2.

5HydrostaticForceonSurfaces
• A static mass of fluid comes in contact with a surface exerts force on the
surface in a direction normal to the surface. This force is known as total
pressure force.
• The point of application of total pressure force–center of pressure.
• The fluid may be in contact with:
• Plane surface

 Horizontal plane surface

 Vertical plane surface

 Inclined plane surface

• Curved surface
• Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces:
Or design purposes, it is essential to calculate the magnitude, direction and location of total
forces on surfaces submerged in a liquid.
A) Horizontal Plane Surfaces
The surface is at a depth h below the free surface of the liquid.
Since every point on the surface is at the same depth, the pressure is
Constant over the entire plane surface .i.e.P=h
Therefore,
Acting at the centroid of the surface F=  A h
B) Force on a vertical plane surface:
Here, since the depth of liquid varies from point to point on the
surface, the pressure is not constant over the entire surface. Therefore, the
total pressure force on the entire surface is:
dF=pdA=hbdh
A
F=dF=  hdA
A A
where hdA Is the first moment of the area about 0-0  hdA=Ah F=  Ah
 CH 4
Kinematics: - deals only with the geometry of motion i.e. space & time relationships of
fluids only without regard to the forces causing the motion.

Stream lines: - It is an imaginary curve drawn through a flowing fluid in such a way that
the tangent to it at any point gives the direction of the velocity of flow at those points.

Stream tube: - is a tube imagined to be formed by a group of streamlines passing

through a small closed curve.

Path line: - A path line is a line traced out by a given single fluid particle as it moves from one
point to another over a period of time. * In steady flow path lines & streamlines are identical.

Streak lines: - A streak line consists of all particles in flows that have previously passed
through a common point.

Flow Net
Flow net is a graphical representation of streamlines and equipotential lines for a potential flow.
Flow nets are drawn to indicate flow patterns in case of 2D flow, or even 3D flow.
The flow net consists of
 A system of streamlines so spaced that the rate of flow q is the same between each
successive pair of lines, and
 Another system of lines normal to the streamlines and so spaced that the distance
between the normal lines equals the distance between adjacent streamlines.
Streamlines and equipotential lines are drawn between the flow boundaries with the
requirements that they form small squares.
Classification according to type of fluid
Ideal fluid flow – the fluid is assumed to have no viscosity. The velocity distribution is
thus assumed uniform ---- (idealized)

Real fluid flow: viscosity is taken in to consideration, which leads to the development of
shear stress b/n moving layers.

Compressible fluid flow: - if variation of pressure results in considerable changes in

volume & density. Gases are generally treated as compressible.
 Incompatible fluid flow - if extremely large variation in pressure is required to affect
very small changes in volume. Liquids are generally treated as incompressible.

Classification according to variation of velocity, displacement and etc…

Steady flow:- A flow is said to be steady if at any point in the flowing fluid characteristic
such as velocity, pressure, density etc… don’t change with time.

Unsteady flow:- a flow is said to be unsteady if at any point in the flowing fluid the
flowing fluid characteristics( which describes the behavior of fluids in motion) changes with
time.

Uniform flow:- this occurs when the velocity both in magnitude & direction remains
constant with respect to distance .

Non- uniform flow:- if there is a change in velocity either in magnitude or direction with
respect to distance.

Laminar flow: - in laminar flow the particles of fluid move in orderly manners & the
steam lines retain the same relative position in successive cross section.

Turbulent flow: - Here the fluid particles flow in a disorder manner occupying different
relative positions in successive cross section

DIMENSION OF FLOW
A Fluid flow said to be one, two or three-dimensional flow depending up on the number
of independent space coordinate & required to describe the flow.

When the velocity components transverse to the main flow direction is neglected and
only average conditions of flow are considered at a section then the flow is said to be one-
dimensional

A flow condition where the velocity vector is a function of two coordinates is known as
two-dimensional. Flow past a wide flat plate or over a long weir can be considered two-
dimensional
Rotational and Irrotational Flows
Fluid motion in which the fluid particles do not rotate about their own axes is known
as irrotational flow.
 Fluid motion in which the fluid particles rotate about their own axes is known as
rotational flow.

Stream function (𝚿) and velocity potential (𝚽)

Stream function (𝚿)
Stream function is a mathematical expression that describes a flow field. The definition
is based on the continuity principle.

velocity potential (𝚽)

 Analogous to the principle that electric current flows in the direction of decreasing
voltage and that the rate of flow of current is proportional to the difference in
voltage potential between two points, the velocity of flow of a fluid in a particular
direction would depend on certain potential difference called velocity potential.

 The velocity potential, denoted by 𝚽 (phi), decreases in the direction of flow

 Hence, any function which satisfies the Laplace Equation is a case of steady,
incompressible, irrational flow and such a flow is known as potential flow

CH 5
FLUID DYNAMICS
Hydro statics
 Forces (pressure forces) which are acting on an object for a liquid at rest
Hydro Kinematics
 Fluid flow phenomena related with space time variation (velocity and acceleration)
without considering the effect of force

FORCES INFLUENCING FLUID MOTION

Gravity force (Fg)
Pressure force (Fp)
Viscous force (Fv)
Surface tension (Fs)
Force due to compressibility (Fe)
Force due to turbulence (Ft)
 In most of the problems of the fluids in motion the surface tension forces and the
compressibility forces are not significant
Reynold’s equations of motion

For laminar or viscous flows the turbulent forces also become less significant and hence
these may be neglected.
Navier - Stokes’ equations of motion

If the viscous forces are also of little significance in the problems of fluid flows, then
these forces may also be neglected.
Euler’s equations of motion

Gravity force: The gravity force per unit volume is expressed as: Fg= g
Pressure force: To determine the magnitude of the pressure force per unit volume,

The integration of Euler's Equation along a streamline results in an important equation in

fluid mechanics known as Bernoulli's Equation.

Bernoulli's Equation states that in a steady flow of an ideal fluid, the sum of velocity
head, pressure head and potential head along a stream line is constant.
Or
Bernoulli's Equation can also be stated as: The total energy per unit weight for a steady
flow of an ideal fluid remains constant along a stream line.