EXPERIMENT 2

AM: To measure diameter ofa given wire using screw gauge.

APPARATUS
Screw gauge, wire, half-metre scale and magnifying lens.
THEORY
1. Ifwith thewire between plane faces A and B, the edge of the cap lies ahead of Nth division of
linear scale, then, linear scale reading (L.S.R.) = N.
If nth division of circular scale lies over reference line, then, circular scale reading
(C.S.R) =nx (L.C.) (L.C. is least count of screwgauge)
Total reading (T.R.) = L.S.R. + C.S.R. = N+nx (L.C.).
2. If D be the mean diameter and l be the mnean length of the wire,

volume of the wire, V= 1

DIAGRAM
Wire
AB H
E
5 K

Fig. Screw gaugemeasuring diameter of the wire.

Measurement of Length 41
PROCEDURE

1. Find the value of one linear scale division

(L.S.D.).
2. Determine the pitch and the least count of the screw
gauge and record it stepwise.
3. Bring the plane face Bin contact with plane faceA and find the zero error. Do it
three times
and record them. If there is no zero error, then record zero
error asnil.
4. Move the face Baway from face A. Place the wire lengthwise over face A
and move the face B
towards face Ausing the ratchet head R. Stop when Rturns (slips) without moving the screw.
5. Note the number of divisions of the linear scale visible and
uncovered by the edge of the cap.
The reading (N) is called linear scale reading (L.S.R.).
6. Note the number (n) of the division of the circular scale lying over
reference line.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 after rotating the wire by 90 for measuring diameter in a
perpendicular
direction.

8. Repeat steps 4, 5, 6 and 7 for five different positions separated equally throughout the length
of the wire. Record the observations in each set in a tabular form.
9. Find total reading and apply zero correction in each case.
10. Take mean of different values of diameter.
11. Measure the length of the wire by stretching it along a half-metre scale. Keeping one end of
wire at a known mark, note the position of other end. Difference in position of the two ends
of the wire gives the length of the wire. Do it three tÉmes and record them.
OBSERVATIONS

1. Determination of Least Count of the Screw Gauge

1 L.S.D. =1 mm
Number of full rotations given to screw =4
Distance moved by the screw=4 mm
4 mm
Hence, pitch p= n -1 mm

Number of divisions on circular scale 100

1mm
Hence, least count, 0.01 mm - 0.001 cm.
100

2. Zero Error. (0.... mm, ()... mm, (i) ... mm.

Mean zero error (e) . mm

Mean zerocorrection (c)-em ... mm.

42 Comprekenslue Practlcal Phys.
3. Table for diameter (D)

Clrcular Scale Reading Total Reading

Linear Scale Correctad
Serial No. of No. of Circular Value Observed
Observations Reading (N) [nx (L.C.)] D=D, +c
(mm)
Scale dBvision on D, "N+n
reference line x L.C.

(n) (mm) (mm) (mm)

(a)A OB D, (a) -
1
D, (6) =
(a) AOB P, (a) =
2

(6) D, (6) -
(a) AB |D, (a) =

(6) |D, (b) =

CALCULATIONS

Length of thewire, l= ()....cm, () 0000. Cn, iii) .... cm.

Mean diameter of the wire,

D= D, (a) + D,(6) +....+D,(a) +D, (b)
6

= . . . IMm=... CIm

Mean length of the wire,

=..... Cm
3
Volume of the wire,

V= . Cm

RESULT
The volume of the given wire is .... cm.

PRECAUTIONS
1. To avoid undue pressure; the screw should always be rotated by ratchet Rand not by can r
2. The screw should move freely without friction.
Measurenent of Length 43

Desero correction, with proper sign should be noted very carefully and added algebraically.
set of observations, the screwshould be moved in the ame direction to avoiddback-
4. For same
Iash error of the sCrew.
5. Ateach place,
the diameter of the wire should be measured in two perpendicular directions
and then the mean of the two be taken.
E Readings should be taken atleast for five different places equally spaced along the whole length
of the wire.
avoided.
7. Error due to paralx should be
SOURCES OF ERROR
friction,
1. The screw may have
2. The screw gauge may have back-lash error.
3. Circular scale divisions may not be of equal size.
4. The wire may not be uniform.

EXPERIMENT 2A
ATM: Tomeasure thickness ofagiven sheet using screw gauge.
APPARATUS
Screw gauge, sheet (it must be rigid) and magnifying lens.
THEORY
Same as in Experiment 2.

PROCEDURE
Steps 1 to 6 are same as in Experiment 2.
surface of the sheet.
7. Repeat steps 4, 5,6 for 5 different positions spread equally throughout the
Record observation in tabular form.
8. Find total reading and apply zero correction in each case.
9. Take mean of different values of thickness.

OBSERVATIONS
1. Determination of least count of the screw gauge.
Same as in Experiment 2.
2. Zero Error.
Same as in Experiment 2.
 Corrected
t=totc (mm)
=
t4
Total
Reading
(4a).
column
=N+n
t,
Comprekenstue Observed
xL.C. (mm)
in
t,
value
(L.C.)]
[nx observed
Value
Reading
Scale
Circular (mm)
Imm.
the (4b).
write +t,
Circular
ofNo. division
on
Scaleline
reference column
+t, mm.
and (45). 4
(n) +t,
column
observation
in ....
t,
recorded is
t= sheet
thickness
() in sheet,
()
Reading
Scale
Linear t t given 2.
(mm) each ofvalueof Experiment
2.
valuesthe
the
OF Experim
ERROR
SOURCES
for of
the t corrected
CALCULATIONS of
thickness of
of PRECAUTIONS
thickness
for value mean in in
Table Observations as as
Find WriteFind Mean
RESULT Same Same
Serial The
No. of 1. 2. 3. 4.
3. 1 2. 3.
44