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Chapter - 15 Probability - 2

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13 views3 pages

Chapter - 15 Probability - 2

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j2yk7f68kd
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MATHS PROBABILITY

Probability
1. Probability is a quantitative measure of uncertainty.

2. In the experimental approach to probability, we find the probability of the occurrence of an event by
actually performing the experiment a number of times and adequate recording of the happening of
event.

3. In the theoretical approach to probability, we try to predict what will happen without actually
performing the experiment.

4. The experimental probability of an event approaches to its theoretical probability if the number of trials
of an experiment is very large.

5. An outcome is a result of a single trial of an experiment.

6. The word 'experiment' means an operation which can produce some well defined outcome(s).

There are two types of experiments:

i. Deterministic experiments: Experiments which are repeated under identical conditions produce
the same results or outcomes are called deterministic experiments.

ii. Random or Probabilistic experiment: If an experiment, when repeated under identical conditions,
do not produce the same outcome every time but the outcome in a trial is one of the several possible
outcomes, then it is known as a random or probabilistic experiment.

In this chapter, the term experiment will stand for random experiment.

7. The collection of all possible outcomes is called the sample space.

8. An outcome of a random experiment is called an elementary event.

9. An event associated to a random experiment is a compound event if it is obtained by combining two


or more elementary events associated to the random experiment.

10. An event A associated to a random experiment is said to occur if any one of the elementary events
associated to the event A is an outcome.

11. An elementary event is said to be favorable to a compound event A, if it satisfies the definition of the
compound event A. In other words, an elementary event E is favorable to a compound event A, if we
say that the event A occurs when E is an outcome of a trial.

12. In an experiment, if two or more events have equal chances to occur or have equal probabilities, then
they are called equally likely events.

13. The theoretical probability (also called classical probability) of an event E, written as P (E), is
defined as

Number of outcomes favourable to E


Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment

14. For two events A and B of an experiment:

If P(A) > P(B) then event A is more likely to occur than event B.

If P(A) = P(B) then events A and B are equally likely to occur.


MATHS PROBABILITY

15. An event is said to be sure event if it always occur whenever the experiment is performed. The
probability of sure event is always one. In case of sure event elements are same as the sample
space.

16. An event is said to be impossible event if it never occur whenever the experiment is performed. The
probability of an impossible event is always zero. Also, the number of favorable outcome is zero for
an impossible event.

17. Probability of an event lies between 0 and 1, both inclusive, i.e., 0  P (A)  1

18. If E is an event in a random experiment then the event ‘not E’ (denoted by E ) is called the
complementary event corresponding to E.

19. The sum of the probabilities of all elementary events of an experiment is 1.

20. For an event E, P(E)  1 P(E) , where the event E representing ‘not E” is the complement of event E.

21. Suits of Playing Card


A pack of playing cards consist of 52 cards which are divided into 4 suits of 13 cards each. Each suit
consists of one ace, one king, one queen, one jack and 9 other cards numbered from 2 to 10. Four
suits are named as spades, hearts, diamonds and clubs.

22. Face Cards


King, queen and jack are face cards.

23. The formula for finding the geometric probability of an event is given by:

Measure of the specified part of the region


P(E) 
Measure of the whole region

Here, 'measure' may denote length, area or volume of the region or space.

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