ircular motion. (a) Draw a circle, having radius equal to amplitude (A) of S.H.M. (b) Suppose particle is moving with uniform speed with angular speed « along the circumference of the circle. (© Shadow (foot of the perpendicular from particle position) of particle performs S.H.M. on vertical and horizontal diameter of circle. (4) Position of particle's shadow can be represented on diameter at t = 0 or any instant and position of particle performing circular motion can be determined by direction of velocity. (©) By joining centre of circle to particle's position, angle 0 is determined from horizontal or vertical diameter. After time t radius vector will tum «wt, so = « RICHESH PARAB 11" PHYSICS || @)- cl - ® Anhelock-wiSe pecs aateay ock wige 1 Radius of the Uecle =A Angular speed 00 Roadwe of the circle = A Angular sgeod = vo Here, the parkdle is moving in uniform eirtular — Here, the parhde is moving motion; but 143 pryechon An uniform arculor moon both along ond y An clock-wise Aweckion) oxis \S performing Sam, And sds pwyechon ts pesfumng Sim. %#%__proyechon m= A Cos Cote). 44.2 _prujection. RHA Sig Cob A HD. % 4 - erdjechon. Y= Aga (oka g), HY Projection, Ys Atoshothe), RICHESH PARAB uspuysicsy| @)Problem: Depicts two circular motions. The ' touno) radius of the circle, the period of revolution, lererent T=30s the initial position and the sense of revolution i are indicated on the figures. Obtain the simple T=4s. 3 harmonic motions of the x-projection of the o radius vector of the rotating particle P in each case. NUMERICALS SET- II 1. A particle executing simple harmonic motion completes 1200 oscillations per minute and passes through the mean position with a velocity of 3.14m/s. Determine the maximum displacement of the particle from its mean position. Also obtain the displacement equation of the particle if its displacement be zero at the instant t = 0. 2. A particle oscillates along the x-axis according to equation x = 0.05 sin (St - 1/6) where x is in metre and tis in second, Find its velocity at t= 0 second. 3. A particle is executing SHM given by x = A sin( nt + @ ). The initial displacement of particle is 1 cm and its initial velocity is m cm/sec. Find the amplitude of motion and initial phase of the particle. 4. A body executing S.H.M. has its velocity 10 cm/sec and 7 cm/sec when its displacement from the mean positon are 3 cm and 4 cm respectively. Calculate the length of the path. S.A particle is executing S.H.M. of time period 4s. What is the time taken by it to move from the (a)Mean position to half of the amplitude. (b)Extreme position to half of the amplitude. 6. A particle undergoes simple harmonic motion having time period T. Find the time taken to complete 3/8 oscillation. 7. The displacement of a particle executing simple harmonic motion is given by. y = 10sin(6t + 1/3). Here y is in metre and t is in second. Find initial displacement & velocity of the particle. 8. A particle is in linear simple harmonic motion between two points A and B, 10 cm apart. Take the direction from A to B as the positive direction and given the signs of velocity, acceleration and force on the particle when it is (a)at the end A. (bat the end B. (Cat the mid-point of AB going towards A. __(d)at 2.cm away from B going towards A. (e)at 3 cm away from A going towards B (at 4 cm away from A going towards A. RICHESH PARAB us pysics i@EFORCE LAW FOR SIMPLE_ HARMONIC MOTION Using Newton's second law of motion, and the expression for acceleration of a particle undergoing SHM (a = = @’x), the force acting on a particle of mass m in SHM is F()= ma = : ce) MAX) TNraplocement =-Kkx (0) aa Funck? oF where k = mo? Cin and © Like acceleration, force is always directed towards the mean position—hence it is sometimes called the restoring force in SHM. Note that the force in the above force equation is linearly proportional to x(1). A particle oscillating under such a force is, therefore, calling a linear harmonic oscillator. In the real world, the force may contain small additional terms proportional to x°, x’, etc. These then are called non-linear oscillators. Example: Show that when the mass is displaced from its equilibrium position on either side, it executes a simple harmonic motion. Find the period of oscillations. Let the mass be displaced by a small distance x to the right side of the equilibrium position. RICHESH PARAB Under this situation the spring on the left side gets elongated by a length equal to x and that on the right side gets compressed by the same length. The forces acting on the mass are then, = -kx (force exerted by the spring on the left side, trying to pull the mass towards the mean position) F,=-kx (force exerted by the spring on the right side, trying to push the mass towards the mean position) The net force, F, acting on the mass is then given by, F=-2kx The time period of oscillations is T= cra klsak, an aK 1 pysics | @ENERGY IN SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION The particle executing simple harmonic motion has both K.E, and PE. varing between the limits, zero and maximum ‘We have seen that the K.E. of the particle in SHM is maximum at the mean position and zero at the extreme positions. Kinetic Energy (K) i) In terms of displacement If the mass of the particle executing SHM is ‘m’ and its velocity is ‘v’ then kinetic energy at any instant is, K- Li Le oyae Sygate 2 ge (atx) OKA x) Potential Energy (U) i) In terms of displacement In the chapter Work Power and Energy we have seen that the potential energy associated to spring mass system is Lie Us okx 2 Lets derive this equation. The potential energy is related to the force bythe relation dU , sad au =-[Fdx For S.H.M. F = - kx 1 dU (-Kkx)dx = [lxcdx => U = = kx’ + C so JdU = [tor = flocdx => U = 5 kx’ + Let at x =0, U = Up ; which implies C = Us where the potential energy at equilibrium position = Us ae When U, = 0 2 ii) In terms of time = Aacos(ut + >) Ke Fimo'a® cos (at + 4) If the initial phase @ is zero K= jmatat cos*at a ef mia In terms of time Since x = Asin(ot + 4), U = GA's‘ +4) If initial phase ($) is zero then kA’sin*ot = Jino'A’sin’at Kinetic Eneray of time () > RICHESH PARAB Potential energy eH a uspuysics | @Important Points: © In S.H.M. the potential energy is a parabolic function of displacement, the potential energy is minimum at the ‘mean position (x = 0) and maximum at extreme position (x = + A) ‘© The potential energy is the periodic function of time. It is minimum at 0, 7/2, T.. and maximum at T/4, 37/4, sv/4, © In S.H.M. the kinetic energy is a inverted parabolic function of displacement. The kinetic energy is ‘maximum at the mean position (x = 0) and minimum at extreme position (x = +A) * KE. is maximum at 0, 1/2, T... and minimum at T/4, 31/4, ST/4... Total Energy (E) Total energy in S.H.M. is given by ; E = potential energy + kinetic energy = U+ K i) wert. position E=lig'+ Sk(Ae—x) 2 E=- phat constant E (total energy) PE (Parabolic) KE (Parabolic) X=A X=0 X=+A RICHESH PARAB ii) wort. time Es ; mo‘A’ sin*ot + ; mA’ coset 1 a mA? (sin? «ot + cos? wt) =zmorA? =5ka =constant Keas OF Ure Ot Ey KU, TE ° “ot The total mechanical energy of a harmonic oscillator is thus independent of time as expected for motion under any conservative force. The time and displacement dependence of the potential and kinetic energies of a linear simple harmonic oscillator are shown in above graphs. Important Points: Total energy of a particle in S.H.M. is same at all instant and at all displacement. Total energy depends upon mass, amplitude and frequency of vibration of the particle executing S.H.M. nspuysics |@SIMPLE PENDULUM If a heavy point mass is suspended by a weightless, inextensible and perfectly flexible string from a rigid support, then this arrangement js called a simple pendulum. Consider simple pendulum having a small bob of mass m tied to an inextensible massless string of length |. The other end of the string is fixed to a rigid support. The bob oscillates in a plane about the vertical line through the support. Let 0 be the angle made by the string with the vertical. When the bob is at the mean. position, @ = 0 Effective length Method-I (Force Method) For small angular displacement, sind ~ 0 so that, F =-mg sind =-mg 0 = > K-38 (because y = | 6), Thus time period of the simple pendulum is T= an => or Te2n ft k g RICHESH PARAB Method-I (Torque Method) Bob of the pendulum moves along he ore of Whe circle 19 Verhcad Pone Wore mohon Anvolved 16 anguior and OSc\lalory where vestoung force ts provided by qromtattonad force. TerxE ond T= Ta=-Cd, ee) MASinO =. LE onguiar disp \e amadl, then Q2inQ O° From eg (0 and cn. tas -Img © a = -Amg e-— Cc). acy, Eq ca) canbe cornpored with [os = see} te Wr = mgd Ets vo= [ad = There fre 5 Time Period, qeont fa mgt. Subakinng tant? = jo it uspaysics| ©Important Points: © The time period of simple pendulum is independent from mass of the bob. So, when a solid iron bob is replaced by Tight aluminium bob of same radius then time period remains unchanged. © Time period of simple pendulum is directly proportional to square root of length. If a clock based on oscillation of simple pendulum is shifted from earth to moon then it becomes slow because its time period increases and becomes V6 times compared to that on earth. reference system T=2n,|+ Seat where,g.= effective gravity acceleration in reference system or total downward acceleration. a) If pendulum is placed in a lift. (i) Lift is moving with v = constant ; a=0; g0=8 v 7 Lt BB T =2n,/— g (ii) Lift is accelerating upwards acceleration a a gu=gta t=2n| Hf gta T decreases gu= gta RICHESH PARAB (ili) Lift is accelerating downwards with acceleration a Bear=B-a T=2n, T increases (iv) If the lift falls freely gn=g-g=0 —>T=0 b) If a simple pendulum is mounted on a truck and it accelerates with ‘a’ Bean= V(g? + a°) T= 2: “Vetta If the time period of a simple pendulum is 2 second then it is called seconds pendulum. ‘Seconds pendulum take one second to go from one extreme position to other extreme position. For second’s pendulum, time period At the surface of earth g=9.8 m/s*= 112 m/s’, So length of second pendulum at the surface of earth | * 1 metre us puysics | ©NUMERICALS SET - III 1 ‘A simple pendulum is suspended from the ceiling of a lift. When the lift is at rest, its time period is T. With what acceleration should lift be accelerated upwards in order to reduce its time period to T/2? If length of a simple pendulum is increased by 4%. Then determine percentage change in time period. A simple pendulum of length L and mass M is suspended in a car. The car is moving on a circular track of radius R with a uniform speed v. If the pendulum makes oscillation in a radial direction about its equilibrium position, then calculate its time period Why a pendulum clock does not work during free fall or in an artificial satellite ? Find the time period and frequency of a simple pendulum of 1-000 m at a location where 8 = 9800 m/s2. What is the length of a simple pendulum whose time period of oscillation for small amplitudes equals 2-0 seconds? RICHESH PARAB 11" PHYSICS || @)