IOT and Applications

UNIT-1
JNTUK R20 Previous Questions and Answers

Q 1.a) Define IoT. Explain the role of things and internet in IoT. [8M]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept that refers to the interconnection of everyday objects or "things" to the
internet, allowing them to collect and exchange data. The role of both "things" and the internet is fundamental in
enabling the functionality and potential of IoT.

1.Things:
o Sensors and Actuators: Things in IoT are physical devices embedded with sensors, actuators, and
other technologies that enable them to sense, gather data, and interact with their environment. These
sensors can detect various parameters such as temperature, humidity, motion, light, and more.
o Connectivity: IoT devices are connected to the internet or local networks, facilitating communication
and data exchange. This connectivity can be wired (e.g., Ethernet) or wireless (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
Zigbee, LoRa).
o Data Processing and Control: IoT devices often include computing capabilities to process data
locally or transmit it to the cloud for further analysis. They may also have the ability to control
connected devices or systems based on the data they collect.
2.Internet:
o Data Transmission: The internet serves as the backbone for transmitting data between IoT devices
and other connected systems. This enables real-time monitoring, remote control, and data analytics.
o Cloud Computing: IoT devices often leverage cloud platforms for storing, processing, and analyzing
large volumes of data generated by the connected devices. Cloud services provide scalability,
flexibility, and accessibility for IoT applications.
o Security and Privacy: The internet plays a crucial role in ensuring the security and privacy of IoT
ecosystems. Secure communication protocols, encryption techniques, and authentication mechanisms
are essential to protect data transmitted between devices and the cloud.

The synergy between "things" and the internet forms the foundation of IoT systems, enabling a wide range of
applications across industries such as healthcare, transportation, agriculture, manufacturing, smart homes, and
cities. By connecting physical objects to the digital world, IoT enhances efficiency, productivity, convenience,
and decision-making capabilities in various domains. However, it also poses challenges related to security,
interoperability, scalability, and privacy, which need to be addressed to realize the full potential of IoT
technology.
 1.b) What are the major layers in IoT Architecture? [7M]
IOT World Forum architectural committee published 7-layer IOT architectural reference model in 2014. This
committee was led by cisco, IBM, Rockwell automation, & others. In this architecture edge computing, data
storage & access were included.
The IoT Architecture generally comprises of 7 layers.
Layer 1: Physical devices & control layer: which converts analog signals into digital data and vice versa. The
is the initial stage of any IoT system consists of wide range of “things” or endpoint devices that act as a bridge
between the real and digital worlds. They vary in form and size, from tiny silicon chips to large vehicles. this
layer consisting of the “things” themselves and the sensors, machines, actuators and Edge Node devices. it gathers
the data from environment & surroundings.
Sensors such as probes, gauges, meters, and others. They collect physical parameters like temperature or
humidity, turn them into electrical signals, and send them to the IoT system. IoT sensors are typically small and
consume little power.
Actuators, translating electrical signals from the IoT system into physical actions. Actuators are used in motor
controllers, lasers, robotic arms.
achines and devices connected to sensors and actuators or having them as integral parts.

Layer 2: Connectivity layer: enabling data transmission

The second level is used for communications across devices, networks, and cloud services. This layer includes
the mapping of field data to the logical and physical technologies used as well as the backhaul to the on premise
or cloud and the next layer, Edge Computing.

This layer is responsible for reliable communication & transmission of data between the devices & networks. The
connectivity between the physical layer and the cloud is achieved by using a single solution or multiple
technologies, depending on the need. It may be wired (Ethernet, NFC, LPWAN (Low-power Wide-area Network)
or wireless (WiFi, Bluetooth ) technologies.

Layer 3: Edge or fog computing layer: reducing system latency

Edge computing is the practice of processing and computing client-side data close to the data source, rather than
moving it to a central server or cloud-based location. It brings computing resources, data storage, and enterprise
applications closer to where people or devices actually consume an application or data.

Edge computing occurs on gateways, local servers, or other edge nodes scattered across the network. At this level,
data can be:

• evaluated to determine if it needs further processing at higher levels,

• formatted for further processing,

• decoded,

• filtered, and

• redirected to an additional destination

Layer 4 :Data accumulation:

Data accumulation stage: This stage, As the sensor data keeps changing with time, L4 layer converts this data
in motion to data in rest. Data accumulation layer stores the data in an easy accessible format. The layer
dramatically reduces data through filtering and selective storing.
 Layer 5: Data Abstraction

Data abstraction is the process of reducing multiple data to simplified version without altering the meaning.
Whereas in Semantic representation, the data is represented in a meaningful form which can be understood by
human.

Layer 6: Application Layer

At this layer, information is analyzed by software to give answers to key business questions. There are hundreds
of IoT applications that vary in complexity and function, using different technology stacks and operating systems.
by using some applications we can analyze the data. This application is varying on data & depends on business
needs. For ex: aarogya sathu app.

Layer 7: Collaboration and Processes:

At this layer, application processing is presented to users, and data processed at lower layers is integrated in to
business applications. This layer is about human interaction with all of the layers of the IoT system and where
economic value is delivered. The challenge at this layer is to effectively leverage the value of IoT and the layers
of infrastructure and services below and leverage this into economic growth, business optimization and/or social
good.

Q 2. a) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of an IoT. [8M]

The Internet of Things (IoT) offers a wide range of advantages and also presents certain disadvantages. Let's explore
both aspects:

Advantages of IoT:

1. Efficiency and Automation: IoT enables automation of various processes, leading to increased efficiency
and productivity. Connected devices can perform tasks automatically, reducing the need for manual
intervention.
2. Data-driven Insights: IoT generates vast amounts of data from sensors and devices, providing valuable
insights into operations, consumer behavior, and environmental conditions. These insights can be leveraged
for optimization, decision-making, and predictive analytics.
3. Improved Quality of Life: IoT applications in healthcare, smart homes, and wearable devices contribute to
improving the quality of life by enabling remote monitoring, personalized services, and timely interventions.
4. Cost Savings: By optimizing resource utilization, reducing downtime, and streamlining operations, IoT can
lead to significant cost savings for businesses across various sectors.
5. Enhanced Safety and Security: IoT enables real-time monitoring of assets, infrastructure, and
environments, enhancing safety and security measures. Applications such as smart surveillance, predictive
maintenance, and emergency response systems can help prevent accidents and mitigate risks.
6. Environmental Sustainability: IoT technologies can support sustainability initiatives by optimizing energy
consumption, reducing waste, and monitoring environmental parameters. Smart grids, precision agriculture,
and waste management systems are examples of IoT applications promoting environmental conservation.
Disadvantages of IoT:

1. Security Concerns: IoT devices are vulnerable to cyber-attacks, posing risks such as unauthorized access,
data breaches, and system manipulation. Weak security measures, lack of standardization, and insufficient
updates make IoT ecosystems susceptible to exploitation.
2. Privacy Issues: The proliferation of IoT devices collecting personal data raises concerns about privacy
infringement and data misuse. Users may be unaware of the extent to which their data is being collected,
stored, and shared by connected devices and services.
3. Interoperability Challenges: The diverse range of IoT devices and protocols often leads to interoperability
issues, making it difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate effectively. Lack of
standardized communication protocols hinders seamless integration and scalability of IoT solutions.
4. Complexity and Integration: Deploying and managing IoT systems can be complex due to the integration
of diverse hardware, software, and networking components. Compatibility issues, scalability challenges, and
the need for specialized skills may pose barriers to adoption.
5. Reliability and Maintenance: IoT devices are susceptible to hardware failures, software bugs, and
connectivity issues, affecting the reliability and uptime of connected systems. Maintenance of a large number
of distributed devices can be costly and time-consuming.
6. Dependency on Connectivity: IoT functionality relies heavily on internet connectivity, making systems
vulnerable to disruptions caused by network outages, latency, and bandwidth limitations. Offline operation
and resilience mechanisms are essential for ensuring continuous functionality in IoT deployments.

2.b) Explain the role of cloud in IoT. [7M]

The role of the cloud in IoT is crucial for enabling scalable, efficient, and intelligent IoT deployments. Here's how
the cloud contributes to the success of IoT:

1. Scalability and Flexibility: Cloud platforms provide virtually unlimited resources, such as storage,
computing power, and networking capabilities, to accommodate the growing volume of data generated by
IoT devices. This scalability allows IoT applications to handle varying workloads and seamlessly expand as
the number of connected devices increases.
2. Data Storage and Management: The cloud serves as a central repository for storing and managing vast
amounts of data collected from IoT devices. Cloud-based storage solutions offer reliability, durability, and
accessibility, enabling efficient data retention, retrieval, and archival. Data can be organized, indexed, and
analyzed using cloud-based databases and analytics tools.
3. Data Processing and Analytics: Cloud platforms offer powerful data processing and analytics capabilities
for deriving actionable insights from IoT data..
4. Device Management and Monitoring: Cloud-based device management platforms provide tools for
provisioning, configuring, monitoring, and updating IoT devices at scale. Device registries, firmware
management, and over-the-air (OTA) updates streamline device lifecycle management and ensure the
security and reliability of connected devices.
5. Remote Access and Control: Cloud-based IoT platforms enable remote access and control of devices,
applications, and services from anywhere with an internet connection. This facilitates real-time monitoring,
diagnostics, and troubleshooting of IoT deployments, enhancing operational efficiency and responsiveness.
 6. Integration with Other Services: Cloud ecosystems offer a rich ecosystem of services and integrations that
complement IoT deployments. Integration with other cloud services, such as identity management,
messaging, notification, and workflow automation, enables the seamless integration of IoT with existing IT
infrastructure and business processes.
7. Cost-Efficiency: Cloud-based IoT solutions offer a pay-as-you-go model, allowing organizations to pay only
for the resources and services they consume. This cost-efficient approach eliminates the need for upfront
investments in infrastructure and reduces operational overhead, making IoT accessible to organizations of all
sizes.
8. Security and Compliance: Cloud providers offer robust security measures and compliance certifications to
protect IoT data and infrastructure against cyber threats and regulatory requirements. Encryption, access
controls, identity management, and security monitoring help mitigate security risks and ensure data privacy
and integrity in IoT deployments.

3. a) What is internet of things? Describe the characteristics of IoT. [8M]

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of interconnected devices embedded with sensors, software, and
other technologies that enable them to collect, exchange, and act upon data without human intervention.

Characteristics of IoT:

1. Connectivity:. IoT devices are equipped with communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
Zigbee, RFID, or cellular connectivity, allowing them to connect to the internet or to other devices within a
network.
2. Sensing and Data Collection: IoT devices are embedded with sensors that can detect and collect various
types of data from the surrounding environment. These sensors can measure parameters such as temperature,
humidity, pressure, light, motion, sound, and more.
3. Data Processing and Analytics: IoT devices often have computing capabilities to process the data they
collect locally or transmit it to centralized servers or cloud platforms for analysis. Data analytics techniques
such as machine learning and artificial intelligence may be applied to derive insights and make intelligent
decisions based on the collected data.
4. Automation and Control: IoT enables automation by allowing devices to perform predefined actions or
trigger responses based on the data they receive. This could include controlling other devices, adjusting
settings, sending alerts or notifications, or initiating workflows in response to specific conditions or events.
5. Interoperability: IoT devices and systems may come from different manufacturers and use different
communication protocols. Interoperability is the ability of these devices to communicate, exchange data, and
work together seamlessly, regardless of their underlying technologies.
6. Scalability: IoT systems are designed to scale to accommodate large numbers of devices and data streams.
This scalability allows IoT deployments to grow and adapt to changing requirements and environments
without sacrificing performance or reliability.
7. Security and Privacy: Security is a critical aspect of IoT due to the sensitive nature of the data collected and
transmitted by connected devices. IoT systems must implement robust security measures to protect against
unauthorized access, data breaches, tampering, and other cyber threats. Privacy concerns also need to be
addressed to ensure that user data is handled in a transparent and responsible manner.
 8. Ubiquitous Presence: IoT has the potential to pervade various aspects of everyday life, from smart homes
and wearable devices to industrial automation and smart cities. The ubiquitous presence of IoT technology
creates new opportunities for innovation, efficiency, and convenience across diverse industries and domains.

3.b) Explain working of IoT gateways. [7M]

IoT gateways act as intermediaries between IoT devices and higher-level computing platforms, enabling seamless
connectivity, data aggregation, protocol translation, local processing, edge computing, security enforcement, and
management functionalities. By bridging the gap between the physical and digital worlds, IoT gateways play a
crucial role in enabling the deployment and operation of IoT solutions across various industries and domains.

Key functionalities of IoT Gateway :

Establishing communication bridge
Provides additional security.
pre processing and filtering of data.
Provides local storage as a cache/ buffer.
Data computing at edge level.
Ability to manage entire device.
Device diagnostics.
Adding more functional capability.
Verifying protocols.
Working of IoT Gateway :
1. Receives data from sensor network.
2. Performs Pre processing, filtering and cleaning on unfiltered data.
3. Transports into standard protocols for communication.
4. Sends data to cloud.
5. We can’t access the internet without a gateway
IoT Gateways are key element of IoT infrastructure as Gateways establish connection for communication and
also performs other task as described above. So IoT Gateway is one of most essential thing when we start think
about an IoT ecosystem.
 4. a) State and explain M2M communication with example. [8M]

. Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication refers to the exchange of data between two or more devices without
human intervention. In M2M communication, devices communicate directly with each other, typically using wired
or wireless networks, to share information, perform actions, or coordinate activities. This communication enables
automation, remote monitoring, and control of connected devices and systems.

Here's an example to illustrate M2M communication:

Imagine a smart thermostat installed in a home, connected to a central heating and cooling system. The thermostat is
equipped with sensors to measure temperature and humidity levels in the environment. Additionally, it's connected
to the internet via Wi-Fi or another communication protocol.

1. Data Collection: The smart thermostat continuously collects data from its sensors, such as the current
temperature inside the home. It may also gather data from external sources, such as weather forecasts or
occupancy sensors, to optimize heating and cooling settings.
2. Decision-making: Based on the collected data, the smart thermostat makes decisions autonomously or in
response to predefined rules or algorithms. For example, if the temperature inside the home exceeds a certain
threshold, the thermostat may decide to activate the air conditioning system to cool the space.
3. Communication with HVAC System: Once a decision is made, the smart thermostat communicates with
the central heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system through M2M communication. It sends
instructions to the HVAC system to adjust the temperature settings accordingly. For instance, it may send a
command to turn on the air conditioner or adjust the fan speed.
 4. Execution of Commands: The HVAC system receives the instructions from the smart thermostat and
executes them accordingly. It activates the appropriate components, such as compressors, fans, or dampers,
to regulate the temperature and maintain comfort conditions inside the home.
5. Feedback and Monitoring: Throughout this process, the smart thermostat monitors the system's response
and collects feedback data, such as temperature readings or energy consumption levels. It uses this feedback
to assess the effectiveness of its actions and adjust settings as needed to achieve desired outcomes.
6. Reporting and Analytics: The smart thermostat may also transmit collected data and performance metrics to
a centralized management platform or cloud-based service for reporting and analytics. This allows
homeowners or service providers to monitor system performance, track energy usage, identify trends, and
optimize operational efficiency over time.

In this example, M2M communication between the smart thermostat and the HVAC system enables intelligent
control of heating and cooling operations in the home, without the need for direct human intervention. This
automation improves energy efficiency, enhances comfort, and simplifies home management for occupants.

4.b) Explain in detail about XaaS (Everything as a Service). [7M]

XaaS, or Everything as a Service, is a cloud computing model that encompasses a broad range of services delivered
over the internet on a subscription basis. XaaS allows users to access and utilize various resources, applications, and
functionalities without the need for upfront investments in hardware or software infrastructure. Instead, users pay for
the services they consume based on usage, typically through a subscription or pay-per-use model. XaaS offerings
can include software, platforms, infrastructure, and even entire business processes, providing organizations with
scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency.

Here's an in-depth explanation of different types of XaaS:

1. Software as a Service (SaaS):

o SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription basis. Users can access these
applications via web browsers or APIs, eliminating the need for local installation and maintenance.
o Examples of SaaS include customer relationship management (CRM) systems like Salesforce
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS):
o PaaS provides a platform for developing, deploying, and managing applications over the internet
without the complexities of infrastructure management. It typically includes development tools,
runtime environments, and middleware services.
o Examples of PaaS include Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure App Service, and Heroku.
3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
o IaaS offers virtualized computing resources such as virtual machines, storage, and networking
infrastructure over the internet. Users can provision and manage these resources on-demand, scaling
up or down as needed.
o Examples of IaaS providers include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud
Platform, and IBM Cloud.
4. Function as a Service (FaaS) / Serverless Computing:
 o FaaS allows developers to deploy individual functions or pieces of code in the cloud, triggered by
events or requests, without provisioning or managing servers. Developers pay only for the resources
consumed during function execution.
o FaaS abstracts infrastructure management, enabling developers to focus on writing code and building
applications without worrying about server provisioning, scaling, or maintenance.
o Examples of FaaS platforms include AWS Lambda, Google Cloud Functions, Azure Functions, and
IBM Cloud Functions.
5. Database as a Service (DBaaS):
o DBaaS provides managed database services over the internet, allowing users to store, manage, and
access data without the complexities of database administration.
o DBaaS offerings include relational databases (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL), NoSQL databases (e.g.,
MongoDB, Cassandra), and data warehousing solutions (e.g., Amazon Redshift, Google BigQuery).
o Examples of DBaaS providers include Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL, Microsoft Azure SQL
Database, and MongoDB Atlas.
6. Security as a Service (SECaaS):
o SECaaS delivers security services such as threat detection, vulnerability scanning, identity
management, and encryption over the internet. Organizations can outsource security functions to
specialized providers, enhancing protection against cyber threats.
o SECaaS offerings include firewall as a service (FWaaS), endpoint protection as a service (EPaaS),
security information and event management (SIEM) as a service, and identity and access management
(IAM) as a service.
o Examples of SECaaS providers include Cisco Umbrella, Palo Alto Networks Prisma Cloud,
CrowdStrike Falcon, and Okta.
7. Communication as a Service (CaaS):
o CaaS delivers communication and collaboration services over the internet, enabling organizations to
communicate internally and externally through voice, video, messaging, and conferencing channels.
o CaaS offerings include unified communications as a service (UCaaS), contact center as a service
(CCaaS), video conferencing as a service (VCaaS), and messaging as a service (MaaS).
o Examples of CaaS providers include Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Cisco Webex, and Twilio.
8. Functionality as a Service (FnaaS):
o FnaaS provides specific functionalities or capabilities as services over the internet, enabling
organizations to integrate pre-built features into their applications or workflows.
o FnaaS offerings may include artificial intelligence as a service (AIaaS), machine learning as a service
(MLaaS), internet of things as a service (IoTaaS), and analytics as a service (AaaS).
o Examples of FnaaS providers include AWS AI Services (e.g., Amazon Rekognition, Amazon Polly),
Google Cloud AI Platform, Microsoft Azure Cognitive Services, and IBM Watson.
9. Business Process as a Service (BPaaS):
o BPaaS delivers entire business processes or workflows as services over the internet, enabling
organizations to outsource non-core functions or operations to specialized providers.
o BPaaS offerings include finance and accounting services, human resources management, supply chain
management, customer support, and payroll processing.
o Examples of BPaaS providers include Workday, Salesforce Service Cloud, Oracle Cloud ERP, and
ADP.
 5 a) What are the design principles of IoT? Explain. [8M].

IoT Design Methodology that includes:

1. Purpose & Requirements Specification:

The first step in IoT system design methodology is to define the purpose and requirements of the system. In this
step, the system purpose, behavior and requirements (such as data collection requirements, data analysis
requirements, system management requirements, data privacy and security requirements, user interface
requirements, ...) are captured.
System Management Requirements: system should remotely provide monitoring and control functions
Data Analysis Requirements: The System should perform local analysis of the data.
Application Deployment Requirement : Deployed locally on device, but acts remotely without manual
intervention.
Security: Authentication to Use the system must be available
2. Process Specification:

In this step, the use cases of the IoT system are formally described based on and derived from the purpose and
requirement specifications.
3. Domain Model Specification:
Describes the main concepts, entities and objects in the domain of IoT system to be designed • It defines the
attributes of the objects and relationships between them •
4. Information Model Specification:
Information Model defines the structure of all the information in the IoT system, for example, attributes of Virtual
Entities, relations, etc. Information model does not describe the specifics of how the information is represented
or stored.
5. Service Specifications:
Service specifications define the services in the IoT system, service types, service inputs/output, serviceendpoints,
service schedules, service preconditions and service effects.
6. IoT Level Specification:
define the IoT level for the system. we defined 7 IoT deployment levels
7. Functional View Specification:
The Functional View (FV) defines the functions of the IoT systems grouped into various Functional Groups
(FGs). Each Functional Group either provides functionalities for interacting with instances of concepts defined in
the Domain Model or provides information related to these concepts.

8. Operational View Specification:

In this step, various options pertaining to the IoT system deployment and operation are defined, such as, service
hosting options, storage options, device options, application hosting options, etc
9. Device & Component Integration:
The ninth step in the IoT design methodology is the integration of the devices and components.
10. Application Development:
The final step in the IoT design methodology is to develop the IoT application.
 5.b) What are examples or applications of IoT devices? Explain. [7M]

Several examples of IoT devices across different domains:

1. Smart Home Devices:

o Smart Thermostats: Devices like the Nest Thermostat or Ecobee allow users to remotely control and
automate their home heating and cooling systems based on preferences and occupancy.
o Smart Lighting: IoT-enabled light bulbs such as Philips Hue or LIFX can be controlled via
smartphone apps or voice commands, allowing users to adjust brightness, color, and schedules.
o Smart Locks: Devices like August Smart Lock or Yale Assure Lock enable remote locking and
unlocking of doors, as well as access control through smartphone apps or keyless entry systems.
2. Wearable Devices:
o Fitness Trackers: Devices like Fitbit, Garmin, or Apple Watch track various health metrics such as
steps taken, calories burned, heart rate, and sleep patterns. They sync data with smartphones or
computers for analysis and monitoring.
o Smartwatches: In addition to fitness tracking, smartwatches offer features such as notifications, GPS
navigation, voice assistants, and mobile payments, enhancing convenience and connectivity on the
go.
3. Healthcare Devices:
o Remote Patient Monitoring: IoT devices such as wearable sensors, blood pressure monitors, and
glucose meters enable remote monitoring of patients' health conditions, allowing healthcare providers
to track vital signs and intervene as needed.
o Smart Inhalers: Devices like Propeller Health attach to inhalers and track medication usage,
providing insights into asthma and COPD management and helping patients adhere to treatment
plans.
4. Industrial and Manufacturing Devices:
o Asset Tracking: IoT-enabled tags and sensors are used to track the location and status of assets such
as inventory, equipment, and vehicles in warehouses, factories, and supply chains, improving
operational efficiency and inventory management.
o Predictive Maintenance: Industrial IoT (IIoT) devices monitor machinery and equipment in real-
time, collecting data on performance, temperature, vibration, and other parameters to predict and
prevent equipment failures, minimize downtime, and optimize maintenance schedules.
5. Smart City Infrastructure:
o Smart Parking Systems: IoT sensors installed in parking spaces detect vehicle presence and
availability, guiding drivers to vacant spots and reducing congestion and emissions in urban areas.
o Smart Traffic Management: IoT devices such as traffic cameras, sensors, and connected traffic
signals collect real-time traffic data, optimize signal timings, and manage traffic flow to improve
safety and reduce congestion.
6. Environmental Monitoring:
o Air Quality Monitors: IoT sensors measure air pollutants such as particulate matter, ozone, and
carbon monoxide levels in urban areas, providing insights into air quality and supporting public
health initiatives.
 o Water Quality Sensors: IoT devices monitor water bodies, reservoirs, and distribution systems for
parameters like pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and contaminants to ensure safe drinking water and
environmental conservation.

These examples demonstrate the diverse range of IoT devices and their applications across various industries
and use cases, highlighting the potential for innovation, efficiency, and improvement in everyday life.

Q.6.a) Explain the Differences between IOT and M2M. [7M]

Basis IoT M2M

Abbreviation Internet of Things Machine to Machine
Communicates directly between
Communication IoT sensors automation
machines
The connection is via using various
Connection Point to Point Connection
communication types
Communication Communication technology techniques
HTTP, Ftp, Telnet, etc are used
protocols and traditional protocols are used.
Objects are responsible for decision Observation of some degree of
Intelligence
making intelligence
Hardware and Software based
Technology Hardware-based technology
technology
Devices can be connected through
Data Delivery Depending on Internet protocol
mobile or other networks
Devices do not rely on internet
Internet Connection Active Internet connection is required
connection
Many users can connect at a time over Communicate with a single machine at
Scope
the Internet a time
B2C(Business to Customers) and Only B2B(Business to Business) is
Business Type
B2B(Business to Business) used
Open API support IoT supports open API Integrations M2M does not support open API
Data is shared with applications that Data is shared with the communication
Data Sharing tend to improve the end-user experience parties themselves.

6.b) Explain various Business Model Patterns in the IoT. [8M]

• It consists of a series of activities, which serves a particular result. BP is used when an enterprise has a
number of interrelated processes which serve a particular goal. Which results enable sales, planning &
production.
 • The BP is a representation or process matrix or flowchart of a sequence of activities with interleaving
decision points.
• IOT/M2M enables the devices, data in database for business processes. The data supports the process.
• For ex: streetlight control & processes.
• Each group of streetlights sends data in real time through the gateways. The gateways connect to the
internet. The control & management processes streetlights real time database & group databases.

Business intelligence:

• it is a process which enables a business service to extract new facts & knowledge & then undertake better
decisions.
• The new facts & knowledge follow from the earlier results of data processing, aggregation & then
analyzing those results.
Distributed business process:
• Business processes need to be distributed. Distribution of processes reduces the complexity,
communication costs, enables faster responses & smaller processing load at the central system.
• For ex: distribution of control process for each group of lights at the gateway itself reduces complexity,
communication costs, faster responses & smaller processing load at the central system.
• DBPS(Distributed business process System) is a collection of logically interrelated business processes
in an enterprise network. DBPS means a software system that manages the distributed BPs.
• DBPS exits as cooperation between the BPs in a transparent manner. Transparent means that each user
within the system may access all of the process decisions within all of the processes as if they were a
single business process.
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Q.7 a)Explain about data Management in IOT[8M]

Data management in IoT (Internet of Things) refers to the processes, technologies, and strategies
employed to handle the vast amounts of data generated by connected devices in an efficient,
reliable, and secure manner. With billions of IoT devices continuously collecting data from
sensors, machines, and various other sources, effective data management is essential for
extracting meaningful insights, optimizing operations, and ensuring the overall success of IoT
deployments.

Key aspects of data management in IoT include:

1. Data Collection: IoT devices collect data from sensors, actuators, and other sources in
the physical environment. This data can include information about temperature, humidity,
motion, location, and much more. Data collection methods may involve real-time
streaming, periodic sampling, or event-driven triggers.
2. Data Storage: Once collected, IoT data needs to be stored securely and reliably for
future use. This may involve storing data locally on devices (edge storage) or transmitting
it to centralized servers or cloud platforms for storage. Various storage solutions such as
databases, data lakes, and distributed file systems are used to store IoT data.
3. Data Processing and Analytics: IoT data often requires processing and analysis to
derive actionable insights. This can involve real-time analytics for immediate responses
to events, anomalies, or trends, as well as batch processing for historical analysis,
predictive modeling, or machine learning algorithms.
4. Data Integration and Fusion: IoT data may come from diverse sources and formats,
requiring integration and normalization for unified analysis. Data fusion techniques
combine information from multiple sensors or devices to enhance accuracy,
completeness, and reliability.
5. Data Governance and Security: Data governance policies define rules, standards, and
procedures for managing IoT data throughout its lifecycle. Security measures such as
encryption, access controls, authentication, and audit trails protect IoT data from
unauthorized access, tampering, or disclosure.
6. Data Quality and Metadata Management: Ensuring the quality of IoT data is crucial
for reliable analysis and decision-making. Data quality management involves processes
such as data profiling, cleansing, validation, and enrichment. Metadata management
maintains metadata attributes such as data lineage, provenance, and semantics for data
discovery and understanding.
7. Data Lifecycle Management: Data lifecycle management encompasses processes for
data creation, ingestion, processing, storage, archival, and deletion. Retention policies
define the duration for which IoT data should be retained based on legal, regulatory, and
business requirements.
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8. Monitoring and Optimization: Continuous monitoring of IoT data infrastructure and

services is essential to identify performance bottlenecks, anomalies, or optimization
opportunities. Performance metrics such as throughput, latency, and error rates are
monitored to ensure efficient and reliable data management processes.

Q.7.b) Explain the role of things in IoT. [7M].

Some of the most required capabilities of a secure network are briefly discussed.
• Resilience to attacks: The system should be capable enough to recover itself in case if
it crashes during data transmission. For an example, a server working in a multiuser
environment, it must be intelligent and strong enough to protect itself from intruders or an
eavesdropper. In the case, if it is down it would recover itself withoutintimation the users of
its down status.

• Data Authentication: The data and the associated information must be authenticated. An
authentication mechanism is used to allow data transmission from only authentic devices.

• Access control: Only authorized persons are provided access control. The system
administrator must control access to the users by managing their usernames and passwords and
by defining their access rights so that differentusers can access only relevant portion of the
database or programs.

• Client privacy: The data and information should be in safe hands. Personal data should
only be accessed by authorized person to maintain the client privacy. It means that no
irrelevant authenticated user from the system orany other type of client cannot have access to
the private information of the client.

Q.8 a)Explain the operation of IOT conceptual framework along with

diagram[7M]

The operation of an IoT (Internet of Things) conceptual framework involves the interconnected
components and processes that enable the collection, processing, analysis, and utilization of data
from IoT devices

IoT Conceptual Framework Components:

1. IoT Devices:
o These are physical objects embedded with sensors, actuators, and communication
modules to collect data from the environment and interact with other devices or
systems.
 20

2. Connectivity Layer:
o The connectivity layer comprises communication technologies and protocols that
enable IoT devices to transmit data to other devices, gateways, or cloud platforms.
This includes wireless (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee) and wired (e.g., Ethernet,
LoRaWAN) communication technologies.
3. Gateway Devices:
o Gateway devices act as intermediaries between IoT devices and higher-level
systems such as cloud platforms. They aggregate, preprocess, and transmit data
from multiple devices to reduce latency, conserve bandwidth, and enable local
processing.
4. Cloud Platform:
o Cloud platforms provide scalable computing resources, storage, and services for
processing, analyzing, and storing IoT data. They offer data management,
analytics, and application development tools for building and deploying IoT
applications.
5. Data Processing and Analytics:
o Data processing and analytics engines analyze IoT data to derive actionable
insights, patterns, and trends. This includes real-time analytics for immediate
responses to events, as well as batch processing for historical analysis and
predictive modeling.
6. Applications and Services:
o IoT applications and services utilize the insights generated from data analysis to
drive decision-making, automation, and optimization. This may include
applications for smart homes, healthcare, industrial automation, smart cities,
agriculture, and more.

Operation of IoT Conceptual Framework:

1. Data Collection:
o IoT devices collect data from sensors and actuators in the physical environment.
This data may include environmental parameters, device status, user interactions,
or other relevant information.
2. Data Transmission:
o Collected data is transmitted from IoT devices to gateway devices or directly to
cloud platforms using communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, cellular
networks, or LPWAN. Data is packaged and transmitted securely to ensure
confidentiality and integrity.
3. Data Preprocessing:
o Gateway devices preprocess data locally to filter, aggregate, or normalize it
before transmitting it to the cloud. This reduces the volume of data transmitted
and improves the efficiency of downstream processing.
4. Data Storage and Management:
o Cloud platforms store and manage IoT data in databases, data lakes, or other
storage solutions. Data is organized, indexed, and secured to ensure accessibility,
reliability, and compliance with data regulations.
5. Data Processing and Analysis:
 21

o Data processing and analytics engines analyze IoT data to extract actionable
insights and derive value from it. This may involve real-time analysis for
immediate responses to events, as well as batch processing for historical analysis
and predictive modeling.
6. Application Deployment and Utilization:
o IoT applications and services utilize the insights generated from data analysis to
drive decision-making, automation, and optimization. Applications may include
smart home systems, remote monitoring solutions, predictive maintenance tools,
and more.

Diagram of IoT Conceptual Framework:

+------------------+
| IoT Devices |
+--------+---------+
|
v
+-------------+-------------+
| Connectivity Layer |
+-------------+-------------+
|
v
+-----------+------------+
| Gateway Devices |
+-----------+------------+
|
v
+------------+------------+
| Cloud Platform |
+------------+------------+
|
v
+-----------------+--------------+
| Data Processing and Analytics |
+-----------------+--------------+
|
v
+-------------+-------------+
| Applications and Services |
+---------------------------+

This diagram illustrates the interconnected components of the IoT conceptual framework,
from data collection by IoT devices to data processing and utilization by applications and
services. The framework enables the seamless exchange of data, analysis, and insights,
driving innovation, efficiency, and value creation in IoT deployments.
 22

Q.8.b)List out different Major Components of IOT System and explain.[8M]

In an IoT (Internet of Things) system, several major components work together to enable the
collection, processing, and utilization of data from connected devices. Here are the key
components of an IoT system along with explanations:

1. IoT Devices:
o IoT devices are physical objects embedded with sensors, actuators, and
communication modules to collect data from the environment and interact with
other devices or systems. These devices can range from simple sensors and
actuators to complex machinery and appliances.
2. Connectivity Layer:
o The connectivity layer comprises communication technologies and protocols that
enable IoT devices to transmit data to other devices, gateways, or cloud platforms.
This includes wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, RFID,
cellular networks, as well as wired technologies like Ethernet and LoRaWAN.
3. Gateway Devices:
o Gateway devices act as intermediaries between IoT devices and higher-level
systems such as cloud platforms. They aggregate, preprocess, and transmit data
from multiple devices to reduce latency, conserve bandwidth, and enable local
processing. Gateways may also provide protocol translation, data filtering, and
security features.
4. Cloud Platform:
o Cloud platforms provide scalable computing resources, storage, and services for
processing, analyzing, and storing IoT data. They offer data management,
analytics, and application development tools for building and deploying IoT
applications. Cloud platforms enable centralized data storage, real-time
processing, and global accessibility for IoT deployments.
5. Data Processing and Analytics:
o Data processing and analytics engines analyze IoT data to derive actionable
insights, patterns, and trends. This includes real-time analytics for immediate
responses to events, as well as batch processing for historical analysis and
predictive modeling. Data processing and analytics tools may utilize machine
learning, artificial intelligence, and statistical algorithms to extract value from IoT
data.
6. Applications and Services:
o IoT applications and services utilize the insights generated from data analysis to
drive decision-making, automation, and optimization. Applications may include
smart home systems, industrial automation solutions, remote monitoring
platforms, predictive maintenance tools, healthcare applications, smart city
services, and more. IoT services may also provide APIs, SDKs, and integration
tools for developers to build custom applications on top of the IoT platform.
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Q.9 (a) List the Sources of IOT development board which can be used for
prototype development[8M]

There are several IoT development boards available in the market that can be used for prototype
development. These boards typically come equipped with various sensors, communication
modules, and development tools to facilitate the rapid prototyping of IoT applications. Here are
some popular sources for IoT development boards:

1. Arduino:
o Arduino offers a range of development boards suitable for IoT prototyping,
including the Arduino Uno, Arduino Nano, and Arduino Mega. These boards are
widely used for their simplicity, versatility, and extensive community support.
Arduino boards can be programmed using the Arduino IDE, which features a
user-friendly interface and a large collection of libraries and examples.
2. Raspberry Pi:
o Raspberry Pi is a popular single-board computer that can be used for a wide range
of IoT applications. Models such as the Raspberry Pi 4 and Raspberry Pi Zero W
offer built-in Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPIO pins for connecting sensors and
peripherals. Raspberry Pi supports various operating systems, including Raspbian
(based on Debian), Ubuntu, and Windows 10 IoT Core.
3. ESP8266 and ESP32:
o The ESP8266 and ESP32 are low-cost, low-power microcontrollers developed by
Espressif Systems. These boards are widely used for IoT projects due to their
built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities. The ESP8266 is popular for simple IoT
applications, while the ESP32 offers more advanced features such as dual-core
processing, more GPIO pins, and support for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE).
4. Particle:
o Particle offers a range of development boards and modules designed specifically
for IoT applications. Products such as the Particle Photon, Particle Electron, and
Particle Argon feature built-in Wi-Fi, cellular connectivity, and a cloud-based
development platform. Particle boards are known for their ease of use and
scalability, making them suitable for both hobbyist and industrial projects.
5. Adafruit:
o Adafruit offers a variety of development boards and kits tailored for IoT
prototyping. Boards such as the Adafruit Feather and Adafruit HUZZAH feature
built-in Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and support for a wide range of sensors and peripherals.
Adafruit provides extensive documentation, tutorials, and open-source libraries to
help developers get started with their IoT projects.
6. Seeed Studio:
o Seeed Studio offers a wide selection of IoT development boards, sensors, and
modules for rapid prototyping. Platforms such as the Seeeduino XIAO, Seeeduino
LoRaWAN, and Wio Terminal provide support for various communication
protocols, including Wi-Fi, LoRa, and Bluetooth. Seeed Studio also offers Grove
System, a modular system for connecting sensors and peripherals without
soldering.
7. Mbed:
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o Mbed, developed by Arm, is an IoT platform that provides development boards,

software tools, and cloud services for IoT prototyping and deployment. Mbed
boards such as the NXP LPC1768 and STMicroelectronics STM32 offer built-in
Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth connectivity. Mbed OS, an open-source operating
system for IoT devices, simplifies development and integration with cloud
services.

These are just a few examples of sources for IoT development boards that can be used for
prototype development. Depending on your project requirements, budget, and expertise level,
you may choose one of these platforms or explore other options available in the market.