SUBMITTED BY: Vishesh Srivastava

SUBMITTED TO: Mr. Aditya Srivastava

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I S.Aswinraj of Class 12th Section A, G.B.Public school, Melmaruvathur, Would

Like to express my Sincere Gratitude to our Respected Principal
Mrs.D.VIJAYAMEENASKSHI for Encouragement and help from Time to Time
during my Tenure as a Student of Class 12th Section A.
I also express my Sincere Gratitude towards My Physics Teacher Mr.
K.BOOPATHY for helping me in completing the Project by useful Ideas and
Guidelines. I thank him for encouraging me throughout and helping in all
possible ways. I also thank my parents and friends for their vital support and also
for Encouragement and Motivation given to me for the completion of the project.

Date of Submission:
CERTIFICATE:
This is to certify that S.Aswinraj of class 12th Section A has Worked on
the Physics Project entitled “To investigate the relation between the ratio
of (i) Input and output voltage, (ii)Number of turnings in the secondary
coil and primary coil of a self made transformer”. He has put on his
sincere efforts to collect the reading materials and has devoted sufficient
periods of Practical laboratory work to complete this project. This
project may be considered as Practical fulfilment of All India Senior
School Certificate Exam (AISSCE) 2024-25 conducted by CBSE.

Teachers’ signature Principal’s Signature

External Examiner’s Signature

AIM:
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer

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INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Types Of Transformers
3. Theory And Mathematical Derivations
4. Simple Circuit Diagram
5. Circuit Diagrams Of Step-up and Step-Down Transformers
6. Apparatus Required to make our Own Transformer
7. Uses of Transformers
8. Bibliography

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INTRODUCTION
A transformer is a device used to convert a low alternating voltage to a high
alternating voltage, or vice versa. It operates based on the principle of mutual
induction, which states that when the magnetic flux linked with a coil changes,
an electromotive force (e.m.f.) is induced in a neighboring coil.

Transformers are widely used in electrical systems to change AC voltages. They

are found in both low- and high-current circuits, and come in a wide range of
sizes.

In electronic, measurement, and control circuits, transformers can be very small,

weighing only a few tens of grams, while in high-voltage power systems, they
can weigh hundreds of tons.

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THEORY AND MATHEMATICAL DERIVATIONS

When an alternating e.m.f. is applied to the primary coil P1P2, an alternating

current begins to flow through it. This changing current in the primary coil
creates a varying magnetic flux, which induces an alternating voltage in both the
primary and the secondary coils. In a well-designed transformer, all the magnetic
flux linked with the primary coil is also linked with the secondary coil. As a
result, the induced e.m.f. in each turn of the secondary coil is equal to that in each
turn of the primary coil. Therefore, if Ep , Es represent the instantaneous e.m.f.
values induced in the primary and secondary coils, respectively, and Np,Ns
denote the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils of the transformer,
then...

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1) and

Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is

due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of

the applied and back

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,

then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio.

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SIMPLE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Circuit Diagrams Of Step-up and Step-Down
Transformers :

WORKING OF STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

A step-up transformer is designed to increase the voltage from the
primary to the secondary coil.

When an alternating current (AC) flows through the primary coil, it

generates a changing magnetic flux around the coil. This changing
flux induces an electromotive force (e.m.f.) in the secondary coil due
to the principle of mutual induction. In a step-up transformer, the
secondary coil has more turns than the primary coil. According to the
transformer equation, VsVp=NsNp where VsVs and VpVp are the
voltages in the secondary and primary coils, and NsN_s and NpN_p
are the number of turns in the secondary and primary coils,
respectively. As a result, the voltage in the secondary coil is higher
than in the primary, while the current in the secondary decreases
proportionally.
 WORKING OF STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER:
A step-down transformer is designed to decrease the voltage from the
primary coil to the secondary coil.

It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When an

alternating current (AC) flows through the primary coil, it generates a
fluctuating magnetic field, which induces an electromotive force
(e.m.f.) in the secondary coil.

In a step-down transformer, the secondary coil has fewer turns than

the primary coil. According to the transformer equation, VsVp=NsNp
where VsVs and VpVp are the voltages in the secondary and primary
coils, and NsNs and NpN_p are the number of turns in the secondary
and primary coils, respectively. As the secondary coil has fewer turns,
the voltage decreases, while the current increases proportionally,
maintaining the power balance. Step-down transformers are used in
power distribution systems and many household appliances.
APPARATUS REQUIRED TO MAKE OUR OWN
TRANSFORMER

1. Iron Rod
2. Copper Wire
3. Hot Wire Ammeter
4. Hot Wire Voltmeter

PROCEDURE

1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number
of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary
coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using
A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.

5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current
through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of
turns in primary and secondary coil.
Uses of Transformers:
 Voltage Conversion: Step-up transformers increase
voltage, while step-down transformers decrease voltage,
essential for efficient power distribution.
 Power Transmission: Used in electrical grids to step
up voltage for long-distance transmission and step down
voltage for local distribution.
 Electrical Isolation: Provide electrical isolation
between different parts of a circuit, enhancing safety.
 In Electrical Appliances: Used in devices like
televisions, radios, and computers for voltage regulation
and power supply conversion.
 In Charging Devices: Power adapters and chargers use
transformers to convert AC voltage to the required DC
voltage for devices like mobile phones.
 In Audio Systems: Used in amplifiers to adjust audio
signal voltages and impedances.
 In Welding Machines: Transformers adjust voltage and
current for welding applications.
 In Medical Equipment: Used in X-ray machines and
MRI scanners to step up or step down voltage for safe
operation.
 In High-Frequency Circuits: Transformers are used
for impedance matching in radio-frequency (RF)
applications.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.org
• Physics NCERT
• Chat gpt

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