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Questions and Answers (CH 1 To 6)

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11 views10 pages

Questions and Answers (CH 1 To 6)

Uploaded by

Marwan Elkhawaga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

❖ What are the different aspects of risk concept ?


1. Psychological
People often relate to risk in a subjective way. Some people are attracted to risks.
2. Values/Ethics
In the light of fundamental human values “Life is sacred”
3. Legal
Risks and safety are controlled by rules and regulations.
4. Complexity
The nature of accident is difficult to understand because so many factors are involved.
5. Randomness
A lack of system understanding may lead to a feeling that accidents happen at random.
6. Delayed Feedback
System measures have a positive effect on safety.

❖ State the five conditions of acceptable risk.


1. Threshold Condition
So small risk that can be ignored
2. Status quo Condition
Unavoidable risk without disruption in lifestyle.
3. Regulatory Condition
an acceptable risk level is established by a credible organization .
4. De facto Condition
a historic level of risk continues to be acceptable.
5. Voluntary balance condition
a risk is deemed by a risk taker as worth the benefits.

❖ What are people views about accidents?


• Act of God : an extreme natural cause (earthquake, storm, etc.).
• Punishment : people are punished for their sins by accidents.
• Conspiracy : someone wants to hurt you.
• Accident proneness : bad luck all the time.
• Fate : you cannot escape your fate.
• Mascot : an amulet may protect you against hazards.
• Black cat : you should sharpen your attention.

1|Page
❖ What are maritime activities?
• Maritime transport (Costal Shipping, Cruise Shipping, International Shipping))
• Fishing
• Maritime Farming
• Oil and Gas operations (Rig operations, Supply services, Pipeline laying)

❖ What are the three Categories of accidents consequences?


• Harm to human beings.
• Environmental pollution
• Economic loss.

❖ What is meant by Safety?


The degree of freedom from danger.
❖ What is meant by Hazard?
possible events and conditions that may cause harm.
❖ What is meant by RAM analysis?
reliability, availability and maintainability analysis.
❖ What is meant by Safety management?
Keeping the operation safe by management of humans and physical resources.
❖ What is meant by system safety?
The management techniques to make systems safe throughout their life-cycle.

Chapter 2
❖ Give a definition of what is meant by “Risk”?
Risk is an evaluation of hazards in term of severity and probability.
Qualitative : The combination of the likelihoods and the consequences of an event.
Quantitative (QRA) : Risk = Likelihood x Consequences.

❖ Mention the 5 steps to conduct risk assessment.


1. Identify what can go wrong (events)
2. Estimate the likelihood of these events occurring
3. Examine the possible consequences of these events
4. Decide which risks are tolerable and which are not
5. Modify the activity so that all intolerable risks are reduced or eliminated

2|Page
❖ Draw a sketch of the Bowtie Diagram.

❖ Draw typical risk matrix.

3|Page
Chapter 3
❖ State five different types of marine accidents and explain the definition of
each one.

❖ What are the different energies involved in shipping?


Heat Energy
Propulsion Energy
Mass displacement Energy
Buoyancy Energy
Kinematic Energy
Potential Energy
Cargo oil Energy

❖ Differentiate between “Accident” and “Incident”.


An accident : undesired event that results damage to humans or environment.
An incident: undesired event that is detected and brought under control before it results
any accidental outcomes.

❖ What is operating disturbance?


A situation where the operating criteria for a system is violated.

4|Page
❖ State the six typical operating disturbances.
1. Reduced efficiency
2. Reduced Capacity
3. Loss of function
4. Operating in emergency mode
5. Outside operating performance limits
6. Temporarily IDLE

❖ What is a non-conformance?
A situation where the operation is outside certain criteria that define what is acceptable.

❖ What are the generic accidental causes? And mention an example for each.

❖ What is risk assessment?


The process of gathering data and synthesizing information to develop an understanding
of the risk.

5|Page
Chapter 4
❖ Draw a diagram showing the ALARP concept.

❖ State 4 different ways to estimate probability and explain each one of them.
1. physical reasoning
2. empirical data
3. subjective judgement
4. probabilistic modelling
❖ What’s the relation between probability and frequency ? Give an example.

The probability of an event has little meaning, unless we attach a timescale to it.
Frequency is the probability per annum.

❖ What’s the relation between probability and reliability ?

Reliability is the probability that a system will perform its function for a specified period of
time.
Probability of failure = 1 – Reliability

6|Page
Chapter 5
❖ What are the types of Failure ?

1. Serviceability : a system cannot perform to specification completely


2. Complete loss of function

❖ How can we analyze different failure modes ?

FMEA : (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis)


FMECA : (Failure Mode, Effect and Criticality Analysis)

❖ Differentiate between availability and unavailability ?

Availability: Relating to maintenance


Average Availability = time system working or ready to work / time elapsed since
installation or maintenance
Unavailability: Expresses the time the system was broken and waiting to be fixed plus the
time spent under repair and putting it back to service
Unavailability = 1 - Average Availability

❖ What are the four categories of reliability data ?


1. Failure data
2. time to failure
3. demand failures
4. Data for structural reliability calculations

❖ Explain the two ways to obtain human reliability data.


1. By experiments under controlled conditions and routine testing during manufacture.
2. By systematically collecting field data of failures in service.
❖ Mention the four methods of risk assessment.
1. Hazard Identification
2. Frequency Assessment
3. Consequence Assessment, and
4. Risk Evaluation

7|Page
❖ Draw a diagram showing risk assessment process.

Chapter 6
❖ Draw a diagram showing risk assessment methods.

8|Page
❖ Describe HAZID Technique
• It identifies potential hazards which could result in consequences to Humans,
Environment or Financial assets.
• It can be applied to all or part of a vessel or it can be applied to analyze operational
procedures.
• The system is divided into manageable parts, and a team is led through a brainstorming
session to identify potential hazards in each part of the system.
❖ Describe HAZOP Technique
• The HAZOP analysis technique uses special guidewords to prompt an experienced group
of individuals to identify potential hazards or operability concerns.
• The group then brainstorms potential consequences of these deviations.
• This type of analysis is generally used on a system level and generates primarily
qualitative results.

❖ Describe What-If Analysis Method


• This technique relies upon a team of experts brainstorming to generate a comprehensive
review and can be used for any activity or system.
• It generates qualitative descriptions of potential problems (in the form of questions and
responses) as well as lists of recommendations.

9|Page
❖ Describe Checklists Analysis Method
• Checklist analysis is a systematic evaluation and is used primarily to provide structure for
interviews and documentation reviews of the system being analyzed.
• It is applicable for high level or detailed level analysis.
• The technique generates qualitative lists of determinations with recommendations

❖ Describe FMEA Method


• It is the best method for reviews of mechanical and electrical hardware systems.
• It considers how the failure mode of each system component can result in system
performance problems.
• FMEA generates qualitative descriptions of potential performance problems.

10 | P a g e

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