MACHINE DESIGN & SHOP PRACTICE ❖ CRITICAL SPEED

576𝐸𝐼𝑔
➢ STRESSES SHAFT STRESSES *English units 𝜔𝐶𝑅 = √
𝑊𝐿3
𝐹
❖ SIMPLE STRESS 𝑆= ❖ TORSION ❖ EQUAL TORSIONAL STRENGTH
𝐴
𝑆𝐿 𝐹𝐿
(SOLID) 𝑠𝑠 =
16𝑇 𝐷𝑂 4 − 𝐷𝑖 4
❖ DEFLECTION 𝛿= = 𝜋𝐷3 = 𝐷𝑆 3
𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐷0
16𝑇𝐷𝑂
❖ THERMAL STRESS 𝑆𝑡ℎ = 𝛼𝐸𝛥𝑇 (HOLLOW) 𝑠𝑠 = ❖ HALF WEIGHT
𝜋(𝐷𝑂 4 −𝐷𝑖 4 )
❖ THERMAL DEFLECTION δ𝑡ℎ = 𝛼𝐿𝛥𝑇 𝐷𝑆 2 = 2(𝐷𝑂 2 − 𝐷𝑖 2 )
❖ EQUAL TORSIONAL STRENGTH, HALF WEIGHT
❖ BENDING
OF HOLLOW TO SOLID SHAFT
32𝑀
➢ SHAFTING (SOLID) 𝑠𝑏 = 1 + √2
𝜋𝐷3 𝐷𝑜 = 𝐷𝑆
2
POWER TRANSMISSION 32𝑀𝐷𝑂 ❖ WEIGHT SAVED
(HOLLOW) 𝑠𝑏 = 4
𝜋(𝐷𝑂 −𝐷𝑖 ) 4
𝐷𝑜 2 − 𝐷𝑖 2
*kW, KN-m, rev/s 𝑃 = 2𝜋𝑇𝑁 %𝑊 = 1 −
❖ TORSION + BENDING 𝐷𝑆 2
➢ KEYS
𝑇𝑁 16√𝑀2 + 𝑇 2
*hp, lbf-in, rpm 𝑃= 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = ❖ SHEAR STRESS 𝑆𝑠 =
𝐹
=
𝐹
=
2𝑇
63025
𝜋𝐷3 𝐴 𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿𝐷
𝐹 𝐹 4𝑇
16(𝑀 + √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2 ) ❖ COMP. STRESS 𝑆𝑐 = =ℎ =
POWER (EMPIRICAL) 𝐴 𝐿 ℎ𝐿𝐷
𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 2
𝜋𝐷3 ➢ SPLINES
𝑁𝐷3
k = 80 (MAIN) 𝑃= 𝑇𝐿
❖ SHEAR 𝑆𝑠 =
𝐹
=
𝐹
=
2𝑇
𝑘 ❖ ANGULAR DEFLECTION 𝜃= 𝐴𝑛𝑠 𝑊𝐿𝑛𝑠 𝑊𝐿𝑑𝑛𝑠
= 53.5 (LINE) 𝐽𝐺
𝐹 𝐹 4𝑇
= 38 (SHORT) 𝜋 ❖ COMP. 𝑆𝑐 = =ℎ =
(SOLID) 𝐽= 𝐷4 𝐴𝑛𝑠 𝐿𝑛𝑠 ℎ𝐿(𝐷+𝑑)𝑛𝑠
32 2
4
𝐷 ❖ TORQUE CAPACITY PER SPLINE
*hp, ft, rpm 𝑃=( ) 𝑁 𝜋
4.6 (HOLLOW) 𝐽= (𝐷𝑂 4 − 𝐷𝑖 4 )
32 𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡
𝑇1 = × 1.1
2𝜏𝐿 2𝜏𝐿 𝑛𝑠
SHAFT SIZING 𝐷= OR 𝜃=
𝐺𝜃 𝐷𝐺
2
𝐿
*D (inches) (WITHOUT bending) 𝐷3 =
8.95
2
𝐿
*L (feet) (WITH bending) 𝐷 3 = 5.2
➢ COUPLING 𝐵 ❖ LENGTH OF WIRE 𝐿 = 𝜋𝐷𝑚 𝑛𝑐
𝑆𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐴 + 2
❖ SHEARING OF BOLTS 𝑑𝑜 ❖ FREE LENGTH 𝐹𝐿 = 𝑆𝐿 + 𝛿𝑆𝑂𝐿𝐼𝐷
8𝑇 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑆𝑠 = 𝐹𝐿 = 𝑂𝐿 + 𝛿
2
𝜋𝐷𝑏 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝑛𝑏 𝐵
−𝐴 + 𝑑 2 = 𝑃𝑖 eqn (1)
❖ COMPRESSION BETWEEN BOLTS & FLANGE 𝑖
SPRING FACTORS
𝐵
2𝑇 −𝐴 + 𝑑 2 = 𝑃𝑜 eqn (2) 4𝑐−1 0.615
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑜
❖ WAHL FACTOR 𝑘𝑤 = +
𝐷𝑏 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝑛𝑏 𝑡 4𝑐−4 𝑐
❖ RADIAL STRESS 4𝑐+2
➢ PRESSURE VESSELS ❖ BERGSTRASSER 𝑘𝑏 =
4𝑐−3
𝑃𝑖 𝑟𝑖 2 − 𝑃𝑜 𝑟𝑜 2 (𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑜 )(𝑟𝑖 2 𝑟𝑜 2 ) 1 1
𝑆𝑟 = − × 2 ❖ SHEAR STRESS 𝑘𝑠 = 1 +
THIN-WALLED CYLINDRICAL VESSEL 𝑟0 2 − 𝑟𝑖 2 𝑟0 2 − 𝑟𝑖 2 𝑟 2𝑐
𝑘𝑤
𝑃𝐷 SAFE WALL THICKNESS ❖ CORRECTION 𝑘𝑐 =
❖ TANGENTIAL 𝑆ℎ = 𝑘𝑠
2𝑡
CIRCUMFERENTIAL 𝑑 𝑆 +𝑃 SPRING STRESS & DEFLECTION
HOOP BRITTLE MATERIALS 𝑡 = [√ 𝑡 𝑖 − 1]
2 𝑆 −𝑃 𝑡 𝑖
𝑃𝐷 8𝐹𝐷𝑚
❖ LONGITUDINAL 𝑆𝑎 = (CAST IRON) 𝑆𝑠 = × 𝑘𝑤
4𝑡 𝜋𝑑𝑤 3
AXIAL
𝑑 𝑆 8𝐹𝐷𝑚 3 𝑛𝑐
DUCTILE MATERIALS 𝑡 = [√ 𝑡 − 1] 𝛿=
THIN-WALLED SPHERICAL VESSEL 2 𝑆 −2𝑃 𝑡 𝑖 𝐺𝑑𝑤 4
(CARBON STEEL,
𝑃𝐷 LEAF SPRING STRESS & DEFLECTION
𝑆= NICKEL ALLOY)
4𝑡
❖ STRESSES
THICK-WALLED ➢ SPRINGS
6𝐹𝐿
Type Actual n SL FL *ALL FULL LENGTH 𝑆𝑠 =
𝑃𝑖 𝑟𝑖 2 −𝑃𝑜 𝑟𝑜 2 𝑛𝑏𝑡 2
❖ AXIAL STRESS 𝑆𝑎 = Ground n nd np *WITH GRADUATED LEAFS
𝑟0 2 −𝑟𝑖 2
❖ TANGENTIAL STRESS Plain n (n+1)d np+d
12𝐹𝐿 18𝐹𝐿
Squared & n+2 (n+2)d np+2d 𝑆𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑆𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 =
Ground (2𝑛𝑔 +3𝑛𝑓 )𝑏𝑡 2 (2𝑛𝑔 +3𝑛𝑓 )𝑏𝑡 2
𝑃𝑖 𝑟𝑖 2 − 𝑃𝑜 𝑟𝑜 2 (𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑜 )(𝑟𝑖 2 𝑟𝑜 2 ) 1
𝑆𝑡 = + × 2 Squared n+2 (n+3)d np+3d
𝑟0 2 − 𝑟𝑖 2 𝑟0 2 − 𝑟𝑖 2 𝑟 ❖ DEFLECTIONS
OR 𝑆𝐿2 6𝐹𝐿3
𝐷𝑜 −𝑑𝑤 𝐷𝑚 *ALL FULL LENGTH 𝛿= =
𝐵 ❖ SPRING INDEX 𝑐= = 𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑏𝑡 3
𝑆𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 = 𝐴 + 𝑑 2 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤
𝑖
 12𝐹𝐿3 ❖ BURSTING SPEED 𝑉 = √𝑘𝑆𝑡 BELT LENGTH
*WITH GRADUATED LEAFS 𝛿=
𝐸(2𝑛𝑔 +3𝑛𝑓 )𝑏𝑡 3 where k = 10.5 (CAST IRON) ❖ OPEN
= 9.5 (STEEL)
SPRING IMPACT LOAD (𝐷2 − 𝐷1 )2
➢ PUNCHING 𝐿=
𝜋(𝐷1 + 𝐷2 )
+ 2𝐶 +
𝐹
𝑊(ℎ + 𝛿) = ( ) 𝛿 1 1
2 4𝐶
2 ENERGY NEEDED 𝐸 = 2 𝐹𝑡 = 2 𝑆𝑢 𝐴𝑡
❖ CROSSED
1 1
➢ FLYWHEELS ❖ SQUARE 𝐸 = 𝑆𝑢 (𝜋𝑑𝑡)𝑡 = 𝑆𝑢 𝜋𝑑𝑡 2
2 2
𝜋(𝐷1 + 𝐷2 ) (𝐷2 + 𝐷1 )2
❖ COEFF. OF FLUCTUATION 1 1 𝐿= + 2𝐶 +
❖ CIRCULAR 𝐸 = 2 𝑆𝑢 (4𝑠𝑡)𝑡 = 2 𝑆𝑢 4𝑠𝑡 2 2 4𝐶
𝑉2 −𝑉1 𝑁2 −𝑁1 𝜔2 −𝜔1 ANGLE OF CONTACT
= = POWER NEEDED 𝑃 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐸
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑁𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝜔𝑎𝑣𝑒
❖ OPEN
𝑟 PUNCHING FORCE (tons)
❖ RADIUS OF GYRATION 𝑘= 𝜃 = 180 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (
𝐷2 −𝐷1
) (BIG)
√2 2𝐶
❖ MOMENT OF INERTIA ❖ CIRCULAR 𝐹 = 𝑑 × 𝑡 × 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑃𝐸𝑅𝐼𝑀𝐸𝑇𝐸𝑅 𝐷2 −𝐷1
1 ❖ SQUARE 𝐹= × 𝑡 × 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 180 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) (SMALL)
3 2𝐶
𝐼𝑐 = 𝑚𝑘 2 = 𝑚𝑟 2
2 factor = 80 (STEEL) ❖ CROSSED
❖ CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
= 65 (BRASS) 𝐷2 + 𝐷1
2 2 𝜃 = 180 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
𝑊𝑉 𝑚𝑉 2𝐶
𝐹𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 = = ➢ BELTS
𝑔𝑟 𝑟 NET FORCE
❖ SURFACE VELOCITY 𝑉 = 𝜋𝐷𝑁
❖ KINETIC ENERGY ❖ POWER 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑉 = (𝐹1 − 𝐹2 )𝑉 2)
𝑒 𝑓𝜃 − 1
1 1 ❖ CENTRIFUGAL FORCE 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑏𝑡(𝑆 − 𝜌𝑉
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚(𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2 ) = 𝑚(𝜋𝐷)2 (𝑁2 2 − 𝑁1 2 ) 𝑒 𝑓𝜃
2 2 𝑊𝑉 2
𝐹𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 = BENDING STRESS
❖ TORQUE 𝑔𝑟
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
1 𝐸( )
❖ BELT TENSION RATIO 𝑆𝑏 = 2
𝑇 = 𝐼𝑐 𝛼 = 𝑚𝑟 2 𝛼 𝐷𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦
2 𝐹1 −𝐹𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝐹1
𝜌𝑉 2 = 𝑒 𝑓𝜃 OR = 𝑒 𝑓𝜃
𝐹2 𝐹2 −𝐹𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙
❖ HOOP STRESS 𝑆=
𝑔
❖ DESIGN POWER
𝑃𝑑 = 𝑃 × 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
➢ CHAINS & SPROCKETS ❖ Heat dissipated 𝐻 = 𝑓 × 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑓𝐹𝑅 𝑉 *VALLANCE 𝑆𝑤 = 𝐶𝐴𝑟 0.418
❖ CHAIN LENGTH SPOT BRAKE 𝑆𝑦
*FAIRES 𝑆𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠 0.5
6
𝑇1 +𝑇2 (𝑇2 −𝑇1 )2
𝐿𝑝 = + 2𝐶𝑝 + ❖ Braking torque capacity 𝑇 = 2𝑓𝐹𝑅
2 40𝐶𝑝 ❖ APPLIED LOAD
𝑇 = 2𝑓𝑃𝐴𝑅 = 2𝑓𝑃(𝜋𝑟 2 )𝑅
where 𝐿𝑝 =
𝐿
, 𝐶𝑝 =
𝐶 *VALLANCE 𝐹𝑎 = 𝐶𝐴𝑟 1.418
𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
➢ CLUTCH 𝑆𝑦
❖ PITCH DIAMETER *FAIRES 𝐹𝑒 = 𝐴𝑠 1.5
PLATE/DISK CLUTCH 6

𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ C = 10,000 (BRONZE)

𝐷=
180 ❖ TORQUE 𝑇 = 𝑛𝑓𝐹𝑎 𝑟𝑓 = 5,000 (CARBON STEEL)
sin ( 𝑇 )
*UNIFORM PRESSURE = 1,500 (ALLOY STEEL)
➢ BRAKES 1 𝑑𝑜 3 − 𝑑𝑖 3 2 𝑟𝑜 3 − 𝑟𝑜 3
❖ WORKING STRENGTH
𝑟𝑓 = ( 2 ) = ( )
BAND BRAKE 3 𝑑𝑜 − 𝑑𝑖 2 3 𝑟𝑜 2 − 𝑟𝑜 2 𝑊𝑠 = 𝑆[0.55𝑑2 − 0.25𝑑]

❖ TENSION RATIO
𝐹1
= 𝑒 𝑓𝜃 *UNIFORM WEAR ➢ POWER SCREWS
𝐹2 1 1
𝑑𝑜 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑟𝑜 + 𝑟𝑖 ❖ THREADS PER INCH (TPI) 𝑇𝑃𝐼 = 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ = 𝑝
❖ TORQUE 𝑇 = (𝐹1 − 𝐹2 )𝑅 𝑟𝑓 = =
𝐹1 4 2 ❖ LEAD 𝐿 = 𝑛 × 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ = 𝑛𝑝
❖ MAXIMUM PRESSURE 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑤𝑟 ❖ AXIAL FORCE n=1 (SINGLE)
𝐹1
❖ MAXIMUM STRESS 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋 2 2 =2 (DOUBLE)
𝑤𝑡 𝐹 = 𝑃 × 𝐴 = 𝑃 × (𝑑𝑜 − 𝑑𝑖 ) = 𝑃 × 𝜋(𝑟𝑜 2 − 𝑟𝑖 2 )
𝑎 4 =3 (TRIPLE)
❖ ACTUATING FORCE 𝐹𝑎 = ( ) 𝐹2
𝐿
❖ LINEAR VELOCITY 𝑉 = 𝐿𝑁
DIFFERENTIAL BRAKE CONE CLUTCH ❖ LEAD ANGLE
𝐿
𝛼 = tan−1 (𝜋𝐷 )
𝑚
𝐹2 (𝑎)−𝐹1 (𝑏)
❖ ACTUATING FROCE 𝐹𝑎,𝑐𝑤 = ❖ TORQUE 𝑇 = 𝑓𝐹𝑁 𝑟𝑓 SCREW TORQUE
𝐿
❖ AXIAL FORCE
BLOCK BRAKE 𝐷𝑚 𝐿 + 𝜋𝑓𝐷𝑚 𝐷𝑚
𝐹𝑎 𝐹𝑎 𝑇𝑆 = 𝑊 ( )[ ] = 𝑊 ( ) tan(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝐹𝑁 = = 2 𝜋𝐷𝑚 − 𝑓𝐿 2
❖ BRAKING TORQUE 𝑇 = 𝑓𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)
𝐿 𝑓
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑤𝑟) 𝛼 = tan−1 (𝜋𝐷 ) 𝛽 = tan−1 (cos 𝜃)
*For 𝜃 ≥ 60° 𝑇=
2
(𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ➢ THREADED MEMBERS 𝑚

❖ STRESSES θ = 0° (SQUARE)
BRAKE SHOE = 14.5° (ACME)
COLLAR TORQUE ❖ NORMAL DIAMETRAL PITCH 𝑃𝐷𝑁 =
𝑃𝐷
cos 𝜑
𝐷𝑚 𝑟𝑜 +𝑟𝑖 𝐷𝑀 −
𝑝
2
❖ DEDENDUM ❖ NORMAL CIRCULAR PITCH 𝑃𝐶𝑁 = 𝑃𝐶 cos 𝜑
𝑇𝐶 = 𝑓𝐶 𝑊 ( ) = 𝑓𝐶 𝑊 ( ) = 𝑓𝐶 𝑊 ( ) 𝑃𝐶𝑁 𝑃𝐷
2 2 2 1.157
*for pressure angle 𝜙 = 14.5° & 22.5° 𝑑= cos 𝜑 = =
𝑃𝐷 𝑃𝐶 𝑃𝐷𝑁
TOTAL TORQUE 𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑇𝑆 + 𝑇𝐶 𝜋 𝑃𝐶
1.25 ❖ AXIAL PITCH 𝑃𝑎 = =
EFFICIENCY *for pressure angle 𝜙 = 20° & 25° 𝑑= 𝑃𝐷 tan 𝜑 tan 𝜑
𝑃𝐷 ❖ LEAD 𝐿 = 𝑛𝑃𝑎
𝐷𝑚
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑉 tan 𝛼 ❖ CLEARANCE 𝑐 =𝑑−𝑎
𝑒= = = 2
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 2𝜋𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑁 𝐷𝑚 𝐷 ❖ OUTSIDE DIAMETER 𝐷𝑂 = 𝐷 + 2𝑎
tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) + 𝑓𝑐 ( 𝑚,𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 )
2 2
❖ ROOT DIAMETER 𝐷𝑟 = 𝐷 − 2𝑑 WORM GEARS
POWER PER SCREW ❖ WHOLE DEPTH 𝑊 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 𝑊𝑟 + 𝑐 ❖ LEAD 𝐿 = 𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 × 𝑃𝑎
❖ WORKING DEPTH 𝑊𝑟 = 2𝑎 = 𝑊 − 𝑐 𝐿
𝑃𝑛 =
𝐷𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑁𝑑2.30 0.03 0.04 ❖ LEAD ANGLE 𝜆 = tan−1 ( )
50 ❖ BACKLASH 𝐵= 𝑡𝑜 𝜋𝐷𝑤
𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑 𝐷
❖ TOOTH SPACE 𝑆 = 𝑇𝑡ℎ + 𝐵 ❖ TORQUE 𝑇 = 𝐹𝑡,𝑤 ( 𝑤 )
➢ GEARS 2
❖ BASE CIRCLE DIAMETER 𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷 cos ∅
SPUR GEARS ❖ CENTER DISTANCE ❖ SEPARATING FORCE
sin ∅𝑛
𝜋𝐷 *for external contact 𝐹𝑆 = 𝐹𝑡,𝑔 [ ]
❖ CIRCULAR PITCH 𝑃𝐶 = cos ∅𝑛 cos 𝜆 − 𝑓 sin 𝜆
𝑇 𝐷1 + 𝐷2 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 (𝑇1 + 𝑇2 )𝑃𝑐 (𝑇1 + 𝑇2 )𝑀
𝑇 𝐶= = = = ❖ TANGENTIAL FORCE ON GEAR
❖ DIAMETRAL PITCH 𝑃𝐷 = 2 2𝑃𝑑 2𝜋 2
cos ∅𝑛 cos 𝜆−𝑓 sin 𝜆
𝐷
1 𝐹𝑡,𝑔 = 𝐹𝑡,𝑤 [ ]
❖ MODULE 𝑀= 𝐷1 −𝐷2 cos ∅𝑛 sin 𝜆+𝑓 cos 𝜆
𝑃𝐷 *for internal contact 𝐶=
2 OR
1 cos ∅𝑛 cos 𝜆 − 𝑓 sin 𝜆
HELICAL GEARS 𝐹𝑡,𝑔 = 𝐹𝑆 [ ]
𝑃𝐷 × 𝑃𝐶 = × 𝑃𝐶 = 𝜋 sin ∅𝑛
𝑀
𝜑 = ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
∅ = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 BEVEL GEARS
❖ TOOTH THICKNESS ❖ NORMAL PRESSURE ANGLE ❖ CONE PITCH ANGLE
1.5708 𝑃𝑐 𝑃𝑐 − 𝐵 tan ∅𝑛 = tan ∅ cos 𝜑
𝑇𝑡ℎ = = = 𝐷𝑝 𝑇𝑝
𝑃𝐷 2 2 ❖ RADIAL FORCE 𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑁 sin ∅ 𝛾𝑝 = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( )
1 𝐷𝑔 𝑇𝑔
𝐹𝑅
❖ ADDENDUM 𝑎= ❖ TANGENTIAL FORCE 𝐹𝑇 =
𝑃𝐷 tan ∅
❖ AXIAL FORCE 𝐹𝑎 = 𝐹𝑇 tan 𝜑
 𝐷𝑔 𝑇𝑔 NOTCH SENSITIVITY FACTOR *for A ≤ 50 ft2
2
𝐴2 +
200
𝐴
𝛾𝑔 = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( ) 3 3
𝐷𝑝 𝑇𝑝
1 1 *for A > 50 ft2 0.0467𝐴2 + 125𝐴 − 1367
𝑁𝑆𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 1 + 𝑎
➢ WIRE ROPES 1+ 𝑟
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 NUMBER OF ELEVATORS
Rope Wire diameter # 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒
6x7 0.106Dr VELOCITY RATIO OF GEARS # 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 = 220
6x19 0.063Dr 2𝜋 × 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 × 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 2𝜋𝑅𝑇 MINIMUM HEAD CAPACITY ELEVATOR
𝑉𝑅 = =
6x37 0.045Dr 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑝 𝐴 (𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)
2𝐷 2𝑇 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 =
9.3
𝐸𝑑𝑤
𝑉𝑅 = =
❖ BENDING STRESS 𝑆𝑏 = 𝐷−𝑑 𝑇−𝑡
𝐷𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒
EFFICIENCY OF SCREW MOHR’S CIRCLE
❖ BENDING LOAD
𝑆𝑦 − 𝑆𝑥 2
𝐸𝑑𝑤 𝐸𝑑𝑤 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟 =( 2
) + 𝑆𝑠 2
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐴 = 0.38𝐷𝑟 2 𝑒= 2
𝐷𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐷𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑉𝑅 × 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS THEORY
❖ ROPE WEIGHT 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 𝑠𝑌
*d (inches), h (feet) 𝑊𝑟 = 1.58𝐷𝑟 2 ℎ 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑊𝐿 =
𝑒= = 2 2
2𝜋(𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) 2𝜋𝑇 FREQUENCY & PERIOD
❖ ACCELERATION DUE TO ROPE WEIGHT
SPINNING w/out SPILLAGE 𝑘
𝑊𝑎𝑟 = 𝑊𝑟 (𝑔)
𝑎 ❖ NATURAL FREQUENCY 𝜔=√
𝜔2𝑟 2
𝑚
❖ ACCELERATION DUE TO LOAD ℎ= 𝑎 = 𝜔2 𝑟 𝑚
2𝑔
𝑎 ❖ PERIOD 𝑡 = 2𝜋√ 𝑘
𝑊𝑎𝐿 = 𝑊𝐿 ( ) h = height of paraboloid formed by fluid when
𝑔 1
❖ TOTAL TENSION spinned ❖ FREQUENCY 𝑓=
𝑡
𝑎 SET OVER TAILSTOCK
𝐹𝑇 = (𝑊𝑟 + 𝑊𝐿 ) (1 + ) BANKING
𝑔 𝐿𝑗𝑜𝑏 (𝐷2 −𝐷1 )
❖ FACTOR OF SAFETY 𝑉2 2𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟
❖ ROAD ANGLE tan 𝛼 =
𝐹𝑢 − 𝐹𝑏 𝑔𝑟 DEGREES OF FREEDOM
𝐹𝑆 = 𝑉2
𝐹𝑇 ❖ ACCELERATION 𝑎= 3(𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 − 1) − 2(𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠) − 𝑘
➢ MACHINE SHOP 𝑟
𝑉2
INVOLUTE & SEVOLUTE ANGLE
❖ SATELLITE ORBIT 𝑎= ❖ INVOLUTE ANGLE
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝐿 𝑅
𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = = 𝜑 = tan−1 (𝛼) − 𝛼
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 × 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑓 × 𝑁 ELEVATOR LOAD CAPACITY
❖ SEVOLUTE ANGLE
(𝜑)−1
➢ ADDITIONAL FORMULAS
GEAR HELIX ANGLE
𝐷𝑔 𝑇𝑝
tan 𝜆 = ( )( )
𝐷𝑝 𝑇𝑔
COLUMNS
𝐸𝐼𝜋2
❖ CRITICAL LOAD 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = (𝑘𝐿)2
𝜋
where 𝐼 = 𝑑4
64
k=1 (HINGED/PINNED)
= 0.7 (ROUNDED & FIXED)
= 0.65 (BOTH ENDS ARE BUILT-IN)
= 0.5 (BOTH ENDS ARE FIXED)
=2 (FIXED & FREE)
❖ SLENDERNESS RATIO
𝐿𝑒 𝐼
𝑆= , where 𝐾=√
𝐾 𝐴
PIN DIAMETER
√𝑇
𝑃𝐷 = 1.13
𝑆×𝐷
TRUE STRAIN AT FAILURE
𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
%𝑅𝐴 = 1 − 𝑒 𝜀𝑓 = 1 −
𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
BAND SAW BENDING STRESS
𝐸𝑡
𝑆𝑏 =
𝐷
POISSION’S RATIO
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑣=−
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

𝐸 = 2(1 + 𝑣)𝐺

WEIGHT OF FOUNDATION
𝑊𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 × 𝑒 × √𝑅𝑃𝑀