Exploring

Cells in Detail
By: Mariam Mahmoud Ibrahim
Table of Contents

What are cells and their discovery

Cellular components and their

biochemical organization

Types of cells and their function

 The cell is the smallest building block of
What is a cell? a living being. It is the fundamental
structure of an organism.

Plant cell Animal cell Bacterial cell

Discovering
the Cell
Who coined the term ‘cell’ and
how did he discover it?
 Discovering the Cell

Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke coined
the term ‘cell’ in 1665.

The first person to see a cell

under the microscope.
The first person to tell that a
basic unit of life is the cell.
The first to invent the
compound microscope
Guess the
Picture
 Humans have about
37.2 trillion cells!

What is Humans are

multicellular organisms.

a cell?
A living thing may be made Euglena is a
of one cell (a unicellular unicellular
organism) or many cells (a organism.
multicellular organism).
Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
It has true nucleus It has NO true
It has DNA nucleus
Cell Division by It has nucleoid
mitosis or meiosis instead of DNA
Cell Division by
binary fission
 Cell Growth
Cell Growth is achieved by cell metabolism
Cell metabolism is divided into catabolism and
anabolism
Catabolism: the cell breaks down complex molecules
to produce energy
Anabolism: the cells use the energy to construct
the molecules needed and for other biological
functions.
 Functions of
the cells
Cell Division
Transport Metabolism
Cell transport through cell
membrane
 Cell Organelles
The mini organs in our cell in order to make the cell works!

Cell membrane Nucleus

Ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Apparatus
Centrioles Mitochondria Vacuoles Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
The cell membrane is a phospholipid bipolar layer.
It is a semi-permeable membrane that controls the substance
entrance
Phospholipid: head H2O soluble +ve charge called hydrophilic
tail H2O insoluble -ve charge called hydrophilic
Nucleus
The nucleus holds the DNA.
The DNA is enclosed by double
membrane called nuclear envelope/
nuclear membrane
The membrane has pores to allow
substances inside and out .

DNA is wrapped around chromatin.

When the cell prepares for division,
chromatin condenses to chromosomes.

Nucleolus is a small dense region where

ribosomes are produced.
Ribosomes
Proteins are produced by ribosomes as instructed by the DNA
Ribosomes are either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic
reticulum.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

They are called “rough” for having ribosomes on them.
These ribosomes make proteins that are being used in the cell or
proteins exported outside the cell.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Being called “Smooth” means it has no ribosomes attached.
It synthesize lipids with each enzyme has its specific function:
Stuctural lipids (membrane lipids), carrying protein, detoxifying drugs

Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts, packages proteins and other materials
made in the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion
from the cell.
Lysozymes
membrane-bound sack filled with enzymes that breaks down
substances either food that the cell can use or waste materials the
cell doesn’t need.

Centrioles and Vacuoles

Vacuoles are membrane bound sacks that stores water, food, enzymes and wastes.
Centrioles: help coordinate cell division in animal cells. There are only one
pair in each cell.
They are also used as transporters inside the cell.

Cytoplasm
A jelly like material to hold all the organelles in place.
Mitochondria
They are the powerhouse of the cell. they convert the chemical energy from
food to energy that is used by the cell to perform its functions.
The mitochondrion (single) consists of two membranes: the outer membrane
and inner membrane that folded up inside the mitochondrion. These folds are
called Cristae.
Cellular respiration occurs inside th mitochondria to provide the energy the cell
needs.

It has its own DNA?

Inherited from the mother only?
How to see these Organelles ?
Using a Microscope
How to Use a Step 1:
Microscope Turn the light microscope on, move
the mirror to reflect the light up
If you have never used a light towards the eyepiece and check
microscope before, this handy that the aperture is wide open.
guide will explain how it’s done!

Step 2:
Turn the revolving nosepiece
so the lowest objective lens is
pointing directly down.
How to Use a
Microscope Step 3:
Place your specimen
If you have never used a light onto the stage.
microscope before, this handy
guide will explain how it’s done!

Step 4:
Look into the eyepiece and slowly
rotate the coarse adjustment wheel
to bring your specimen into focus.
How to Use a Step 5:
Microscope Slowly rotate the fine adjustment
wheel until you obtain a clearer
If you have never used a light image of your specimen.
microscope before, this handy
guide will explain how it’s done!

Step 6:
Examine and explore your
specimen, holding still or moving
the slide slowly with your thumbs.
How to Use a Microscope What are the things
you would like to
If you have never used a light microscope before,
this handy guide will explain how it’s done!
observe under a
microscope?

Step 7:
Once you have seen enough, switch
to the medium and the high-power
objective lens. Use the fine
adjustment wheel to bring the
specimen into focus as necessary.
 Summary
How does a
microscope work?

A microscope magnifies the

structure of the specimen.

Specimens must be brought

into focus to be viewed. This
What are cells? is done by moving the
coarse and fine adjustment
A cell is the smallest unit of a living wheels.
thing. An organism may be made of one
cell or many cells.
 Thank you
Any
Questions ?