‫‪Frame and Skeleton Structure‬‬

‫اﻧﺸﺎءات ھﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫‪1. Load bearing walls‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﻂ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫‪2. Mixture of load bearing walls and beams with columns‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮاﺋﻂ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ و اﻋﻤﺪة و ﻛﻤﺮات‬

‫‪3. Frames or skeleton‬‬ ‫ھﯿﺎﻛﻞ او اﻃﺎرات‬

‫‪1. Load Bearing Walls‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﻂ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫‪ The walls fulfilling two functions; load bearing and dividing function.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻮاﺋﻂ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ وﻇﻔﯿﺘﯿﻦ ھﻤﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ اﻻﺣﻤﺎل و ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﻔﺮاغ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﺮات او اﻟﺘﻌﺪﯾﻼت ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ‪ Alterations difficult‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح ‪ Does not allow open space‬‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ‪ Economical‬‬
‫ﺑﺤﻮرھﺎ ‪ Spanning 5 – 6 m‬‬
‫اﻻﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﯿﺘﺔ ﺛﻘﯿﻠﺔ ‪ Dead load high‬‬
‫‪ Made of brick, block, or concrete‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻮب اﻟﻄﯿﻨﻲ او ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﺮ اﻟﺠﯿﺮي او ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ او اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫‪ Brick‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻮب اﻟﻄﯿﻨﻲ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ 5= 4‬ادوار ‪height ≥ 4-5 floors‬‬
‫‪ Mixture of brick and concrete‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻮب اﻟﻄﯿﻨﻲ و اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻦ ‪ 7‬اﻟﻰ ‪ 8‬ادوار ‪7-8 floors‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ او اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 8‬ادوار ‪ Concrete or RC concrete ≥ 8 floors‬‬
Box-frame or cross-wall structure
o Economical ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
o Straight line ‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
o Provide rigidity against
horizontal force (wind &
earthquake)
‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﻭ‬
( ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻻﺯﻝ‬

o Beams and columns at same

position
 2. Mixture of load bearing walls and beams with columns
o Very economical ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬

o Provide rigidity ‫ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ‬

o Possibility for an open span ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬

o Alteration possible ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬

o Enclosing = bearing walls ‫ﻭﻇﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬

o Settlement very small ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻦ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‬

o Height 6-8 stories ‫ ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭ‬8 6 ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ‬

o Not light ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬

 3. Frames and Skeletons
Fulfill bearing walls

o Bearing skeleton

o Enclose walls

o Easy to make changes in plan and building function.

o Can be steel or reinforced concrete.

o The cost of the structure frame of a building is 10-40% total cost

o Reasonable for high rise building.

o Light weight.

o Thinner and lighter walls.

o Smaller columns.
 Cost increase α height increase

Number of columns + wind bracing cost + foundations

Economical building = good investment

Area of building + land cost + number of floors

Uniform plan units = grid

Advantages of grid
U

o Foundations + same load and shape reduce settlement

o Beams and columns sizes are same in every span

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬

o Reduce variation in rod sizes and reuse of formwork.

‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺕ‬
 Grid dimensions
‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬

Floor structure spanned ‫ﺑﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬

Sort of materials ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬
Superimposed load ‫ﺍﻻﺣﻤﺎﻝ‬

Length of multi-story building 10-30 m ‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ‬

Architectural reasons

Width natural light and ventilation

Cheapest frame = closest columns spacing optimal relation 5-6 m

 Frame Structures

Frame Structure

STEEL STRUCTURE RC STRUCTURE

Pre-stressed Concrete Pre-Cast Concrete Cast in Place Concrete

Pre Tension Post-Tension

Factors influence choice between steel and RC concrete frames

Availability of material and labor.

Cost
Speed of erection.
Weather conditions.
Fire resistance.
Height of building.

Reinforcement Concrete Frame

Cast in Place Concrete Frame
All materials in site and mixing

A construction with rigid joints (monolithic )

Continuity in frame elements.

Advantages

Less defection
Uniform in loads
Less dead loads in long spans

Precast Concrete Frame

Precast frames can be partially or wholly precast.

Columns cast in place and beams and slabs precast (continuity, less shuttering).

Columns connections:
1. Overlapping reinforcement bars
 2. Welding of rods
3. Connection plate

Advantages

Mixing, placing and curing can be

controlled
Standard units does not need re fixing
formwork
Site less obstructed
Less time needed for erection

Disadvantages

More difficult to achieve continuity and

rigidity
Necessity of having mechanical
equipment.
Repetitive style.
More expensive (big projects less)

Methods of Fabrication
Precast frames fabricated in many forms:

Individual beams and columns

Frames with unsliced-continuous columns.
Frames consisting of portal frame units.
Frames from precast units
1. Individual Beams and Columns
2. Frames with Unsliced-Continuous Columns

3. Frames Consisting of Portal Frame Units

4. Frames From Precast Units
 MULTI·STOREY sr.,UCTURES

I Starter bars from

head of lower unit

:' VMS angles welded

:' to reinforcement
1li=~~I![I;. 'Site weld
:: 2.

A 4'~ 8

- l I
'-" 1---1

== P
/'
y3
C
- I J
1---1
o
Continuity bor thro'
hole in
column •

Precost frome units

In situ concrete to
beams ond slab

Bars in edge
of trough
units acting as
reinforcement
to secondary
£' Composite construction beams

129 Precast concrete structures

220
 3) Composite Structure .

Non-structural
.: : . concrete topping
~'<'
,.:.
::.
'.:'~
:
. .'. :.. . :..:.. !.
~,
':'.,'
• • '" T,

':" "

'D7~~/u"kln~ formed
of slab

Bonding stirrups A Multi-core wide slab

cast in slab
~
Bonding stirrups
cast in' beam ~-~
"""­
Precast concrete main be,,",'

-:'

Top bars and stirrups to

provide bond with in situ cast
structural concrete tapping

Reinforcement 50 mm precast 'wide plank to farm

prajecting from ,.,,.,,,,"',.,,,, . soffit of composite floor slab

Precast concrete maIn beam Wide rein <"rced plank B

150 Large precast /loor panels

In s/.'I/ c/1ncrcle J()

G form tee-beam
lIonge

..
6 7

Precast
By Acheson & Glover

Bearing Details Bearing

Details
Bearings
Prestressed Floor Units and Precast Elements ie. Stairs, Landings etc. normally require a minimum net bearing of
100mm on Brickwork and 75mm on Steel or Concrete. All bearings should be level and true with no debris. If this
is not possible it is advisable that the Main Contractor, provides a mortar bed, prior to the placement of units.

Weep-holes 1 Bearing on Steel

FINISHES BY MAIN CONTRACTOR
Units are provided with drainage points (weep-holes), where there is a specification for solid ends. These drainage
points should be pierced through on the soffit by the main contractor as necessary to prevent the build up of TOLERANCE
rainwater, and water from site operations, within the floor units cores. In case of very wet screeds, or to satisfy fire NORMAL BEARING
and sound regulations, it may be necessary for the main contractor to close/seal the small holes in the tops of units. t/2 - TOLERANCE

t FLANGE WIDTH
t > 165mm
Grouting
It is important that the longitudinal joints between the Hollowcore floor units are correctly grouted using a 30N/mm2
– 10mm aggregate, concrete mix before any service loading is applied. Joints should be clear of any debris before
grouting can commence.

2 Bearing on Shelf Angle

25mm
Camber REBATED ENDS
Maximum camber on all standard width floor units should not normally exceed L/300 for spans up to 7.0m. For
spans in excess of 7.0m consult the design department. Consideration of finishes is recommended where units of SHELF ANGLE WITH MIN.
MIN. 75mm BEARING MIN. 75mm BEARING
significantly different spans or loading patterns are positioned adjacent to each other as cambers may differ. 150mm SUPPORT LEG
GENERALLY
c/c support beams
CALCULATION OF MAX UNIT LENGTH
= c/c SUPPORT BEAMS - 1/2 MAX FLANGE WIDTH - 25mm TOLERANCE 25mm PROJECTION OF SHELF ANGLE REBATED ENDS
BEYOND TOP FLANGE (MIN.)
NOTE
CHECK SHOULD BE MADE TO ENSURE 75mm MIN.
NET BEARING ON SHELF ANGLE IS ACHIEVED. MIN. 75mm BEARING SHELF ANGLE WITH MIN. MIN. 75mm BEARING
150mm SUPPORT LEG
GENERALLY

3 Narrow Bearing on Steel FINISHES BY MAIN

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE INFILL BY
MAIN CONTRACTOR
CONTRACTOR
TOLERANCE

TIE REINFORCEMENT BY OTHERS NOMINAL BEARING

AT 600 C/C IN JOINTS AND t/2 - TOLERANCE
FACTORY FORMED SLOTS (MIN. 65mm)
PROVIDED IN 1200 WIDE UNITS.
t FLANGE WIDTH
t < 165mm
6 7

Precast
By Acheson & Glover

Bearing Details Bearing

Details
Bearings
Prestressed Floor Units and Precast Elements ie. Stairs, Landings etc. normally require a minimum net bearing of
100mm on Brickwork and 75mm on Steel or Concrete. All bearings should be level and true with no debris. If this
is not possible it is advisable that the Main Contractor, provides a mortar bed, prior to the placement of units.

Weep-holes 1 Bearing on Steel

FINISHES BY MAIN CONTRACTOR
Units are provided with drainage points (weep-holes), where there is a specification for solid ends. These drainage
points should be pierced through on the soffit by the main contractor as necessary to prevent the build up of TOLERANCE
rainwater, and water from site operations, within the floor units cores. In case of very wet screeds, or to satisfy fire NORMAL BEARING
and sound regulations, it may be necessary for the main contractor to close/seal the small holes in the tops of units. t/2 - TOLERANCE

t FLANGE WIDTH
t > 165mm
Grouting
It is important that the longitudinal joints between the Hollowcore floor units are correctly grouted using a 30N/mm2
– 10mm aggregate, concrete mix before any service loading is applied. Joints should be clear of any debris before
grouting can commence.

2 Bearing on Shelf Angle

25mm
Camber REBATED ENDS
Maximum camber on all standard width floor units should not normally exceed L/300 for spans up to 7.0m. For
spans in excess of 7.0m consult the design department. Consideration of finishes is recommended where units of SHELF ANGLE WITH MIN.
MIN. 75mm BEARING MIN. 75mm BEARING
significantly different spans or loading patterns are positioned adjacent to each other as cambers may differ. 150mm SUPPORT LEG
GENERALLY
c/c support beams
CALCULATION OF MAX UNIT LENGTH
= c/c SUPPORT BEAMS - 1/2 MAX FLANGE WIDTH - 25mm TOLERANCE 25mm PROJECTION OF SHELF ANGLE REBATED ENDS
BEYOND TOP FLANGE (MIN.)
NOTE
CHECK SHOULD BE MADE TO ENSURE 75mm MIN.
NET BEARING ON SHELF ANGLE IS ACHIEVED. MIN. 75mm BEARING SHELF ANGLE WITH MIN. MIN. 75mm BEARING
150mm SUPPORT LEG
GENERALLY

3 Narrow Bearing on Steel FINISHES BY MAIN

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE INFILL BY
MAIN CONTRACTOR
CONTRACTOR
TOLERANCE

TIE REINFORCEMENT BY OTHERS NOMINAL BEARING

AT 600 C/C IN JOINTS AND t/2 - TOLERANCE
FACTORY FORMED SLOTS (MIN. 65mm)
PROVIDED IN 1200 WIDE UNITS.
t FLANGE WIDTH
t < 165mm
16 17

Complementary
Products
Complementary
Products

In addition to Prestressed Hollowcore Flooring and Precast Stairs, Acheson Storage System
Acheson & Glover Precast storage units can
& Glover supply a range of Precast Complementary Products. For further be used in a variety of layouts and formats for
62
5m
m
information contact our Head Office. the containment of dry materials. All storage
FRIMEDA LIFTING
ANCHORS
units are ‘profiled’ both on top and bottom to mm
00
25
allow them to effectively interlock and are
also provided with alternative lifting points
Ground Beams which allow for repeated positioning by
Acheson & Glover Precast ground beams can significantly improve the construction programme by reducing the either forklift or crane. They can also provide
impact of poor or difficult ground conditions and providing a suspended foundation for the structure. Due to pre- an effective physical barrier that can be used 800mm
fabrication and subsequent speed of installation, precast ground beams allow for efficient programming and to protect ‘zoned’ areas of open space for car LIFTING SLOTS
superstructure construction. Ground beams can either be manufactured to the customers design profile or by our parking, security etc. The standard length FOR FORKLIFT
own in–house design team. unit weighs 3 tonne however the length of WEIGHT : 3 TONNE
unit can be varied on request.

Terrace Units
LOCATION STUD AND GROUT AS
Acheson & Glover Precast concrete REQUIRED BY MAIN CONTRACTOR
terrace units provide the complete 150/200mm
1100mm
structural platform for either fixed DOWNSTAND AS
REQUIRED TO
seating or standing areas. A variety of MASTIC SEALANT AS SUIT DESIGN OF
profiles and spans up to 9 metres are REQUIRED TERRACE UNITS
100MM 500mm

available for use in sports, concert and SLOPE PROFILE

conference venues. These prefabricated
100mm

terrace units provide a speedy and BEARING CLEAT

STEEL RAKER
immediate platform that can greatly BEAM BY MAIN
CONTRACTOR
Balconies
assist follow-on trades and enhance the NEOPRENE OR PLASTIC Acheson & Glover can facilitate a wide range of shapes and
general construction programme. SHIMS/PACKERS profiles for precast balconies, using either customer or in-
house design, for use in private or public housing and
commercial developments. Manufactured to a type ‘A’, as
from mould finish, as described in BS8110, these quality
concrete balconies offer both variety and an immediate
precast solution thus reducing in-situ works and time on-site.

technical
Assistance
at every
Our professional engineering and
technical staff will provide design
stage assistance at any stage of a project.
14 15

Precast
By Acheson & Glover

Alternative
Bearing Details
Alternative
Bearing Details
INSITU CONCRETE BY
MAIN CONTRACTOR
PROJECTING STEEL
1 Brick Work 2 Insitu Landing
6 Section Through Staircase

FINISHES BY MAIN CONTRACTOR FINISHES BY MAIN CONTRACTOR

PRECAST LANDING UNIT PRECAST LANDING UNIT

TEMPORARY 2 WAY BRACED

PROPPING BY MAIN CONTRACTOR

PRECAST LANDING UNIT

EFFECTIVE SPAN OF STAIRFLIGHT
PLAN
VARIES FINISHES BY MAIN CONTRACTOR

GOING HOLLOWCORE UNIT

MILD STEEL ANGLE FIXED

RISE TO STAIRFLIGHT
AS SPECIFIED
3 Steel Lintel / Beam 4 Attached Landing WAIST FINISHES BY MAIN CONTRACTOR
FINISHES BY MAIN CONTRACTOR PRECAST LANDING UNIT
FINISHES BY MAIN CONTRACTOR
PRECAST LANDING UNIT
MIN. 10MM CONSTRUCTION GAP
FILLED BY MAIN CONTRACTOR
MILD STEEL ANGLE THREAD AFTER ERECTION
FIXED TO STAIRS
END SUPPORT =
100mm BRICKWORK
TO LANDING 75mm STEEL OR CONCRETE 50MM DIA HOLES,
TO RECEIVE DOWEL
BARS BY MAIN CONTRACTOR

FINISHED FLOOR LEVEL

FINISHED FLOOR LEVEL

GROUND SLAB ALTERNATIVE BASE DETAIL

5 Metal Deck
MILD STEEL ANGLE FIXED TO STAIRS

experts in
METAL DECK
Precast
design
 METHODS OF FABRICATION

Foot of column
Lgrautedin
-,.
.,.-: Heavily
I loaded
: column
I
I
'--- .......... .-"","'*"'"
'~'---'
L.f.I'fJfJ
---...",from high grade 1:Jr~~Cc.'sl ,i.CI"u,mn
A Column bases to lower grade foundation concrete

{/pper section Steel plate

bears on welded 10
lower upper bars

Bars ,,,'PI''U7PI7 Column levelled

to lake pair of and plumbed by
nuts adjusling nuts

B Column joints (space concreted solid after bars /love been fixed)

Tie bars cost

in column

o E

In situ concrele to
G form tee-beam Rebaled beam
flange ends to toke
continuity bars
------Hollow beam and concr.ete
floor filling

Precast beam
F
_L.,.r'r,~C(7S' perimeter

J H
128 Precast concrete structures

217

\
 METHODS OF FABRICATION

Foot of column
~L"grouted in
-.,.
........ : Heavily
I loaded

,
I
: column

1..." .......... _,""""

'~/ood
L..
'~~"'--from high grode prl~ca'sl,i..cj"u,mn
A Column bases 10 lower grade foundation concrele screws

Upper section Steel plale

bears on welded to
lower upper bars

Bars lIu·",,.,,rf,,,,'f-' Column levelled

10 toke pair of and plumbed by
nuts ad/usting nuts

B Column joinls (space concreted solid after bars /Jove been fixed)

Tie bars cost

in column

o £

In situ concrele 10
G form lee-beam
flange Rebaled beam
ends 10 toke
continuily bars
'---"Hollow beam and concr.ele
floor filling

Precast beom
F
_.L...-l"'r.9Cl1S1 perimeter

J H
128 Precast concrete structures

217
t
~.. s:~
\ .'
METHODS OF FABRICATION

Upper section Steel plate

bears on welded to
lower upper bars

Bars l/'u-"n,riPI'f"" Column levelled

to toke pair of and plumbed by
nuts adjusting nuts~

B Column joints (space concreted solid after bars /love been fixed)

Tie bars cast

in column

o £

In silu concrete to
G form tee- beam
flange Rebated beam
ends to toke
conti'nuity bars
---'Ho/low beam and concr.ete
floor filling

Precast beam
F

_.l...-l"'r,9C£1sr perimeter

J H
128 Precast concrete structures

217
Pre-stressed Concrete
Pre stressed is the process of importing of a structural member a compressive stress in those zones
which under working loads would normally be subject to tensile stresses.

Creating compressive stress on tensile stresses zones and concrete at all times under
compression.

The pressure of the hands on a row books sets up a compressive stress which overcomes the
tensile stress which the weight of the books would set up and which would cause the books
to part from each other.

Methods of Pre-stressed
1. Pre-tensioning
2. Post-tensioning

1. Pre-tensioning
In this system, high-tensile steel wires are tensioned before the concrete is cast round them,
and then when the concrete has attained sufficient strength, the wires are released and, in
seeking to regain their original length but being bonded to the concrete; induce in the concrete
the required compressive force.
 Reducing in depth/span ratios

Beams 1:20

Slabs 1:40

Concrete compression strength

300-600 kp/cm2

Steel tensile strength 11t /cm2

Saving up to 50% dead loads in concrete

1/10 to 1/5 in steel

Spans 6 m RC cheaper than pre stressed

Spans 6-9 m RC and pre stressed = price

Spans > 9 m pre stressed economic

Pre tensioning can be applied to individual members formed and stressed in their own mould,
the most usual method is that known as the long line system in which the wires are stretched
within continuous moulds between anchorages 120 m or more apart.

Pre-tensioning requirements
1. Small diameter wires are used so that the greatest
surface area is obtained to increase the bond.
 2. Wires have high ultimate tensile strength
3. Usual diameters lie between 2-5 mm
4. Carful control of the concrete mix and vibration are
used to produce high quality concrete.

2. Post-tensioning
High tensile wire tensioned after concrete cast.

Post tensioning requirements

High tensile cable or bar is used

The Steel is subsequently grouted under pressure

through holes at the end of the unit to protect it from
rust and to improve bond as an additional safeguard.

Advantages:

Produces sections carries all loads without any cracks.

Reduction in material and dead load

Small sections for long spans

Small sections easy to carry

Smaller deflections

Disadvantages:
Higher unit cost of high strength materials

Cost of pre stressed equipment

Labor cost of pre stressing

 ‫ﺿ ﻐﻂ‬

‫ﺳ ﺒﻖ اﻻﺟﻬﺎد ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﻜﻤ ﺮة‬ ‫ﺿ ﻐﻂ‬

‫ﺿ ﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻤ ﺮة‬ ‫ﺚ اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺳ ﺒﻖ اﻻﺟﻬﺎد ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼ ﻒ اﻟﺜﻠ‬

‫ﺷﺪ‬

‫ﺿ ﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻤ ﺮة‬ ‫ﺚ اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺳ ﺒﻖ اﻻﺟﻬﺎد ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺜﻠ‬

‫اﻻﺣﻤ ﺎل‬

‫ﺿ ﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺿ ﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺿ ﻐﻂ‬

‫ﺿ ﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬

‫اﺟﻬﺎد اﻻﻧﺘﻨ ﺎء‬

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