Unit 1: The changing climate of Hong Kong

- Hong Kong has a subtropical climate characterized by hot and humid summers and mild and
dry winters. Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions while climate describes
long-term weather patterns.

香港属亚热带气候，夏季炎热潮湿，冬季温和干燥。天气是指短期大气条件，而气候则描述长期天
气模式。

- The climate of Hong Kong is influenced by the summer and winter monsoons. Summer
monsoons bring hot and rainy weather from the southwest while winter monsoons bring cooler
and drier weather from the north or northeast.

香港的气候受夏季和冬季季风的影响。夏季季风从西南带来炎热多雨的天气，而冬季季风从北部
或东北带来凉爽干燥的天气。

- In recent decades, Hong Kong's climate has been changing. The annual mean temperature
has been increasing rapidly at a rate of 0.15-0.16°C per decade from 1947-2014. There have
been more hot nights in summer and fewer cold days in winter.

近几十年来，香港的气候一直在发生变化。 1947年至2014年，年平均气温以每十年0.15-0.16°C
的速度快速上升。夏季炎热的夜晚较多，冬季寒冷的白天较少。

- Other climatic changes include increased annual rainfall, higher rainfall in urban areas,
increased cloud cover, decreased wind speed in urban areas, lower visibility, and more extreme
hot days, heavy rainstorms and fewer extreme cold days. There have also been more typhoons.

-其他气候变化包括年降雨量增加、城市地区降雨量增加、云量增加、城市地区风速降低、能见度
降低、极端炎热天气、暴雨天气增多和极端寒​​冷天气减少。台风也增多了。
Unit 2: Global climate change

- The world's climates can be classified into tropical, temperate, Mediterranean, arid, polar and
mountain zones based on temperature and rainfall patterns.

Tropical: Hot and wet all year round e.g. Singapore

Temperature: Cold winter and mild summer e.g. Argentina

Mediterranean: MIld and humid winter ; how and dry summer e.g. Greece

Arid: Dry all year round e.g. Las Vegas

Polar: Cold and dry all year round e.g. Canada

Mountain: Cold all year round e.g. Lhasa

根据温度和降雨模式，世界气候可分为热带、温带、地中海、干旱、极地和山区。

热带：全年炎热潮湿，例如新加坡

温度：冬季寒冷，夏季温和，例如阿根廷

地中海：冬季温和湿润；夏季如何干燥，例如希腊

干旱：全年干燥，例如拉斯维加斯

极地：全年寒冷干燥，例如加拿大

山区：全年寒冷，例如拉萨

- Global temperatures have been increasing since the 1970s due to rising greenhouse gas
emissions from human activities. The top 12 warmest years on record have all occurred since
1998, with the hottest years being 2016, 2015, and 2014.

自 20 世纪 70 年代以来，由于人类活动造成的温室气体排放量不断增加，全球气温一直在上升。
有记录以来最热的 12 年都发生在 1998 年之后，其中最热的年份是 2016 年、2015 年和 2014
年。
- Global warming is causing changes to global climate patterns such as increased temperatures
worldwide, especially in high latitudes. Rainfall patterns are also changing with some areas
becoming wetter and some tropical regions becoming drier.

全球变暖正在导致全球气候模式发生变化，例如全球气温升高，特别是在高纬度地区。降雨模式
也在发生变化，一些地区变得更加湿润，而一些热带地区变得更加干燥。
Unit 3: Causes of climate change

- Greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere trap
heat and cause the greenhouse effect. Increased levels of these gasses over the past century
have enhanced this effect and caused global warming.

大气中的二氧化碳、甲烷和一氧化二氮等温室气体会吸收热量并引起温室效应。过去一个世纪这
些气体含量的增加加剧了这种影响并导致全球变暖。

- Major human activities that emit greenhouse gasses include burning fossil fuels, agricultural
activities such as deforestation and cattle ranching, waste treatment through incineration and
landfilling, and industrial processes that release gasses like CFCs.

排放温室气体的主要人类活动包括燃烧化石燃料、砍伐森林和养牛等农业活动、通过焚烧和填埋
进行废物处理以及释放氟氯化碳等气体的工业过程。

- In Hong Kong, climate change is caused by local emissions from power plants, vehicles and
factories as well as transboundary emissions carried by winds from the Pearl River Delta region
of China. Urban development exacerbates local temperature increases through the urban heat
island effect.

在香港，气候变化是由发电厂、车辆和工厂的本地排放以及来自中国珠江三角洲地区的风带来的
跨境排放造成的。城市发展通过城市热岛效应加剧局部气温升高。
Unit 4: Impacts of climate change

- Impacts on the natural environment include melting glaciers and ice sheets, rising sea levels,
more extreme weather, ecosystem disruption, and changes in species distributions and
migration patterns. Low-lying Pacific island nations like Tuvalu are threatened by sea level rise.

对自然环境的影响包括冰川和冰盖融化、海平面上升、更加极端的天气、生态系统破坏以及物种
分布和迁徙模式的变化。图瓦卢等地势低洼的太平洋岛国正受到海平面上升的威胁。

- Impacts on human beings include increased health risks from diseases, water shortages,
reduced crop production and damage to infrastructure in coastal areas. Small island developing
states and communities in arid regions are most vulnerable.

对人类的影响包括疾病、水资源短缺、农作物减产和沿海地区基础设施破坏造成的健康风险增
加。小岛屿发展中国家和干旱地区的社区最为脆弱。

- China is experiencing increased temperatures and rainfall. Climate change is causing more
extreme weather events, water shortages in North China, and risks of flooding in coastal cities.
The unusual 2008 blizzards highlighted China's vulnerability.

中国正在经历气温升高和降雨量增加。气候变化导致极端天气事件增多，华北地区缺水，沿海城
市面临洪涝风险。 2008年不寻常的暴风雪凸显了中国的脆弱性。

- Hong Kong is projected to have a hotter and wetter climate. This will increase health risks,
electricity demand, and flooding risks in low-lying areas. The government's expenditure on
disaster response will also increase.

预计香港的气候将变得更加炎热和潮湿。这将增加低洼地区的健康风险、电力需求和洪水风险。
政府用于救灾的支出也将增加。
Unit 5: Measures combating climate change

- Mitigation measures adopted in Hong Kong and China include developing renewable energy
sources, increasing energy efficiency, promoting greening and improving technologies.
International measures include the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement.

香港和中国大陆采取的缓解措施包括发展可再生能源、提高能源效率、促进绿化和改进技术。国
际措施包括《京都议定书》和《巴黎协定》。

- Adaptation measures include land use planning, flood protection infrastructure, disaster
warning systems and maintaining ecosystems. Both mitigation and adaptation are needed to
address climate change.

适应措施包括土地利用规划、防洪基础设施、灾害预警系统和维护生态系统。应对气候变化需要
减缓和适应。

- International cooperation on climate change is important but difficult due to conflicts of interest
between economic and environmental priorities, lack of funding, poor target enforcement, and
unequal historic responsibility for emissions between developed and developing nations.

由于经济和环境优先事项之间的利益冲突、缺乏资金、目标执行不力以及发达国家和发展中国家
之间排放的历史责任不平等，气候变化方面的国际合作很重要，但也很困难。

- Individual actions like saving energy, recycling, active transport, and reducing meat
consumption can all help lower our carbon footprint and contribute to global climate change
solutions. Urgent global emission reductions are needed in the next 3 years to meet the 1.5-2°C
temperature goal.

节约能源、回收利用、主动运输和减少肉类消费等个人行动都可以帮助降低我们的碳足迹，并为
全球气候变化解决方案做出贡献。未来 3 年全球需要紧急减排，以实现 1.5-2°C 的气温目标。
Natural Hazards:

- The Earth's structure is arranged by density, with less dense materials like silica and aluminum
on top of denser materials like iron and nickel.

地球的结构按密度排列，二氧化硅和铝等密度较低的材料位于铁和镍等密度较高的材料之上。

- At constructive boundaries, convection currents diverge and plates move apart. Magma wells
up and fills the gap, creating a new crust.

在相长边界处，对流流发散并且板块分开。岩浆涌出并填充间隙，形成新的地壳。

____________________________________________________________________________

- At destructive boundaries, converging currents cause plates to collide. The denser plate
subducts into the asthenosphere, sometimes melting into magma. There are three types of
destructive boundaries.

在破坏性边界处，汇聚的电流会导致板块碰撞。密度较大的板块俯冲到软流圈中，有时会融化成
岩浆。破坏性边界分为三种类型:

1. Continental plates converging with continental plates:

- No subduction zone as both plates are continental and less dense

- Fold mountains are formed by compression as the plates collide

大陆板块与大陆板块的聚合：

- 没有俯冲带，因为两个板块都是大陆板块且密度较低

- 板块碰撞时压缩形成褶皱山脉

2. Continental plates converging with oceanic plates:

- A subduction zone forms as the oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate

- Features include a subduction zone, fold mountains, and volcanic activity

- Volcanoes and island arcs form over the subducting plate

大陆板块与海洋板块汇聚：

- 当海洋板块俯冲到大陆板块下方时，形成俯冲带

- 特色包括俯冲带、褶皱山脉和火山活动

- 俯冲板块上方形成火山和岛弧

3. Oceanic plates converging with oceanic plates:

- Both plates are oceanic so a subduction zone develops

- An oceanic trench forms as one plate subducts downward

- Volcanic island arcs and chains of volcanoes emerge from the subduction zone

- Fold mountains may also push up on the overriding plate

大洋板块与大洋板块汇聚：

- 两个板块都是海洋板块，因此会形成俯冲带

- 当一块板块向下俯冲时形成海沟

- 火山岛弧和火山链从俯冲带出现

- 褶皱山脉也可能推高压倒性的板块

____________________________________________________________________________

- Conservative boundaries involve plates converging, diverging or sliding past each other
laterally. Plate materials are neither created nor destroyed.

保守边界涉及板块会聚、发散或横向滑过彼此。板材既不会被创造，也不会被破坏。

- Earthquakes occur due to built-up stress exceeding rock strength at plate boundaries. Factors
like shallow focus and proximity to the epicenter increase magnitude.

地震是由于板块边界处的累积应力超过岩石强度而发生的。浅焦点和靠近震中等因素会增加震
级。

- Earthquakes cause primary hazards like shaking and secondary ones like landslides, fires and
floods. Destruction includes loss of life, infrastructure and economic disruption.
地震会造成摇晃等主要灾害，以及山体滑坡、火灾和洪水等次要灾害。破坏包括生命损失、基础设
施损失和经济破坏。

- Factors like magnitude, duration, onset speed and distance from source influence earthquake
destruction degree. Human factors like development and planning also impact losses.

震级、持续时间、爆发速度、距震源距离等因素影响地震破坏程度。开发和规划等人为因素也会
影响损失。

- Minimizing techniques include monitoring, hazard-proof designs, land-use planning, education,

rescue systems and relocating away from hazards. It can be rational to stay and reduce
vulnerability or leave and start over elsewhere.

最小化技术包括监测、防灾设计、土地使用规划、教育、救援系统和远离危险的搬迁。留下来减
少脆弱性或离开并在其他地方重新开始可能是理性的。

____________________________________________________________________________

Details on the characteristics of tectonic hazards:

1. Magnitude of earthquakes - A higher magnitude means more energy is released, resulting in

greater destruction.

地震震级——震级越高意味着释放的能量越多，造成的破坏也越大

2. Duration - The longer a hazard lasts, the less resistance people and structures have. Shorter
events are better tolerated.

持续时间——危险持续的时间越长，人员和建筑物的阻力就越小。较短的事件更容易被容忍。

3. Onset speed - Suddenly occurring hazards like earthquakes provide less time for preparation
and evacuation, heightening risks.

发生速度——地震等突然发生的灾害导致准备和疏散时间减少，风险增加。
4. Distance from source - Destruction generally decreases with distance as seismic/pyroclastic
energies dissipate. Further locations experience lower intensities.

距震源的距离——随着地震/火山碎屑能量的消散，破坏通常会随着距离的增加而减少。越远的地
点强度越低。

5. Time of occurrence - Hazards happening at times like midnight or rush hour can lead to
higher casualties as people have limited mobility and escape options. Daytime events may allow
for easier evacuations.

发生时间——在午夜或高峰时段等时间发生的危险可能会导致更高的伤亡，因为人们的行动能力
和逃生选择有限。白天的活动可能更容易疏散。
Field trip:

1.Rehabilitation

-The process of construction or reconstruction of buildings that once guaranteed all the
necessary housing conditions.

重建通过综合规划，改善旧城区的建筑环境和基础设施，同时提供更多的绿化、公共开放空间和
社区设施。

2.Redevelopment

-Through comprehensive planning, redevelopment improves the built environment and

infrastructure in old urban districts while providing more greening, public open space and
community facilities.

重建通过综合规划，改善旧城区的建筑环境和基础设施，同时提供更多的绿化、公共开放空间和
社区设施。

-Dilapidated buildings are redeveloped into new buildings of modern standard, environmentally.
friendly and smart design.

危旧建筑被改建为现代标准、环保的新建筑。友好且智能的设计。

3.Preservation

Preserves buildings, sites and structures of historical, cultural or architectural value

保留具有历史、文化或建筑价值的建筑物、遗址和结构

4.Revitalization

To achieve the goal of releasing the potential of the old industrial buildings, in other words, the
more efficient use of space

达到释放老工业建筑潜力的目的，换句话说，就是更多。有效利用空间