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10 views15 pages

Physics Investigatory Project PDF

Uploaded by

pradhanaditya850
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KIIT INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

2024-25

SUBMITTED BY: Amrutanshu Dash

SUBMITTED TO: Bikash Ranjan Mohapatra


I Amrutanshu Dash of Class 12th KIIT International School,
Bhubaneswar (ODISHA) Would Like to express my Sincere
Gratitude to our Respected Principal Mr. Sanjay Kumar Suar
for Encouragement and help from Time to Time during my Tenure as
a Student of Class 12th.

I also express my Sincere Gratitude towards My Physics Teacher


Dr.Bikash Ranjan Mohapatra for helping me in completing the Project
by useful Ideas and Guidelines. I thank him for encouraging me
throughout and helping in all possible ways.
I would also like to express my hearty gratitude to the lab
assistant Mr. Bijaya Kumar Rout for their support in completion of
the project.

I also thank my parents and friends for their vital support and
also for Encouragement and Motivation given to me for the
completion of the project.

Amrutanshu Dash
This is to certify that Amrutanshu Dash of class 12th has Worked on the
Physics Project entitled “To investigate the relation between the ratio
of (i) Input and output voltage, (ii)Number of turnings in the secondary
coil and primary coil of a self made transformer”. He has put on his
sincere efforts to collect the reading materials and has devoted
sufficient periods of Practical laboratory work to complete this project.
This project may be considered as Practical fulfilment of All India
Senior School Certificate Exam (AISSCE) 2024-2025 conducted by
CBSE.

Teachers’ signature Principal’s Signature

External Examiner’s Signature


To investigate the relation between the ratio of –

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a


self made transformer

****
 Aim
 Introduction
 Types Of Transformers
 Theory And Mathematical Derivations
 Simple Circuit Diagram
 Circuit Diagrams Of Step-up and Step-Down Transformers
 Apparatus Required to make our Own Transformer
 Uses of Transformers
 Bibliography

****
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing


the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are
built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement
and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it
weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.

****
A transformer which increases the
voltages.

A transformer which decreases


the A.C. voltages.
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current
in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In
a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and
the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
secondary coils of the transformer and

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this


instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)
and

Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)


Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the


primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,


then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given
by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio.

****
In a step-down transformer, There are many turns on the secondary
winding than in the primary winding in the step-up transformers.
Thus, the voltage supplied in the secondary transformer is greater
than the one supplied across the primary winding. Because of the
principle of conservation of energy, the transformer converts low
voltage, high-current to high voltage- low current. In other words, the
voltage has been stepped up.
You can find step-up transformers located near power plants
that are designed to operate megawatts of power. Apart from the
power plants, step-up transformers can also be used for local
and smaller applications such as x-ray machine which requires
about 50,000 Volts to work. Even a micro-wave oven requires a small
step-up transformer to operate.
In a step-down transformer is one who secondary windings are fewer
than the primary windings. In other words, the transformer’s
secondary voltage is less than the primary voltage. So, the transformer
is designed to convert high-voltage, low-current power into a low-
voltage, high current power and it is mainly used in domestic
consumption.
A common case of step-down application is in the case of door
bells. Normally, door bells use 16 volts, but most household power
circuits carry 110-120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s step-down
transformer receives the 110 Volts required in most domestic
equipment.
 Iron Rod
 Copper Wire
 Hot Wire Ammeter
 Hot Wire Voltmeter

 Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

 Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound


relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer.
Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and

current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
 Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through
s1and s2.
 Now connect s1and s2 to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc.

 A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large


current.

 A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays


and NEON advertisement.

 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized


power supplies.

 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long


distances:

 Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud


speakers and electric bells etc.
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 Physics NCERT
 Pradeep’s Physics

****

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