Title: The World of Bolts

Speaker Notes In this presentation, we'll explore the various types of bolts, the
advantages of high-strength bolts, methods for tensioning them, and the concepts of
slip-resistant and bearing type connections. We'll also discuss bolt hole size, load
transfer in joints, and relevant design requirements from Saudi Building Codes and
American Society of Institute Codes (ASIC).

Slide 2
Title: Types of Bolts

 Hex Bolt: Most common, with hexagonal head for tightening with wrench
 Carriage Bolt: Round head with square neck for use with wood
 Lag Bolt: Large screw thread with sharp point for wood applications
 Eye Bolt: Threaded rod with loop at one end for lifting or anchoring
 U-Bolt: U-shaped with threads at both ends for securing around objects
 Socket Head Cap Screw: Internal hex head requiring Allen wrench for
tightening
 Plow Bolt: Features a curved head designed for angled installations

Speaker Notes This slide showcases some common bolt types. Each has its own
unique design suited for specific applications. The choice of bolt depends on factors
like the material being fastened, the required strength, and the access for tightening.
Slide 3
Title: Advantages of High-Strength Bolts

 Superior Strength: Withstands higher loads compared to standard bolts

 Reduced Bolt Size: Enables use of smaller bolts for same strength, saving
weight and space
 Improved Joint Rigidity: Creates tighter connections with less deflection
 Enhanced Fatigue Resistance: Better performance under repeated stress
applications

Speaker Notes High-strength bolts offer significant advantages. Their ability to handle
greater loads allows for the use of fewer or smaller bolts, optimizing design and
material usage. They also provide more rigid connections and can withstand repeated
stress better than standard bolts.

Slide 4
Title: Methods for Fully Tensioning High-Strength Bolts

 Turn-of-the-Nut Method: Rotates nut a specified turn after initial tightening

 Direct Tension Indication (DTI) Method: Measures bolt elongation to achieve
target load
 Hydraulic Tensioning Method: Uses hydraulic pump to stretch bolt to a
precise tension

Speaker Notes Proper tensioning is crucial for high-strength bolts to reach their full
capacity. Three common methods are used: Turn-of-the-Nut, Direct Tension
Indication (DTI), and Hydraulic Tensioning. Each method ensures the bolt is
stretched to a specific amount, creating the necessary preload for optimal
performance.
Slide 5
Title: Slip- Resistant Connections

 Preloaded Bolts: High-strength bolts tightened to a specific tension to generate

clamping force
 Friction Between Surfaces: Clamping force creates friction between connected
parts to prevent slippage under load

Speaker Notes Slip-resistant connections rely on the pre-tensioning of high-strength

bolts. The bolts are tightened to a specific value, generating a clamping force between
the connected members. This clamping force creates friction that resists any
movement or slip under applied loads.

Slide 6
Title: Bearing Type Connections

 Bolts Transmit Shear Force: In bearing-type connections, bolts primarily

transfer shear forces directly through the shank
 Contact Between Surfaces: The bearing area of the bolt shank and connected
parts bears the load

Speaker Notes In bearing-type connections, the high-strength bolts act differently.

Here, the bolts primarily transmit shear forces directly through their shanks. The
contact between the bolt shank and the connected surfaces (bearing area) carries the
load. The pre-tensioning plays a secondary role in this type of connection.

Slide 7
Title: Size of Bolt Holes

 Slightly Larger than Bolt Diameter: Bolt holes are drilled slightly larger than
the nominal diameter of the bolt
 Standard Hole Sizes: Standardized increments above bolt diameter are used
(e.g., 1/16", 1/8")
  Accommodation for Manufacturing Tolerances: Allows for slight variations in
bolt and hole sizes
 Clearance for Weather Conditions: Enables easier insertion during
construction, especially in cold weather

Speaker Notes Bolt holes are not drilled to the exact diameter of the bolt. Instead, they
are slightly larger according to standardized increments. This clearance
accommodates manufacturing tolerances, which may cause slight variations in bolt
size. Additionally, the clearance provides space for easier insertion during
construction, especially in cold weather where contraction can make tight fits
difficult.

Slide 8
Title: Load Transfer and Types of Joints

 Load Transfer in Joints: Joints are critical points where loads are transferred
between structural members
 Types of Joints: The design of the joint and the type of bolts used influence
load transfer
 Lap Joint: Two plates overlapping with bolts transferring shear and tension
loads
 Butt Joint: Two plates placed end-to-end with bolts primarily transferring
shear loads
 T-Joint: T-shaped connection with bolts transferring tension and shear loads

Speaker Notes Joints are crucial points in structures where loads are transferred
between different members. The design of the joint and the type of bolts used
significantly influence how these loads are carried. Common joint types include lap
joints, butt joints, and T-joints. Lap joints can handle both shear and tension forces
due to the overlapping plates. Butt joints primarily transfer shear loads through the
bolts, while T-joints can handle both tension in the vertical member and shear forces
transferred through the bolts.
Slide 9
Title: LRFD Requirements and References

 LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design): Design methodology mandated

by most building codes
 Focuses on Limit States: Considers serviceability and ultimate strength limit
states
 Saudi Building Code (SBC): Provides design requirements and references for
steel structures in Saudi Arabia
 American Society of Institute Codes (ASIC): Offers recommended practices
for steel construction

Speaker Notes Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) is the mandated design
methodology in most modern building codes, including those in Saudi Arabia. LRFD
focuses on limit states, considering both serviceability (normal operation) and
ultimate strength (capacity to withstand maximum loads) of a structure. The Saudi
Building Code (SBC) provides the overarching design requirements and references
for steel structures in the Kingdom. Additionally, the American Society of Institute
Codes (ASIC) offers recommended practices and specifications for steel construction
that can be used in conjunction with the SBC or other relevant codes.

Slide 10
Title: Conclusion
  Bolts Play a Vital Role: Selection and proper use of bolts are crucial for safe
and strong connections
 Different Applications Demand Different Bolts: Understanding the various
bolt types and their strengths is essential
 Design Considerations: Factors like joint type, load transfer, and building
codes must be considered
 Safe and Efficient Structures: Proper use of bolts contributes to the safety,
stability, and efficiency of structures

Speaker Notes In conclusion, bolts play a vital role in steel structures. Selecting the
right type of bolt and ensuring its proper use are essential for creating safe and strong
connections. Choosing the most suitable bolt depends on the application, considering
factors like the type of joint, the loads it needs to transfer, and relevant building codes.
By understanding these aspects and following recommended practices, we can ensure
the creation of safe, efficient, and long-lasting structures.