CHAPTER

03
Electric Current

➢ It arises due to the continuous flow of electric charge.

In metallic conductors this is the flow of free electrons.
In electrolytes and gases ions constitutes the electric current.
In semi-conductor, both positive and negative charges, which are called holes and electrons
respectively constitutes electric current.
“Strength of the electric current flowing through a conductor is defined as the rate of flow of
electric charge through cross section of conductor”.

• Types of Current
➢ Direct or steady current: If charge q cross any section of conductor in time t the electric
q
current is given by I=
t
I

t (time)
Direct current
dq
➢ Varying current: If the rate of flow of charge varies with time, then current is given by I =
dt
➢ Transient current: This current flows for very short interval of time.
➢ Example: Current flowing in the circuit when capacitor is charged or discharged is called
transient current.
➢ Alternating Current: The current whose magnitude and direction is changing continuously at
regular intervals of time.
• Graphical representation of different types of current:

Transient
Steady or d.c
I
Varying
Current
A.C
Time
Example-1: In hydrogen atom, electron moves 6.6 1015 rev / sec around the nucleus in an orbit of
−10
radius 0.5 10 m . What is the equivalent current?
Solution: Current I = charge ×frequency
= 1.6 10−19  6.6 1015
= 10.56 10−4 = 1.056 10−3 amp

Thermal velocity

➢ The free electrons in a conductor are filled just like gas molecules and moves randomly in all
direction with velocity (105 to 106 m / sec) in absence of electric field.
Note: Average thermal velocity is zero.
Drift velocity

➢ It is defined as the average velocity with which free electrons in a conductor get drifted in a
direction opposite to the direction of applied electric field.
 
Electron in a conductor experience force, which is given by F = −eE
The average velocity of free electrons is called drift velocity which is given as
eE eV  V
vd = =  E = 
m ml  l
where  is the time between two successive collisions known as average relaxation time.

  eE 
In vector form, vd = −  
m
Note: (i) Order of relaxation time is 10−14 sec .
(ii) Order of drift velocity of electrons in a conductor is from 10−4 to 10−5 m/ s .
(iii)As temperature increases the average relaxation time and average drift velocity both
decreases.

• Relation between Current and drift velocity:

A E
vd

vd t

V
 Consider a cylindrical conductor of cross-section area A in which an electric field E exist. Let
a length vd t of the conductor. The volume of this position is Av d t . If there are n free
electrons per unit volume of the wire. The number of free electrons in this portion is
= nAv d t
thus, charge crossing this area in time t is
Q = neAvd t
Q
or, current I= = neAv d
t
I
and current density J = = nevd
A
Note:
(i) Randomly moving free electrons inside the metal collides with lattice and follow a zig - zag
path.
(ii) In presence of electric-field path of electrons, on the average becomes curved (parabolic)
instead of straight-line path.

Current Density

➢ Current is a scalar quantity but current density is a vector quantity.

To define current density at a point P, we draw a small area  A through point P perpendicular
I
to the flow of charges. If  I be current through area  A , the average current density J =
A
the current density at point P
I dI
J = lim =
A→0 A dA
If a current I is uniformly distributed over an area A and is perpendicular to it, then

Q P
A cos 
 J
A
Q
I =
t A n̂

I
J=
A
Now, let us consider an area A , which is not necessarily perpendicular to the current, then
current density
I
J=
A cos 

or I = J A cos 
 
or I = J . A (in vector form)
For a finite area
→ →
I =  J . ds

• Unit of current:
(i) S. I. Unit – Ampere
(ii) C G S unit (in e s u) – Stat Amp
(iii) CGS unit (in emu) – Ab ampere
1
Note: [ 1 Amp =   emu of current]
 10 
Example-2: If potential difference across a given conductor is kept constant then what is change
in drift velocity when the area of cross-section changes by 10%?
Solution: Current is related to drift velocity as,
I = neAvd
l
and V = IR = R ne Av d = ne Av d = l n evd
A
So, the drift velocity does not change.

OHM’S LAW

“It states that current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference applied across it, if all physical conditions remain constant”.
R
E

I V I=
1
V or V = IR
R
Therefore, the graph between potential difference and current is a straight line.
I


V
Note:
1
(1) Resistance of conductor R= , if angle  is taken from the axis of potential
tan 
difference.
(2) If conductor is bent at one or more places, then its resistance remains unchanged.
• Electrical Conductance: “G”. It is defined as reciprocal of resistance.
Its unit is mho or ohm−1 .
Dimensional formulae of ‘G’ = [M −1L−2T 3 A2 ] .
Example-3: What is ratio of resistance of a given conductor at temperature T1 and T2 with help
of following graph?

T2

I T1

30
30

1 1 R tan 60 3
Solution: R1 = and R2 = . Therefore 1 = =
tan 30 tan 60 R2 tan 30 1

• Specific resistance: The resistance of a conductor of unit length and unit cross-section area is
defined as specific resistance.
Resistance of a given conductor is
(1) directly proportional to its length R  l
(2) inversely proportional to area of cross-section R A
from both equation (1) and (2)
l l
R or R=
A A
where,  is called specific resistance
Unit of  is ohm. metre in S.I. system.
Resistivity of conductor depends on nature of metal and its temperature.
1
• Electrical conductivity: It is defined as reciprocal of resistivity  =

Unit of  is ohm−1 m−1 or mho m−1
[] = [M −1L−3T 3 A2 ]
• Stretching of wire: Resistance of a wire of length l1 and area of A 1
 l1
R1 = … (i)
A1
and on stretching the new resistance
l
R2 = 2 …. (ii)
A2
on stretching, volume remains constant then, A1l1 = A2l2
From (i) and (ii)
2 2 4
R2  l2  A1  l  A  r 
=    or  2  or  1  or  1 
R1  l1  A2   l1   A2   r2 
Note:
(1) Resistance of a wire
l2
R , where m = mass of the wire and l = length of the wire
m
(2) Relation between current density, electrical conductivity and electric field J = E .

Example-4: What is the electrical conductivity of a material of length 3m, area of cross-section
0.01mm 2 having a resistance of 4 ?
l
Solution: As R = , and electrical conductivity
A
l
= , we have

l 3
= = = 7.5  107 ohm −1 m −1
RA 4  0.01 10 −6

Example-5: A given wire is stretched to reduce its diameter to half its original value. What will
be its new resistance?
Solution: Let l1 = Original length
d1 = Original diameter
l2 = New length
d 2 = New diameter
Step- 1: After stretching the wire, volume (or density) of the wire remains the same
2
d12 d 2 d 
i.e., A1l1 = A2l2 or, l1 = 2 l2 or, l2 =  1  l1
4 4  d2 
d1
Since, d 2 =
2
New length, l2 = 4l1
Step- 2: We know
l 4l
R= =
A d 2
4l1 4l 
 R1 = and R2 = 2 2
d1 2
d 2

 R2 = l2 d12 = 4l1d 2 2 4 = 16
2 2

R1 l1d 2 l1  d1
New resistance, R2 = 16 R1
Hence, the new resistance of the wire will be 16 times of the original resistance.
 Effect of temperature on Resistivity

• Conductor: Conductivity decreases and resistivity increase with increase in temperature

for small temperature variations. We can write for most of the materials.
(T ) = (T0 )[1 + (T − T0 )]
Note: R(T ) = R(T0 )[1 + (T − T0 )]
R(T ) − R(T0 )
=
R0 (T − To )
R2 − R1
Also,  = , where R1 , R2 are resistances at temperature T1 and T2 respectively.
R1 (T2 − T1 )

• Semiconductor and Insulator: Number of free electrons per unit volume increases
exponentially with the rise in temperature according to the relation.
n = n0 e − E g / kT
Since, electrical conductivity is directly proportional to number density of electrons, so
 = 0e − Eg / kT
Hence, electrical conductivity will also increase exponentially.
Note:
(i) At high temperature semi-conductor behaves as conductor R = R0 (1 + T ) and  is
negative for semiconductor and insulator.
(ii) Conductivity of electrolytes and liquids will increase with the rise in temperature.

Example-6: A copper coil has a resistance of 20.0  at 0°C and a resistance of 26.4 at 80°C.
Find out the temperature coefficient of resistance of copper.
Solution: R80C = R0C [1 +  T ]
26.4 = 20.0 [1 + (80 − 0)]
26.4 − 20
=
20  80
6.4
or  = = 4  10 −3 (C ) −1
20  80

Superconductivity

➢ As the temperature of certain metals and alloys decreases, their resistance also decreases. When
the temperature reaches a certain critical value (called transition temperature or critical
temperature). The resistance of material completely disappears. The material behaves like a
super conductor and this phenomenon is called superconductivity.
The critical temperature for mercury is 4.2 K .

The reason for superconductivity is the coherent flow of electrons without any collisions within
the ions.
 Resistivity

Resistivity
Temp TE Temp
Normal metal Super conductor
• Applications
(i) In making strong electro-magnet
(ii) In producing very high-speed computers
(iii) High energy transmission

Thermistors

➢ It is a heat sensitive device whose resistivity changes rapidly with the change of temperature. It
is temperature coefficients is very high and negative. It is made of semi-conductor.
• Uses:
(i) Used as non-linear resistances in various automatic applications.
(ii) Used as a safeguard of picture tube of T.V.

Grouping of Resistances

• Series combination: The electric current in all parts is same but potential difference set up in the
ratio of the resistance. If R 1 and R 2 are connected in series with a source of potential
difference V, then potential difference V1 and V2 across two resistors of resistance R 1 and R 2
respectively, be given as
V1 R1
= …. (i)
V2 R2
and V = V1 + V2 … (ii)
From eqn. (i) and (ii), we get
VR1 VR2
V1 = , V2 =
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Equivalent resistance, R = R1 + R2
If G1 , G2 are conductance, then equivalent conductance is given by
1 1 1
= +
G G1 G2
• Parallel Combination:
In parallel combination the potential difference across all resistors remains same and current
distribution is inverse ratio of resistances.
If two resistors of resistance R 1 and R 2 are connected in parallel, then current I1 , I 2 through
R 1 and R 2 respectively then,
 I1 R1

I2 R2

I V

Current supplied by cell I = I1 + I 2 …(i)

I1 R2
= ...(ii)
I 2 R1
From eqn. (i) and (ii), we get
IR2 IR1
I1 = , I2 =
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
In parallel combination, the equivalent resistance is less than the lowest resistance in the
combination.
1 1 1
❑ Effective resistance, = +
R R1 R2
❑ Effective conductance, G = G1 + G2
Example-7: Find the current I drawn from the cell
B

2 4
5
8
C
4
A D
4
E F
2
I
2V
Solution: Ratio of resistances in arm AB and BD is equal to ratio of resistances in arm AC and CD,
therefore resistance between B and C is neglected and hence resistance between AD is 4 (excluding
resistance 4 between A and D.
4

4
2
I
2V
The equivalent resistance of the circuit is 1 , so current drawn from the cell is 2 amp.
Example-8: In the circuit shown what is the effective resistance between B and C?
A

3
3
6 6

Q 6 M

B C
3
Solution: As resistances AB & PQ, AC & PM and QM & BC are in parallel, therefore, the
equivalent circuit diagram becomes as
A

2
2

C
B
2

4
The equivalent resistance between B and C is .
3

EMF of Cell

• EMF is the amount of work-done by the cell in circulating a unit positive charge throughout the
circuit including cell.
• It is also the potential difference across electrodes of a cell when no current is drawn from the cell.
• S.I unit of emf is Joule/coulomb, called volt.
• EMF of a cell depends only upon the material of the electrode of the cell and electrolytes and it is
constant for a given type of a cell.
• EMF is taken positive if current flows from -VE to + VE terminal inside the cell for such case cell
is in discharging process. Otherwise, emf is taken –VE.

• Terminal potential difference:

It is defined as potential difference between the terminals in a closed circuit.
Terminal potential difference is less than emf of the cell when the cell is getting discharge.
I E

V = E − Ir
Terminal potential difference is greater than the emf of the cell when the cell is getting charged,
I E

V = E + Ir
Terminal potential difference is equal to emf of the cell when no current flows out of the cell.
E

V =E
• Internal resistance of the cell
• The opposition of electrolyte to the flow of current through it is called internal resistance of the
cell.
• The internal resistance of a cell depends upon
• (i) Material of the electrode
• (ii) Separation between electrodes (r  d )
 1 
• (iii) Temperature of electrolytes  r  
 temp 
 1
• (iv) Area of electrodes  r  
 A

Combination of cells

(i) Series Combination:

In this combination negative terminal of each cell is connected with positive terminal of the next
cell and so on.
cells

I E E E E

Let, n = no. of cell

r = internal resistance of each cell
R = external resistance
nE = total emf of the combination
nr + R = total resistance of the circuit
So, current from combination of cells,
nE
I=
nr + R
 (ii) Parallel combination:
E

E
A E B

n cells
I
E

R
Let us assume all the cells have same emf then current from combination of cells
E nE
I= =
r
+R r + nR
n
(iii) Mixed combination:
Let there be ‘n’ rows of m cells in each row
Total resistance in each row = mr
mr
Total resistance of the circuit = +R
n
Total emf of the combination = ME
mnE
Net current, I =
mr + nR
Note: When mr = nR , then current drawn from the cell is maximum.

Example-9: Find the minimum number of cells required to produce an electric current of 1.5 A
through a resistance of 30 ohm. Given that the a.m.f of each cell is 1.5 volt and internal resistance
of each cell is 1.0 ohm.
Solution: Let (m n) be the minimum number of cells arranged in m rows and each row contains
n cells.
mnE
Step-1: We know, Current in the mixed grouping of cells is I =
mR + nr
Here, I = 1.5 A, E = 1.5 V
R = 30 , r = 1.0 
mn  1.5
 1.5 =
30m + n  1
or 45m + 1.5n = 1.5 mn ... (i)
Step-2: To have maximum current
nr n
R= or 30 =
m m
or n = 30 m ... (ii)
By solving eqn. (i) and (ii), we get n = 30  2 = 60
Step 3: Minimum number of cells required = mn = 2  60 = 120
 Kirchhoff’s rules of electricity

➢ To analyse a complex D.C circuit’s Gustav Kirchhoff’s gave two laws

• Junction rule or Current law

“The algebraic sum of current meeting at a junction in an electrical circuit is zero”.

i2

i1
i3

i6 i4
i5
i1 − i2 + i3 − i4 + i5 − i6 = 0
Current is taken with positive sign if it is reaching the junction and negative when it is
leaving the junction.
Current law is based on principle of conservation of charge.

• Loop rule or Potential law

“Algebraic sum of the product of currents and resistances of different parts of the loop is
always equal to the algebraic sum of different emf’s acting in that loop”.
I1 E1 r1

1
I2 E2 r2

I1 + I 2 2
R

Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to loop 1 and 2, we get

I1r1 − I 2 r2 = E1 − E2 … (i)
I 2 r2 + ( I1 + I 2 ) R = E2 …(ii)
• Sign convention:
(i) If we traverse in direction of current in a loop then product I.R is taken positive
otherwise negative
(ii) If we traverse from negative to positive terminal of cell then emf is taken positive
otherwise negative.
(iii)Loop rule is based on principle of conservation of energy.
Example-10: Find the terminal potential difference in the given circuit.
B
A C
10V 6 2V 2

8
E D

Solution: Using loop rule in mesh ACDEA

I  6 + I  2 + I  8 = 10 − 2
16I = 8, So, I = 1
2
Terminal potential difference of 10 V cell
V = E − Ir = 10 −
1
 6 = 7 volt
2
Terminal potential difference of 2V cell
V = E + Ir =2+
1
2 = 3 volt
2
Example-11: Find the current in the resistances in the given circuit
6V 6V 6V

1 2 4

6V 6V 6V

Solution: When loop rule is applied to any mesh, the net emf comes out to be zero. This
means current in the given resistance is zero. It is an accurate device for measuring emf of a
cell or potential difference between two points of an electric circuit.

Potentiometer

Principle:
The fall of potential across any portion of the wire is directly proportional to the length
of that portion provided the wire is of uniform cross-section and a constant current is flowing
through it.
V mA

l J

E G
If current flowing through potentiometer wire a, b is ' I ' , then using ohm’s law
l
V = IR = I = Kl
A
where K = I , which is called potential gradient along the length of the wire.
A
i.e., V l
• If there is no deflection in galvanometer G, then potential drop across portion aJ is
balanced by emf of cell (E).
Thus E = K l
• Sensitivity of potentiometer wire is increased by taking number of wires in
potentiometer or by decreasing potential gradient along length of potentiometer wires.

APPLICATION OF POTENTIOMETER:
1. Comparison of emf’s of two cells using potentiometer
k
E
A
Rh

J J'
A
B
E1 S1
G
S2
E2
Let E1 and E2 be the emf’s of two cells which are to be compared.
Close the switches and move Jockey J to different points on wire and let for l1 of
potentiometer, there is no deflection in galvanometer (G). So
E1 = K l1

Now close switch S 2 and repeat the process for zero deflection in galvanometer and let
E1 l1
balancing length is l 2 , then E2 = K l2 So, =
E2 l 2
Note: emf of driver cell should be greater than emf of cells E1 and E2 , otherwise null
point cannot be obtained.
2. Determination of internal resistance of a cell using potentiometer
k1
V

Rh
l1
J J'

l2
E G

S k2

Close Key K1 , but key K 2 must be open. Find point on the wire at which galvanometer
gives no deflection. At this stage potentiometer wire balances emf of cell
So, E = K l1 … (i)
Now close key K 2 , so that unknown resistance S is connected across the cell. Let at this
stage balancing length is l 2 , then it will balance terminal potential difference of cell
V = Kl2 … (ii)
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get
E l1
= … (iii)
V l2
E  l 
Since, internal resistance r =  − 1 S =  1 − 1 S
V   l2 

Example-12: Find the emf of a cell, which balances against a length of 180 cm of a
potentiometer wire. Given potential difference per cm of wire as 0.006 volt.
Solution: Step-1: The circuit diagram of the potentiometer along with the cell is shown in
figure given below

180 cm
A B

E G
Step-2: Let E = emf of the given cell which balance against 180 cm of wire
Potential difference per cm of wire = 0.006 volt.
 Potential difference across 180 cm of wire,

V = 0.006 180 = 1.08 volt

Since this potential difference is balanced by the e.m.f of the cell
 E.M.F. of the cell,

E = V = 1.08 V
Example-13: In the given circuit, AB is a uniform wire of 10  and length 1 m. It is
connected to series arrangement of cell E1 of e.m.f 2V and negligible internal resistance
and a resistor of resistance R. Terminal A is also connected to an electrochemical cell l1
of e.m.f 100 mV and a galvanometer G. In this set up a balancing point is obtained at 40
cm mark from A. Calculate the resistance R. If l1 were to have an e.m.f of 300 mV, where
will you expect the balancing point to be?
E1 R

l1
A B
l2

E2 R = 100
G
E2 E1  r 
Solution: Potential gradient, K = =  
l2 l1  R + r 
100  10 −3 2 10
Putting the values = 
40 100 ( R + 10)
1
or 2.5  10 −3 =
5( R + 10)
1
or R + 10 = = 80
(2.5  10 −3 )  5
E2 l2
or R = 80 − 10 = 70  again =
E1 l1
E2 300
or l2 =  l1 =  40 = 120 cm
E1 100

Wheat-stone Bridge

➢ It is an arrangement of four resistances used for measuring unknown resistance in terms

of other three known resistances.
Construction:
B
I2 − Ig
P
I2 Q
Ig

A G (I + I ) C
I1 1 g
k2
R S
I I
D

I
E k1

It consists of four resistances P, Q, R and S arranged in form of bridge. A source of emf E is

connected between A and C and galvanometer is connected between B and D. Usually unknown
resistance is put in place S.
Principle:
If there is no deflection in galvanometer on pressing key K1 and E = K l1 , then Wheatstone
Bridge is said to be balanced and ratio of P and Q is equal to the ratio of R and S
P R
i.e., =
Q S
Knowing, P, Q and R, the value of S can be calculated.
Proof:
Applying K.V.L in loop BDCB, we get I1.R − I g G − I 2 P = 0 … (i)
Applying K.V.L in loop ADBA, we get I g G + ( I1 + I g )S − ( I 2 − I g )Q = 0 … (ii)
If bridge is balanced, then I g = 0
P R
Hence, equation (i) and (ii) becomes I1.R = I 2 .P and I1.S = I 2 .Q or =
Q S
Example-14: Find the equivalent resistance between A and B in the given circuit.
A B
R R
C
R
R R

Solution: The given circuit can be redrawn as shown in figure.

R R
A B
R

R R

It is balanced Wheatstone Bridge. So, equivalent resistance =R.

 Charging of Capacitor

➢ Consider a capacitor of capacitance C and resistor of resistance R is connected in series

with a cell of emf E as shown in circuit diagram.
C R

S
E
Key is closed at time t = 0, q = 0 (In initial state)
At time, t =  , q = q0 (maximum) (In steady state)
So,
I =0
By using K.V.L at any instant of time t
E = VC + VR
E=
q
+ IR ( I = dq )
C dt
q dq
E= +R
C dt
E q dq
= +
R RC dt
dq E q
= −
dt R RC
dq CE − q
=
dt RC
dq dt
=
CE − q RC

On integrating both sides,

q dq t dt
0 CE − q = 0 RC
(−1)log e (CE − q) 0 =
1
(t − 0)
q

RC
t
log e (CE − q ) − log e (CE − O) = −
RC
CE − q t
log e =−
CE RC
CE − q
t
−
= e RC [logx y = Z , then y = x z ]
CE
q −
t
 −
t

1− = e RC q = CE1 − e RC 
CE  
 
At t →  , charge is maximum, then dq = 0
dt
Therefore, V = IR = 0 (since, I = 0 )
Hence, E = VC + 0
q0
E=
C
 −
t

So, q0 = CE q = q0 1 − e RC 
 
 

qo
0.632qo

O RC t

At, t = 0, q = q0 (1 − e−0 ) = 0
 1
At, t = RC q = q0 1 −  = q0 (1 − 0.368) = q0 (0.632)
 e
 1
At, t =  q = q0 (1 − e − ) = q0 1 −  = q0
 

Discharging of Capacitor

❖ DECAY OF CHARGE ON CAPACITOR (DISCHARGING OF CAPACITOR):

C R

When capacitor charged to attain its maximum value, then cell disconnected to the arrangement
of CR circuit. Because of removal of source, capacitor will start discharging
In this case, at t = 0 , q = q0 (max.) and in steady state, t = , q = 0 .
Applying K.V.L at any instant of time t
VC + VR = 0 or q
+ IR = 0 or, q + IRC = 0
C
dq 1
or dq ( RC ) = −q (were, I = dq ) or =− dt
dt dt q RC
q dq 1 t
Integrating both sides, we get q 0 q
=−
RC 0 dt
 t t
q 1 q − −
or ln =− .t or, = e RC or, q = q0 e RC
q0 RC q0

qo

0.368qo

O t = RC t

Assume RC =  (time constant)

At t =  , q = q0 e −1 = q0 = 0.368 q0 = 36.8% q0 and
e
−
At t =  , q = q0e = 0
Example-15: A capacitor of capacity 0.5F is discharged through resistance 10 Megaohm.
Find the time taken for half the charge on the capacitor to be escape. Take loge 2 = 0.693 .
Solution: Here, R = 10 megohm = 10 106  = 107 
T =?, q=
1
qO
2
As, q = qoe−t / RC
qo t
= qo e −t / RC or et / RC = 2 = log e 2 = 0.693
2 RC
 t = RC  0.693 = 107  0.5 10−6  0.693 t = 3.465 sec

❖ CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER INTO AMMETER:

(i) Galvanometer has moderate resistance
(ii) Ammeter is a galvanometer of low resistance
(iii)Ideal ammeter has zero resistance
(iv) Ammeter is always connected in series with the given resistance or the circuit through
which current is to be measured.
(v) To convert galvanometer in to ammeter a small resistance (shunt) is connected in
parallel to the galvanometer as shown in diagram.

I Ig
G

I − Ig S
Ammeter

Since G and S both are parallel, therefore I g G = ( I − I g )S or,

I gG
S=
I − Ig
G
Note: If I = n Ig then S = .
n −1
 ❖ CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER IN TO VOLTMETER:
(i) Voltmeter has high resistance
(ii) Ideal voltmeter has infinite resistance.
(iii)Voltmeter is always connected in parallel with the resistance across which potential
difference has to be measured.
(iv) To convert galvanometer into voltmeter a very high resistance R is connected is series
with it.
Ig R
G
Voltmeter

Potential difference across galvanometer and resistance R is

V
V = I g (G + R) R= −G
Ig

Example-16: The resistance of galvanometer is 2.5 and it requires 50 mA current for

full scale deflection. What is the value of the resistance required to convert into a V.M of
125 volts.
Solution: R = G(n − 1)
final range of V.M
Were, n =
initial range of galvanometer to measure voltage
125
= = 1000 so, R = 2497.5  .
2.5  0.05
1. A wire has an area of cross section 0.1 m2 having 62.5 × 1018 electrons flowing per second
through it. Find the value of current.
a) 0.1 A b) 1 A c) 10 A d) 0.11 A

2. In the given electric circuit, each cell has an electromotive force (emf) of 5V and an internal
resistance of 1Ω. The external resistance in the circuit is 3Ω. Determine the value of the
current (I) flowing through the circuit, expressed in amperes.

a) 1 𝐴 b) 1.5 A c) 2 𝐴 d) 2.5 𝐴

3. The resistance of 2 A ammeter is 0.1Ω. To convert it into 10 A ammeter, the shunt resistance
required will be
a)0.18 Ω b) 0.00125 Ω c) 0.002 Ω d) 0.125 Ω

4. Consider a straight conductor with a uniform cross-section that carries a current (I). Let's
denote the specific charge on an electron as (S). The momentum per unit length of the
conductor, contributed by the drift velocity of the free electrons only, can be calculated as
follows.
I
a) IS b) I/S c)√( ) d) (I/S)2
s

5. To electroplate a piece of metal weighing 400 g with 5% of its weight in gold, we need to
determine how long it will take to deposit the required amount of gold using a current strength
of 5 A.
(Given, electrochemical equivalent of H = 0.0104 × 10−4 gC −1 , atomic weight of gold =
197.1, atomic weight of hydrogen = 1.008)

a)7347.9 s b) 14695.8 s c) 7151.7 s d) 14000 s

6. In the circuit shown here, the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter are

𝑎) 6 𝐴, 60 𝑉
𝑏) 0.6 𝐴, 6 𝑉
c) 6/11 𝐴, 60/11 𝑉
𝑑) 11/6 𝐴, 11/60 𝑉

7. In a closed box, there is a series connection of twelve cells, each with an electromotive force
(emf) of E volts. However, some of these cells are wrongly connected with their positive and
negative terminals reversed. The circuit includes an ammeter, an external resistance of R
ohms, and a two-cell battery (consisting of cells of the same type as the previous ones)
connected perfectly in series. When the 12-cell battery and the 2-cell battery are aiding each
other, the current in the circuit is measured as 3A. Conversely, when they oppose each other,
the current is measured as 2A. Determine the number of cells in the 12-cell battery that are
connected incorrectly.
a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 1

8. An ammeter gives full scale deflection when current 2.0 A is passed in it. To convert it into
10 A range ammeter, the ratio of its resistance and the shunt resistance will be.
a) 1: 8 b) 1: 10 c) 4: 1 d) 2: 1

9. In a metallic conductor with a non-uniform cross-section, which of the following quantity or

quantities remain constant along the length of the conductor as the current flows steadily
a) current, electric field, drift speed
b) drift speed only
c) current and drift speed
d) current only

10. The relation between Electric field (E) and current density (J) is
1 1
𝑎)𝐸 ∝ 𝐽−1 b) 𝐸 ∝ 𝐽 c) 𝐸 ∝ d) 𝐸2 ∝
𝐽2 𝐽
11. A wire 150cm long and 1.0 mm diameter has a resistance of 0.9 ohm, the electrical resistivity
of the material is

a) 6.36 × 10−6 ohm × m b) 2.23 × 10−6 ohm × m

c) 1.17 × 10−6 ohm × m d) 3.18 × 10−6 ohm × m

12. A brass rectangular plate 15cm × 5cm is to be electroplated with copper. If we wish to coat it
with a layer of 0.02 mm thick both sides, how much time will it take with a constant current of
2A? Given ECE of copper is 33 × 10−5 g C −1 and density of copper is 8.9 g cm−3 .

a)2025 s b)4060 s c) 4000 s d)8000 s

13. The specific resistance of manganin is 20 × 10−8 ohm × m. The resistance of a cube of
length 100cm will be

a) 10−6 ohm b) 0.2 × 10−6 ohm c) 10−8 ohm d) 5 × 10−4 ohm

14. Conductors have fairly large currents because

a) The electron drift speed is usually very large
b) The number density of free electrons is very high and this can compensate for the low
values of the electron drift speed and the very small magnitude of the electron charge
c) The number density of free electrons as well as the electron drift speeds are very large
and these compensate for the very small magnitude of the electron charge
d) The very small magnitude of the electron charge has to be divided by the still smaller
product of the number density and drift speed to get the electric current

15. The expression for the current in a conductor as a function of time is given by I = 5t + 3t^2,
where I is measured in amperes (A) and t is measured in seconds (s). Determine the electric
charge that flows through a section of the conductor between t = 1s and t = 3s.

a) 10 C b) 39 C c) 33 C d) 44 C

16. A silver voltameter of resistance 5 ohm and a 6 ohm resistor is connected in series across a
cell. If a resistance of 2 ohm is connected in parallel with the voltameter, then the rate of
deposition of silver
a) Decreases by b) Increases by 25% c) Increases by 37.5% d) Decreases by 37.5%
25%
17. The V − i graph for a good conductor makes angle 60° with V −axis. Here V denotes voltage
and i denotes current. The resistance of the conductor will be
a) sin 40° b) cot 60° c) tan 40° d) cos 60°

18. The e m f of the cell is 3 volt and the internal resistance is negligible. The resistance of the
voltmeter is 80 ohm. The reading of the voltmeter will be

a) 0.80 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 b) 1.60 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 c) 1.33 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 d) 2.00 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡

19. A uniform resistance wire AB is connected to a battery, and point B is earthed. We are given a
set of graphs, determine which one depicts the variation of current density J along AB.

a) c)

b) d)
20. In an ionization chamber with parallel conducting plates serving as the anode and cathode,
there are 2×10⁷ electrons and an equal number of singly charged positive ions cm³. The
electrons are moving towards the anode at a velocity of 0.4 m/s. The current density from the
anode to the cathode is 7μA/m². Determine the velocity of the positive ions moving towards
the cathode
a) 0.4 m/s b) 0.9 m/s c)0.8 m/s d) 1 m/s

21. Two resistors are connected (a) in series (b) in parallel. The equivalent resistance in the two
cases is 10 𝑜ℎ𝑚 and 8 𝑜ℎ𝑚 respectively. Then the resistance of the component resistors is
𝑎)2 𝑜ℎ𝑚 and 𝑏)8 𝑜ℎ𝑚 and 3 𝑜ℎ𝑚 and 5 𝑜ℎ𝑚 and
d)
7 𝑜ℎ𝑚 10 𝑜ℎ𝑚 c) 9 𝑜ℎ𝑚 4 𝑜ℎ𝑚

22. What is the equivalent resistance and potential difference across the points A and B
respectively?

a)4 Ω, 8 V b) 8 Ω, 4 V c) 2 Ω, 2 V d) 16 Ω,18V

23. The current I drawn from the 2 V source will be

 a) 0.83A b) 0.5A c) 0.67A d) 0.17A

24. What is the equivalent resistance across the points 𝐴 and 𝐵 in the circuit given below?

𝑎) 8 Ω b) 12 Ω c) 16 Ω d) 32 Ω

25. Each resistance shown in figure is 5 Ω. The equivalent resistance between A and B is

a) 5 Ω b)4 Ω a) c)10 Ω d)1Ω

26. We have two resistances, R1 and R2, which are composed of different materials. The material
of R1 has a temperature coefficient of α, while the material of R2 has a temperature
coefficient of -β. To ensure that the resistance of the series combination of R1 and R2 remains
constant regardless of temperature, the ratio R1/R2 is
a) α b)
α+β
c)
α2 + β 2
d)
β
β α−β αβ α
27. The thermo-electromotive force (EMF) in a thermocouple is expressed by the equation E =
θ2
5θ − , where θ represents the temperature difference between the two junctions. To
20
determine the neutral temperature in this context, what is the value of θ at which the EMF is
zero.

a) 100℃ b) 200℃ c) 50℃ d) 10℃

29. The potential difference between the points 𝐴 and 𝐵 will be

2 8 4
𝑎) V b) V c) V d)2V
3 9 3

30. In a thermoelectric couple, one junction is maintained at a constant temperature Tr, while the
temperature of the other junction is denoted as T. The thermo-electromotive force for this
1
couple is expressed as E = K(T − Tr )[ T0 + (T 2 + Tr2 ) ]
2
What is the value of the thermoelectric power, when T is equal to 2T1.
1 3 1 1
𝑎) K T0 b) K T0 c) K T02 d) K (T0 − Tr )2
2 2 2 2

31. Two cells connected in parallel, with internal resistances of 0.6 Ω and 0.4 Ω. The voltage
across the combination of cells is measured to be 1.5 V. If the electromotive force (emf) of
one cell is 1.2 V, determine the emf of the second cell
a)2.7 V b) 2.1 V c) 3 V d) 4.2V

32. Three electric bulbs of 100 W, 100 W and 400 W are shown in figure. The resultant power of
the combination is

a) 133W b) 155 W c) 200 W d) 399W

33. A network of resistors is connected to a battery with an internal resistance of 2 Ω. In order to
achieve maximum power delivery to the network, determine the optimal value of 𝑅 (in 𝛺)

a) 4/9 b) 2 c) 1 d) 18

34. A heating coil can raise the temperature of a given amount of water from 20°C to 100°C
within 60 minutes. Now, if two identical heating coils are connected in series and used to heat
the same amount of water through the same temperature range, find the new time it will take
(denoted as r), assuming there is no significant thermal capacity effect from the coils.

a)60 minutes b) 30 minutes c) 150 minutes d) 120minutes

35. The circuit shown contains an 8Ω resistor where 2W of power is dissipated. Calculate the
power dissipated in watts across the 3Ω resistor in the same circuit.

a)1 ohm b) 2 ohm c) 0.43 ohm d) 0.34 ohm

36. The internal resistances of two cells shown are 0.2 Ω and 0.5 Ω. If 𝑅 = 1 Ω, the potential
difference across the cell
 a) B will be zero b) A will be zero
c) A and B will be 2V d) A and B will be > 2V

37. The Wheatstone bridge configuration consists of three resistances, namely P, Q, and R,
connected in three arms. The fourth arm is formed by two resistances, S1 and S2, connected
in parallel. To achieve a balanced condition in the Wheatstone bridge, identify the specific
condition that must be satisfied.
P 2R P R(S1 + S2 ) P R(S1 + S2 ) P R
a) = b) = c) = d) =
Q S1 + S2 Q S1 S2 Q 2S1 S2 Q S1 + S2

38. A galvanometer with a resistance of 30 ohms has a maximum current reading capacity of
6mA. By connecting the galvanometer appropriately, it can be used as a voltmeter to measure
a maximum potential difference of 6V. Select the correct choice from the options provided.

a) 1025 Ω in b) 1025 Ω in
c) 970 Ω in series d) 970 Ω in parallel
series parallel

39. A resistor has a colour code of green, blue, brown and silver. What is its resistance?

a)5600Ω ± 10% b)560Ω ± 5% c) 560Ω ± 10% d) 56Ω ± 5%

40. A galvanometer, having a resistance of 30 Ω, gives a full-scale deflection for a current of

0.02A. The length in meter of a resistance wire of area of cross-section 4 × 10−2 cm2 that can
be used to convert the galvanometer into an ammeter which can read a maximum of 3 A
current is
(Specific resistance of the wire = 5 × 10−7 Ωm)
a) 9 b) 6 c) 3 d) 1.5
------------------------------------ANSWER KEY---------------------------------------

1) c 2) d 3) b 4) b
5) b 6) c 7) d 8) c
9) d 10) b 11) a 12) a
13) b 14) b 15) b 16) c
17) b 18) d 19) b 20) c
21) d 22) a 23) a 24) a
25) a 26) d 27) c 28) b
29) b 30) b 31) a 32) a
33) c 34) d 35) d 36) d
37) d 38) c 39) c 40) c
 1. c) 𝑖
𝑣𝑑 = 𝐴
As we know, 𝑛𝑒
𝐼 = 𝑄/𝑡
where Q = ne (number of electrons where, variables have their usual meanings.
× charge on each electron which
is 1.6×10-19) Using above values, equation (1) becomes
Therefore,
𝑛𝑒 𝒊
𝐼 = 𝑝𝑐 = 𝑚 ( ) (𝑛𝐴)
𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝐴
= 62.5 × 1018 × 1.6 × 10 − 19 / 1 𝑖
= 10 𝐴 𝑝𝑐 =
𝑚𝑒
2. d) 𝑖
Value of current, 𝑝𝑐 =
𝑆
where, S=me, specific charge on an electron.
net emf
Current = 5. b)
net resistance
5+5+5 15 197.1
or 𝐼 = = = 2.5𝐴 Chemical equivalent of gold = = 65.7
1+1+1+3 6 3
400×5
Gold to be deposited = =20g
100
Electrochemical equivalent of gold
3. b) 𝑊2
𝑖𝑔 𝐺 1 × 0.1 0.01 𝑧2 = 𝑧 𝑧
𝑆= = = 𝑊1 1 2
(𝑖 − 𝑖𝑔 ) 10 − 2 8 65.7
= 0.00125Ω = × 0.1044 × 10−4 gC −1
1.008
𝑚
4. b) Also 𝑚 = 𝑧𝑙𝑡, 𝑡 =
𝑧𝑙
In mechanics momentum is, 20
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 ⇒=
65.7
( × 0.1044 × 10−4 × 2)
1.008
Similarly, here for electrons in conductor
momentum pc(say) is = 14695.8s

𝑝𝑐 = 𝑚 𝑁 𝑣𝑑. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) 6. c)
The given circuit can be redrawn as follows
where, m is mass of electrons, N is number of
free electrons per unit length

of conductor and vd is the drift velocity.

Number of free electrons per unit length of

conductor is
𝐴 6 6
Current 𝑖 = = 𝐴
𝑁=𝑙𝑛 6+4+1 11
𝑙 P.D. between 𝐴 and 𝐵,
= 𝑛𝐴 6 60
𝑉= × 10 = 𝑉
11 11
 10. b)
7. d) Theory
Let polarity of 𝑚 cells in a 12 cells battery is
reversed, then equivalent emf of the battery = 11. a)
(12 − 2𝑚)𝐸
Now the circuit can be drawn as 𝜌𝐿 𝜌×1
𝑅= ⇒ 0.9 =
𝐴 22
(1.5 × 10−3 )2
7
𝜌 = 6.36 × 10−6 𝑜ℎ𝑚 − 𝑚

12. a)
Mass of copper deposited,
𝑚 = volume × density
= (area × thickness) × density
When 12- = [(75) × 0.002] × 8.9 g
cell battery and 2-cell battery aid each other,
then current through the circuit 𝑚 [(75)×0.002×8.91]
(12 − 2𝑚)𝐸 + 2𝐸 𝑡= = = 2025s.
𝑧𝐼 33×10−5 ×2
𝑖1 =
𝑅
(14 − 2𝑚)𝐸 13. b)
or 3 = … . (𝑖) R=ρl/A
𝑅
When they oppose each other, the current =20×10-8×100×10-2/ (100×10-2)2
through the circuit. =0.2 µ Ω
(12 − 2𝑚)𝐸 − 2𝐸
𝑖2 = 14. b)
𝑅
(10 − 2𝑚)𝐸 We are able to obtain fairly currents in a
or 2 = … (𝑖𝑖) conductor because the number density of free
𝑅
Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we have electrons is very high and this can compensate
3 14 − 2𝑚 for the low values of the electrons drift speed
= and the very small magnitude of the electrons
2 10 − 2𝑚
or 30 − 6𝑚 = 28 − 4𝑚 charge.
or 2𝑚 = 2
or 𝑚=1 15. b)
𝑡=3
𝑑𝑄 = 𝐼𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑄 = ∫ 𝐼𝑑𝑡
8. c) 𝑡=1
3
𝑖𝑔 𝐺 𝐺 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑔 10 − 2 8
𝑆= ⇒ = = = = [5 ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡
(𝑖 − 𝑖𝑔 ) 𝑆 𝑖𝑔 2 2
1
3
9. d)
When a steady current flows in a + 3 ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡]
metallic conductor of non-uniform 1
cross-section, the current flowing = [5𝑡 2 /2]13 + [𝑡 3 ]13
through the conductor is constant. = (45 − 5)/2
Current density, electric field, and drift + (27 − 8) = 20 + 19
speed is inversely proportional to the = 39𝐶
area of cross-section. Therefore, they
are not constant.
 16. c) 20. c)
Initially current through the voltmeter Current density of drinking electrons
𝑉 𝑉 𝑗 = 𝑛𝑒𝑣
𝑖1 = =
(5+6) 11
𝑛 = 2 × 107 𝑐𝑚−3 = 2 × 107 × 106 𝑚−3
𝑉 𝑉 𝑣 = 0.4 𝑚𝑠 −1 , 𝑒 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑗
Finally main current 𝑖 = = = 3.2 × 10−6 𝐴𝑚−2
3+1 4
Current density of ions = (7 − 3.2) × 10−6 =
𝐴
3.8 × 10−6 2
𝑚
This gives 𝑣 for ions = 0.8 𝑚𝑠 −1

21. b)

𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 18 and = 4.44 ⇒
𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑉 𝑅1 𝑅2 = 80
Hence current through voltameter 𝑖2 =
8
𝑅1 − 𝑅2 = √(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )2 − 4𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑚
∵ Rate of deposition (𝑅) = = 𝑍𝑖 ⇒ 𝑅 ∝ 𝑖 = √324 − 320 = 2
𝑡
𝑅2 −𝑅1 𝑖 −𝑖 𝑅1 = 8Ω, 𝑅2 = 10Ω
∴ % drop in rate = × 100 = 2 1 × 100
𝑅1 𝑖1
𝑉 𝑉 22. a)
( − )
= 8 11 × 100 = +37.5% The equivalent resistance between 𝐶 and 𝐷 is
𝑉 1 1 1 1 2 3
11 = + + = or 𝑅 ′ = = 1.5Ω
𝑅′ 6 6 3 3 2
Now the equivalent resistance between 𝐴 and 𝐵
17. b) as 𝑅 ′ = 1.5Ω and 2.5Ω are connected in series,
𝑉
Resistance, 𝑅 = = cot 60° = 1.5 + 2.5 = 4Ω
𝑖
Now by ohm’s law, potential difference between
18. d) 𝐴 and 𝐵 is given by 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑖𝑅 = 2 × 4.0 =
80
Total resistance of the circuit = + 8 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
2 23. a)
20 = 60 Ω Which is a balanced Wheatstone’s bridge and
3 1
⇒ Main current 𝑖 = = 𝐴 hence, no current flows in the Centre resistor, so
60 20
Combination of voltmeter and 80Ω resistance is equivalent circuit would be as shown below.
connected in series with 20Ω, so current through
1
20Ω and this combination will be same = 𝐴
20
Since the resistance of voltmeter is also 80Ω, so
this current is equally distributed in
1
80Ω resistance and voltmeter [𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐴 through
40
each]
1
P.D. across 80Ω resistance = × 80 = 2𝑉
40

19. d)
Wire 𝐴𝐵 is uniform so current through
wire 𝐴𝐵 at every across section will be 𝑉 5
So, 𝐼 = = = 0.83𝐴
same. Hence current density, 𝐽(= 𝑖/𝐴) 𝑅 6
at every point of the wire will be same
 24. a)
1 1 1 5 1
= + = = ⇒ 𝑅1 = 2Ω
𝑅1 10 2.5 10 2
Now 2Ω and 10 Ω are in series
𝑅2 = 10 + 2 = 12Ω
𝑅2 and 12Ω are in parallel
1 1 1
= + ⇒ 𝑅3 = 6Ω
𝑅3 12 12
Now 𝑅3 and 6Ω are in series
Here, ACB (1Ω) and ADB (1Ω) are in parallel.
𝑅4 = 10 + 6 = 16Ω
So, the resistance across any diameter is
Now, 𝑅4 and 16 Ω are in parallel 1 1 1
1 1 1 ⟹ = + =2
∴ = + 𝑅 1 1
𝑅 16 16 ⟹ R = 2Ω
⇒ 𝑅 = 3Ω
25. a)
Given circuit is a balanced Wheatstone bridge.
29. b)
So, diagonal resistance of 5Ω will be ineffective. The circuit diagram may be redrawn as
Equivalent resistance of upper arms shown here.
=5+5=10 Ω 2
Equivalent resistance of lower arms Obviously, 𝐼CAD = 𝐼CBD = A
12
=5+5=10 Ω 2 2
∴ 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐴 = A × 5Ω = V
𝑅𝐴𝐵 = (10 ∗ 10)/10 + 10 = 5Ω 15 3
2 4
and 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝐵 = A × 10Ω = V
15 3
26. d) ∴ 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 = (𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐵 ) − (𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝐴 )
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 𝑅1 (1 + 𝛼𝑡) + 𝑅2 (1 − 𝛽𝑡) 4 2 2
⇒ 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅1 𝛼𝑡 − 𝑅2 𝛽𝑡 = V− V = V
3 3 3
𝑅1 𝛽 30. b)
⇒ =
𝑅2 𝛼 1
27. c) 𝐸 = 𝐾(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑟 )𝑇0 + 𝐾(𝑇 2 − 𝑇𝑟2 )
2
Comparing the given equation with standard 𝑑𝐸 1
equation = 𝐾𝑇0 + 𝐾 × 2𝑇 = 𝐾𝑇0 + 𝐾𝑇
𝑑𝑇 2
1 At temperature 𝑇 = 𝑇0 /2,
𝐸 = 𝛼𝑡 + 𝛽𝑡 2 𝑑𝐸
2 Thermo-electric power is = 𝐾𝑇0 +
1 1 1 𝑇 3
𝑑𝑇
𝛼 = 5 and 𝛽 = − ⇒𝛽=− 𝐾 0 = 𝐾 𝑇0 .
2 20 10 2 2
𝛼 −5
Hence neutral temperature 𝑡𝑛 = − =
𝛽 −1/10
31. a)
⇒ 𝑡𝑛 = 50℃
Given that, the resultant voltage across
the battery terminal=1.5V
28. b)
Given that the resistance of the total
wire is 2Ω.

𝐸, 0.4Ω
Let I be the current in the circuit then total 36. d)
resistance =1Ω Applying Kirchhoff’s law
Hence, 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 (2 + 2) = (0.2 + 0.5 + 1)𝑖 ⇒
⟹ 1.5 = I × 1 ⟹ I = 1.5A 4
𝑖= 𝐴
Now, applying Kirchhoff’s second law in the 1.7
circuit Hence potential difference across 𝐴
0.4I + 0.6I + 1.2 - E=0 = 2 − 0.23 = 1.52𝑉 [less than 2𝑉]
1.5 + 1.2 = 𝐸 Potential difference across 𝐵 = 2 −
1.17 = 0.82𝑉
32. a)
𝑃′ = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 = 100 + 100
= 200 W 37. b)
Now 𝑃′ and bulb 𝐶 are in series. So, the Here 𝑆 consist of 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 arranged in
resultant power of the combination is parallel, hence
200 × 400 𝑆1 𝑆2
𝑃′′ = = 133.3 W 𝑆=
200 + 400 𝑆1 + 𝑆2
𝑃
So, the balance condition will be =
33. c) 𝑅 𝑅(𝑆1 +𝑆2 )
𝑄
The equivalent circuit is as shown in figure (a) =
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2
and (b)
38. c)
𝑉 6
𝑅= −𝐺 = − 30 = 970Ω [In
𝑖𝑔 6×10−3
series]
39. c)
𝑅 = 56 × 10 ± 10% = 560 + 10%

40. c)
Resistance of galvanometer
𝐺 = 30𝛺
Since, the network of resistances is a balanced Full scale current 𝑖𝑔 = 0.02
Wheat stone bridge, so resistance between 𝐴 = 4 × 10−2 cm2
points 𝐴 and 𝐵 of network figure (b) is given by = 4 × 10−2 × 10−4 m2
1 1 1 2+1 1
= + = = or 𝑅’ = 2𝑅 = 4 × 10−6 m2
𝑅′ 3𝑅 6𝑅 6𝑅 2𝑅 𝑖 = 3𝐴
For maximum power to the network, 𝑅’ should 𝜌 = 5 × 10−7 Ωm
be equal to internal resistance of the battery. So Required resistance to convert the galvanometer
𝑅 ′ = 2𝑅 = 2 or 𝑅 = 2/2 = 1Ω into ammeter.
𝑖𝑔 𝐺 0.02 × 30 0.6
34. d) 𝑅= = =
𝑣2 𝑣2 𝑖 − 𝑖𝑔 3 − 0.02 2.98
𝐻1 = 𝐻2 ⇒ 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 ⇒ 𝑙
𝑅 2𝑅
𝑡2 = 2𝑡1 ⇒ 𝑡1 = 30 min 𝜌 = 15/40
𝐴
∴ 𝑡2 = 120 min 𝐴 4 × 10−6
𝑙 = 0.375 = 0.375
𝜌 5 × 10−7
35. d) = 0.375 × 8 = 3m
𝑉 6 6
𝑖= ⇒2= =
𝑅 4×8
+ 𝑅 2.6 + 𝑅
4+8
⇒ 𝑅 = 0.34 Ω