Wollo UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Communication Stream

Internship Report

Hosting Company: Amhara Media Corporation Debrebirhan FM 91.4

By:

NAME ID NO

1. yemariyamwork mekuanint WOUR/2259/11

Company Supervisor: - Mr. Shewatatek H/gebriel, Mr. Dagmawi belete

Academic Advisor: - Mr. Abdul Aziz.

Duration of the Internship:-February 06/2013 to April 06/2013

Submission date: 18/08/2015

Wollo ,Ethiopia
 Internship report 2023

DECLARETION
We are 5th year Electrical and computer engineering student in regular program who have taken
our intern ship experience in Assosa University with the host company of Amhara Mass Media
Corporation Debrebirhan FM 91.4. For three months starting from 06/06/2015 E.C. we certify
that our work is original and performed with ourselves with the help of gaud line which is given
by the industry linkage office of the institute in addition to the advice and guidance of our
advisor Abdulaziz.

Student Name Signature Date

1. Yemariyam work mekuant _____________ __________

Academic Mentor Signature Date

Abdulaziz ____________ ___________

Examiners Signature Date

1. __________________//__________________//_____________
2. __________________//__________________//_____________
3. __________________//__________________//_____________

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AKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we would like a great thanks to God for his willing and giving strength to finish this
internship report. Next, we would like to thank our advisor abdulaziz. And university industry
linkage. Thirdly, we would like to thanks Amhara Media Corporation Debrebirhan FM 91.4 to
give the chance to conduct in their company and also thanks Dagmawi Belete and Shewatatek
H/gebriel who are technician persons in the mass media and gave us more knowledge about all
electrical instruments, production room works and studio installations.

We would also like to give a gratitude to all members of employers in the mass media for their
contribution in knowledge social life skills. And guidance and to our friends to their good willing
to help us in writing our report, we would like thank besides our friends and our classmate since
we wouldn’t have finished our report without their help and we also thanks for all workers who
work in Amhara Media Corporation Debrebirhan FM 91.4. Finally, we would like to thank our
university who engaged us in internship program to get practical and problem solving skills.

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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this internship report is to write a report about the internship experience that we
have taken for the past two month. The act of preparing the report will help us to get the most
internship experience. In addition to that writing the internship report allows us to generalize
the day-to-day activities of our internship, to reflect on our experiences, and to create an
account of those experiences that displays our professional skills to the best possible advantage.
Our hosting agency for the last three month was Amhara Media Corporation Debrebirhan FM
91.4.

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EXCUTIVE SUMMERY

This report contains the internship report that we have been performed in Amhara Media
Corporation Debrebirhan FM 91.4 from February 06, 2015 E.C to April 06, 2015 E.C. It includes
the background of our Internship hosting company. The report includes our overall internship
experience including our work tasks, benefits that we found from our hosting company, the
challenges that we have been faced and the measures we have taken to overcome the challenges.
The report also states the overall benefits that we earned in addition to my works and my
recommendation for the company. On the other hand, we developed our social and
communication skills, developed how to communicate with different class of employees how to
communicate with a journalists, editors and technicians also developed our work with ethics like
punctuality, working with others.

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Table of Contents
DECLARETION..............................................................................................................................i
AKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................iii
EXCUTIVE SUMMERY...............................................................................................................iv
List of figures................................................................................................................................vii
Abbreviation and acronyms..........................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
1.1. Introduction to Company......................................................................................................1
1.2 Establishment.........................................................................................................................1
1.3 Vision, Mission and Core Values..........................................................................................2
1.3.1. Mission of the agency:...................................................................................................2
1.3.2. Visions:...........................................................................................................................2
1.3.3. Core-values the agency;.................................................................................................2
1.4 Objectives...............................................................................................................................2
1.5. Main services........................................................................................................................3
1.6. Organizational work flow.....................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................4
THE OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE............................................................................5
2.1. Objective of the Internship................................................................................................5
2.1.1. General Objective...........................................................................................................5
2.1.2. Specific Objective..........................................................................................................5
2.2. How did we get the Company?.............................................................................................5
2.3. The Section of Company that we have been working in:.....................................................5
2.4. Block diagram of studio A & B and its equipment...............................................................6
2.4.1. Acoustic foam.................................................................................................................6
2.4.2. Microphone....................................................................................................................7
2.4.3. UPS (uninterruptible power supply).............................................................................10
2.4.4. Mixer............................................................................................................................11
2.4.5. SBS TX 400..................................................................................................................12

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2.4.6 RX 400..........................................................................................................................13
2.4.7 Telephone Hybrid..........................................................................................................14
2.4.8 XTADS8000..................................................................................................................15
2.4.9 Antenna.........................................................................................................................17
2.4.10 Softwares We Used.....................................................................................................18
2.5 Tarmaber Transmission Equipments...................................................................................21
2.6. Challenges we have been facing in our internship time......................................................33
2.7. Measures we took in order to overcame challenges:..........................................................34
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................35
OVERALL BENEFITS WE GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP............................................35
3.1. Improving our practical skills.............................................................................................35
3.2. Upgrading theoretical knowledge.......................................................................................35
3.3. Company problem solving ability.......................................................................................35
3.4. Team playing skills.............................................................................................................35
3.5. Leadership skills.................................................................................................................36
3.6. Work ethics, company psychology & related issues...........................................................36
3.7. Entrepreneurship skills........................................................................................................36
3.8. Interpersonal communication skills....................................................................................37
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................38
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATION............................................................................38
4.1. Conclusion..........................................................................................................................38
4.2. Recommendation................................................................................................................38
4.2.1 Recommendation to the Debrebirhan FM 91.4.............................................................38
4.2.2 Recommendation to Assosa University........................................................................39
References......................................................................................................................................40

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List of figures
Figure 1. 1 Over all organization and Work flow of DB FM 91.4 MHz.........................................4
Figure 1. 2 Work flow of DB FM 91.4 MHz...................................................................................4

Fig 2. 1 block diagram of studio......................................................................................................6

Fig 2. 2 Acoustic foam....................................................................................................................7

Fig 2. 3 microphones in studio A.....................................................................................................8
Fig 2. 4 Uninterruptible power supply..........................................................................................10
Fig 2. 5 Audio radio mixer...........................................................................................................11
Fig 2. 6 SBS TX400 transmitter...................................................................................................12
Fig 2. 7 SBS RX400......................................................................................................................13
Fig 2. 8 Telephone hybrid.............................................................................................................14
Fig 2. 9 XTA DS8000 audio distribution [6]................................................................................16
Fig 2. 10 Tarmaber transmission equipment................................................................................21
Fig 2. 11 Xe75 exciter..................................................................................................................22
Fig 2. 12 E2021 Amplifier............................................................................................................24
Fig 2. 13 E2026 drive change over unit.........................................................................................25
Fig 2. 14 E2023 transmitter control unit........................................................................................26
Fig 2. 15 supply disconnector.......................................................................................................26
Fig 2. 16 2023 power supply unit.................................................................................................27
Fig 2. 17 front panel of FM modulation analyzer.........................................................................28
Fig 2. 18 back panel of FM modulation analyzer.........................................................................29
Fig 2. 19 Omnia.............................................................................................................................29
Fig 2.20 Guardian.........................................................................................................................31
Fig 2. 21 composer unit.................................................................................................................31
Fig 2. 22 E2075 automatic change over unit................................................................................32
Fig 2. 23 E2106 REMOTE MANAGEMENT UNIT...................................................................33

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Abbreviation and acronyms

DSP Digital signal processing
A/D Analogue /digital
VCA Virtual communication analysis
PFL Pre fade listen
STL Studio transmitter link
RDS Radio data system
TCP/IP Transmission control protocol/internet protocols
AES Audio engineering society
LCD Liquid crystal display
LED Light emitting diode
RF Radio frequency
SBS Special Broadcasting Service
TX Transmitter
Rx Receiver
SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply
SMPSU Switch Mode Power Supply Unit
TBU Telephone balance unit
RMU Remote Management Unit
CPU Central Processor Unit
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
MPX Multiprocessor/Multiplex
BNC Broadcast Network Controller
XLR Extra Large Resistance

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction to Company
Our internship hosting company is Amhara Media Corporation Debrebirhan FM 91.4 (AMC
DB FM). It is a service provider in Mass Media. DB FM is among the branches of the regional
governments’ new national building Program of AMC which has been started in May 2006
E.C. The organization was established by the Amhara Media Corporation as a branch for north
shoa zone. This program comprises promotion of development, sustainable peace and
democratization program.
Debrebirhan FM 91.4 was founded in 2006 E.C. by that year on May 20 the station started its
transmission by receiving the link Transmission from the amhara mass media agency in the
previous name or Amhara media corporation its current name from bahirdar studio.. FM 91.4
started three hour local transmission when it was founded in 2006 E.C.
The customers of the Organization are mainly the society of the north shoa zone people and
people who live in Amhara region and other places.

Amhara Media Corporation Debrebirhan FM 91.4 founded in debrebirhan town kebele 08, in
November 7 -2005 stars its 16 hour trial live stream. After this trial stream it starts its work by
4 journals that came from bahirdar and 3 journals from debrebirhan and by two technicians
from debrebirhan and 1 from bahirdar and with 12 supportive employers on May 20/2006 it
starts its work with 3 hour local transmission. Now a day the company has 31 employers.
1.2 Establishment

Amhara Media Corporation Debrebirhan FM 91.4 is one of the branches of Amhara Media
Corporation which is found in north shoa zone debrebirhan town. It was founded in 2006 E.C
and starts its journeys by made coordination with Amhara Media Corporation bahirdar station.
The Agency made a progressive change throughout the year to give a batter Media service for
the society of the northshoa zone and amhara regional people and others.

Amhara Media Corporation Debrebirhan FM 91.4 is founded in 2006 E.C. by that year on
May 20 the station started its transmission by receiving the link Transmission from bahirdar.
FM 91.4 started three hour local transmission and in 2008 E.C when the company celebrates

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its 2nd year foundation it increases its local transmission from 3 hour to 6hour.in 2009 E.C the
media increased local transmission to 8 hours and also in the future they have a plan to
increase the local transmission to 12 hours.
1.3 Vision, Mission and Core Values
1.3.1. Mission of the agency:
Amhara Media Corporation Debrebirhan FM 91.4 established based on various mission some
of them are listed below:-
 To advertise their culture and natural resource.
 To promotes culture, language, history and tradition of the north shewa people.
 To increase participation of community and how they growth their products.
 To aware the community how to use their resource efficiently.
 To inform people about new event of their environment. It motivates the growth of
democratic, political and social activities of the people.
1.3.2. Visions:
 To see the Amhara Media Corporation being primary and favorite developmental

institutes of information delivery throughout the country.

1.3.3. Core-values the agency;

 Reliability
 Responsibility
 Transparency
 Team work or co-operation
 Active participation
 Readiness for change

1.4 Objectives
 To express the foundation of the government law and proclamation, policy and its
implementation.
 To give a clear understanding to the people of good governance productivity and
democracy practices with its vital aim and causes.
 To give sequential description on fundamental directives that the country pursues.

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 To endeavor strong alliance or relationship between the government and the people.
 The community on the duty and directives of the government, and in general, the country
democratic right and productivity shall play a strong role with deep commitment and set
a stage for the purpose.
 Concentrate on the validity of the performances of the people and publicize them.
 In general, diversified alternative ideas and suggestions must be able to interact freely
with accurate information and adjust for debate.
1.5. Main services
The main product of the agency transmitting information through radio and improve
production and distribution of information in the region. General speaking the media plays
great role to the realization of development and democratization process.

FM 91.4 provides multidisciplinary and integrated media services on Air time sponsorship and
documentary program promotion which encompass pre-investment and feasibility studies,
planning investigation and other advisor services. All these services are provided either
separately, in combination or covering the full cycle process depending on the customer’s
interest.

The agency has the capacity, expertise and experience to take the task of any scale accomplish
to the highest possible standards whether it is for individual’s commercial firms, industries
government offices or other institution.

1.6. Organizational work flow

Now days Amhara mass media FM 91.4 broadcasting give service for 24 hours per day and
each program has its own schedule. It starts broadcasting at 12:00 AM in local hour and ends
at 6:00 PM in local hour. The radio station receives broadband from bahirdar and by using
telecom modem, for live events they receive by using internet and satellite dish.

The organizational structure and work flow of Amhara media corporation debrebirhan FM
91.4 will be shown in the following diagram below.

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Chief executive

Vice chief executive

Technic department Yizet department

Human resource
management department

Radio production Maintenance Editor Journ

Marketing Security department department alists
(technician)
department department

Figure 1. 1 Over all organization and Work flow of DB FM 91.4 MHz

Journalist Mixer XTA-DS800 audio

Microphone
distribution amplifier

Telephone Computers Link transmitter

Omnia Link receiver Splitor Receiver antenna Transmitter antenna

Excite
Amplifier Combiner Fieder cable Main transmission
r
antenna

Figure 1. 2 Work flow of DB FM 91.4 MHz

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CHAPTER TWO
THE OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1. Objective of the Internship
2.1.1. General Objective
The general objective of this internship program is to enable engineering students under the
institute to reflect and upgrade their theoretical knowledge practically in the real world.

2.1.2. Specific Objective

The specific objective during the internship was aimed to improve the student’s practical,
theoretical, interpersonal communication skill, team playing skill and understanding about work
ethics related issues.

2.2. How did we get the Company?

Assosa University is implementing/applying the curriculum by which engineering students take a
holistic exam based on their department course sequence schedule. Therefore, Electrical and
Computer Engineering department students are taking a holistic exam on 4 th year, 1st semester of
their regular program. According to the program, by taking of this qualification exam we joined
the communication stream and also next year first semester the students are expected to go for
practice at related companies for a period of two months.

We have been interested to work in amhara media corporation debrebirhan FM 91.4. We,
believed that taking internship practice is necessary to the undergraduate engineering students
to apply their theoretical knowledge .When we were went to the company to ask acceptance,
the manager immediately accept our request and, then he gave the acceptance paper. After
getting our acceptance we have been done our work from February 20-2013 to April 20-
2013 E.C for two consecutive months.
2.3. The Section of Company that we have been working in:
We have worked for the last two months in the technician and maintenance department

We have two studios these are studio A and studio B, studio A is the main studio in which all the
live programs and local transmission will be takes place and studio B is a small studio which is
used for reserve if we have a failures in studio A and also used for recording purpose.

The tasks we have been done during the last two months in amhara Media Corporation are:-

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 Editing music’s by using adobe audition software which are prepared by studio reports.
 Listen and ready the production programs which are prepared by the journalists for live
stream.
 Recording the live streaming program using the adobe audition software.
 From the recorded live program edit and prepare it if the program is transmitted
(repeated) again in other days.
 Leading the live program by the running order which were prepared by the studio
reporter.
 Preparing id news and bridge for news.

2.4. Block diagram of studio A & B and its equipment

Fig 2. 1 block diagram of studio.

2.4.1. Acoustic foam
Acoustic foam is open celled foam used for acoustic treatment .it attenuates airborne sound
waves by increasing air resistance. Thus reducing the amplitude of the wave .the energy is

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dissipated as heat acoustic foam can be made in several different colors, sizes and thickness.
Acoustic foam can be attached to walls. Celling, doors and other features of a room to control
noise levels, vibration and echoes. Many acoustic foams products are treated with dyes and fire
retardants.

Acoustic foam is lightweight material made from polyether or polyster. And also extruded
melamine foam .it usually cut into tiles .acoustic foam reduces or eliminates echoes
background noise by controlling the reverberation that sound can be made by bouncing off
walls. This type of sound absorbing is different from sound proofing, which is typically used to
keep sound from escaping or entering a room there for acoustic foam is installed in large
rooms. Acoustic foam typically deals more with the mid and high frequencies to deal with
lower frequencies, much thicker pieces of acoustic form are needed.

Fig 2. 2 Acoustic foam

2.4.2. Microphone
Microphone are used wherever sound needs to be picked up and convert into an electrical
format.it is essentially audio recording systems .microphone picked up the sound and convert it
into electrical energy that can then be processed by electrical amplifier and audio processing
system. Microphone come in all shape and size and also different types of microphone may use

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different technology. This different types of microphone have different properties, and
therefore various form of microphone will enable the best microphone type to be chosen for a
given applications .in terms of their technology, must microphone used electromagnetic
induction(dynamic microphone )capacitance change (condenser microphone)or piezoelectricity
(crystal or ceramic microphone ) to produce an electrical signal from air pressure variations.
Microphone produces very small output signal level. Accordingly they needs to be connected to
a pre amplifier before the signal can be recorded. Knowledge of the different types of
microphone also enables the way it is used to play to its strength

Fig 2. 3 microphones in studio A

2.4.2.1. Microphone parameters
When choosing a microphone for any a given applications .it is necessary to take account of the
various attributes specifications and performance parameters that it has including;
 Fidelity
 Sensitivity
 Frequency response
 Directional attributes
 Robustness
 Cost

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 Convenience of use
 Appearance
2.4.2.2. Microphone components
The sensitive transducer element of a microphone is called its element or capsule. Sound is first
converted to mechanical motion by means of diaphragm, the motion of which is then converted
to an electrical signal. A complete microphone also includes housing, some means of bringing
the signal from the element to other equipment, and often an electric circuit to adapt the output
of capsule to the equipment being driven .a wireless microphone contains radio transmitter.
Microphone are categorized by their transducer principles, such as condenser, dynamic, etc.
and by directional characters diaphragm size, intended use or orientation of principal sound
input to the principal axis (end-or side-address) of the microphone are used to describe the
microphone.
A. Condenser microphone
Condenser microphone is also called capacitor microphone or electro static microphone. Here
the diaphragm act as one plot of a capacitor and the vibration produce change in the distance
between the plates. There are two types depending on the method of extracting the audio signal
from the transducer. DC biased microphone and radio frequency (RF) or high frequency
condenser microphone. with a dc biased microphone, the plate are biased with a fixed charge
(Q) the voltage maintenance across the capacitor plate changes with the vibrations in the air,
according to a capacitor equation(C=Q/V). The capacitor of the plate is inversely proportional to
the distance between them for a parallel plate capacitor [2].
B. Dynamic microphone
The dynamic microphone also known as (moving coil microphone) work via electromagnetic
induction .they are robust relatively inexpensive and resistance to moisture .this coupled with
their potential high gain before feedback .make them ideal for on stage use.
Dynamic microphone uses the same dynamic principles as a loud speaker, only reversed. A
small movable induction coil, positioned the magnetic field of a permanent magnet, is attached
to the diaphragm. When sound inters through the wind screen of the microphone, the sound
wave moves the diaphragm. When the diaphragm vibrates the coil moves in the magnetic field,
producing a varying current in the coil through electromagnetic induction .a single dynamic
membrane does not respond linearly to all audio frequency for this reason some microphone

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utilize multiple membrane for a different part of the audio spectrum and combined the resulting
signal [2].
Main function of microphone
 Amplified
 Transmitted
 Record
2.4.3. UPS (uninterruptible power supply)

An uninterruptible power supply or uninterruptible power source (UPS) is an electrical apparatus

that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source or mains power fails. A
UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby generator in that it will
provide near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions, by supplying energy
stored in batteries, super capacitors, or flywheels. The on-battery run-time of most
uninterruptible power sources is relatively short (only a few minutes) but sufficient to start a
standby power source or properly shut down the protected equipment. It is a type of continual
power system.

An uninterruptible power supply typically used to protect hardware such as computers, data
centers, telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power
disruption could cause injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption or data loss. UPS units
range in size from units designed to protect a single computer without a video monitor (around
200 volt-ampere rating) to large units powering entire data centers or buildings.

Fig 2. 4 Uninterruptible power supply

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2.4.4. Mixer
• A mixer combines (sums) several individual signals into a single output signal (that can be
multi-channel).
• Mixers have much functionality such as the control of the level and position in the stereo
image for each individual signal, their equalization and filtering, grouping, routing to a
recording device or effect processor, etc.
• They also serve as a source for phantom power for condenser mics.

Fig 2. 5 Audio radio mixer

The mixer components are follows

1. Input: the input can be a line level jack plug.
2. Gain: Each channel has an input gain control. This allows the input signal to be adjusted
for the main fader to be put into the correct operating position.
3. Equalization (EQ): Can be a simple bass treble or complex parametric, which allows
frequency band to be selected and adjusted.
4. Auxiliary (Aux): The auxiliary outputs are independent and can be switched pre or post
main fader. Some mixers have many Aux sends. Some auxiliary sends are dedicated to

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pre or post fader including pre or post EQ, and some mixer allow the Aux sends to be
switched from the different locations.
5. Main fader: The fader pre-amp returns the signal to line level at the pan control.
2.4.5. SBS TX 400
The TX400 series of high performance link transmitters are designed to meet the requirements of
radio stations needing either fixed link or Outside Broadcast/RPU link transmitters.

The TX400 series can be supplied in any of the permitted operating frequencies between 48MHz
and 960MHz and with bandwidths suitable for all applications (Type 1 - Very narrow band
12.5/25 kHz; Type 2 – Narrow band 50 kHz; Type 3 - Wide band 180 kHz; Type 4 - Very
wide band 280 kHz). Input options include multiplex/ composite (TX400), mono input with
limiter (TX400/M) and stereo input with encoder and limiters (TX400/S).

The TX400 front panel metering shows forward and reflected power together with internal
voltages and the modulation level. Quick-view statuses monitoring using dual-color LEDs
indicate that PLL lock, forward power and reflected power are within a preset tolerance. VSWR
cut back is provided to protect the power amplifier from adverse loads such as faulty antenna
systems.

The conveniently sized TX400 series of transmitters are complemented by the RX400 series of
receivers, used to complete the link. Sbs also supply a wide range of antennae suited to your link
requirements.

TX400 series transmitters are built to the same very high standards that all sbs transmission
systems meet. TX400 transmitters are in service with broadcasters worldwide, giving many years
of trouble free service

Fig 2. 6 SBS TX400 transmitter

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2.4.6 RX 400
The Rx400 is a high quality radio link or rebroadcast receiver suitable for supplying programed
feeds to transmitter and for remote broadcast. For STL use it can receive a stereo
composite/multiplex signal generated at the studio (link transmitter) end or from another
broadcast transmitter, requiring no additional equipment for stereo at the main transmitter site.
Similarly RDS and other SCA equipment can be connected at the studio [7].

Electronically balanced and de-emphasized stereo outputs and unbalanced composite/multiplex

outputs are provided as standard. A headphone monitors and signal strength/audio level meter
are included. A stereo decoder is provided in all version of the RX400. This can be disabled
using a rear panel switch. Up to four channels can be selected from affront panel switch or
external control. The level at which the RX400’s muting system operates is easily previewed and
set from the front panel meter and controls.

With remote switching, a main transmitter or other equipment can be remotely controlled from
the studio. The internal stereo decoder provides changeover relay contacts for stereo and
received signal (receiver mute) indication. A loop facility for the composite/multiplex signal
allows a backup source to be connected.

Versions with differing IF bandwidths are available, converting wideband for stereo, narrow for
high quality mono and very narrow for talkback application. The IF bandwidth can be tailored to
meet specific requirements, for example to achieve better adjacent channel performance.

The receiver can be used in a standby configuration. A standby change over relay together with a
standby input is installed. This relay is energized when the power supply in energized condition
the output of the receiver is operating and the mute is not operating.

Fig 2. 7 SBS RX400

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2.4.7 TELEPHONE HYBRID

Telephone hybrids (or telephone balance units, TBUs) provide the interface between professional
audio equipment and the public telephone network. They provide protection for your equipment
and the public telephone lines, allowing for varying line signals and line conditions.
Automatically canceling out the unwanted signal they also facilitate two-way communication
down a single telephone line, converting the two-wire telephone signal to a four-wire send and
return signal to be linked to a studio mixer, for example [8].

The hybrid has a telephone line connection and separate terminals for audio input and output
from a broadcast mixer, or other professional audio source.

A large proportion of Sonifex hybrids are used in radio and television broadcasting applications
for allowing external callers to be connected to the studio mixing console. Most of the other units
are supplied to communication operations for allowing extremely effective conversion between
four-wire audio circuits and standard telephone lines. Built to a very high specification, the HY-
03 is simple to install and automatically adapts to line conditions and programmed content [8].

The HY-03 is a high quality analogue telephone hybrid, which is suitable for most general
telephony applications and is often used in radio and TV stations, bingo halls and dealing floors.

The analogue HY-03 telephone hybrid is the replacement for the HY-02, which for many years
has set the standard as an excellent value, high quality telephone hybrid.

The HY-03 can be used for any application where a clean telephone signal is required and the
line is not subject to delay.

Fig 2. 8 Telephone hybrid

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The HY-03 retains many of the features of the HY-02 and adds some additional ones. Some of
the features of the HY-03 include:

 Fully automatic – adapts to varying line conditions and has automatic signal limiting.
 Local and remote line hold switching – calls can be remotely switched through a mixing
console.
 Momentary or permanent latching remotes can be enabled.
 Balanced mic/line input – 10kΩ balanced input selectable for 0dBu clean feed line, or
microphone level with adjustable gain.
 Balanced output – 0dBu low impedance balanced output, with output gain adjustment.
 Mixed output – the output can be a mix of the caller and mic/line input signals for
recording both sides of the telephone conversation.
 Integrated ring detector – automatic call answering after a pre-determined number of
rings.
 Fitted with K-break disconnect (line polarity reversal in the US) detection as standard
with an option for dial-tone disconnect (HY-03DTD option).
 Line limiter, bandpass filter and output noise gate with preset threshold providing low
distortion crystal clear audio.
 45dB typical line balance rejection on tone, 28dB on complex waveforms.
 Built in power supply with switchable 115V, or 230V, mains input.
 BABT approval compliant with European PTT specifications.

2.4.8 XTADS8000
DS8000 is a 2U, 8 input to 32 output mic/line distribution system with 16 transformer balanced
isolated outputs, and 16 electronically balanced outputs fitted as standard. Input transformers and
replacement of the electronically balanced outputs with transformer balanced outputs are
available as options.

Featuring all new microphone pre-amps designed by Gottelier award winning Alex Cooper, the
DS8000 offers many new facilities including a dual redundant power supply*, simple Outside
Broadcast “one to many” split switching and 48V “safe“ functions to prevent tampering [6].

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Subtle panel lighting for dark under-stage environments and the option of adding an ADC card
for integration into digital networks, plus bespoke new output transformers all combine to
produce a package that enhances its predecessor’s reputation as a flexible, rugged high quality
distribution system [6].

Fig 2. 9 XTA DS8000 audio distribution [6]

Pin description of XTA DS8000 audio distribution

1. Isolated Outputs – two identical transformer balanced outputs featuring high voltage
isolation, for use as broadcast or recording feeds or wherever independent outputs are
required. These connections are wired as follows: - Pin 1 = No Connection, Pin 2 = Hot,
Pin 3 = Cold.
2. As Above.
3. Gain Switch – sets the channel gain to +10dB, +20dB, +30dB, +40dB or +50dB. See
Mic/Line switch below.
4. Mic/Line – when in the ‘Line’ position the input is padded by 20dB and the input
impeadance changes to >10k Ohms.
5. 48V – when selected applies 48V phantom power to the input XLR, for condenser
microphones or D.I. boxes. The LED is lit when active.

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6. Meter – 5 segment level meter showing the level below clipping. Note: the red LED
lights up 6dB’s below actual clipping with a sine wave.
7. Listen – when selected the channel will be summed on to the ‘Solo’ bus, which
is routed to the headphone socket and ‘Solo Out’ XLR.
8. Pad (-10dB) – indicates 48V phantom power detected on the output ‘Mon’ XLR,
which will automatically switch in a 10dB pad on the channel.
9. Headphone Level – controls the level of the headphone output.
10. Headphone Socket.
11. Power – power indicator.
2.4.9 Antenna
An antenna is an array of conductors (elements) electrically connected to the receiver or the
transmitter. In an antenna is the interface between radio waves propagating through space and
electric currents moving in metal conductors used with a transmitter or a receiver in
transmission a radio transmitter supplies an electric current to the antennas terminals and the
antenna radiate the energy from the currents as an electromagnetic waves(radio waves) .in
reception an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to
produce an electric current at its terminal that is applied to a receiver to be amplified. The
antenna we used in amhara media corporation debrebirhan FM 91.4 is yagi-uda antenna [1].

A. Yagi-uda antenna
The Yagi-Uda antenna is one of the most successful RF antenna designs for directive antenna
applications. This antenna is used in a wide variety of applications where an RF antenna design
with gain and directivity is required. It has become particularly popular for television reception,
but it is also used in many other domestic and commercial applications where an RF antenna is
needed that have gain and directivity.

Not only is the gain of the Yagi-Uda antenna important as it enables better levels of signal to
noise ratio to be achieved, but also the directivity can be used to reduce interference levels by
focusing the transmitted power on areas where it is needed, or receiving signals best from where
the source is present.

2.4.10 SOFTWARES WE USED

A. Adobe audition software

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Features
1. DE Reverb & DE Noise effects
Reduce or remove reverb and background noise from recordings without noise prints or
complicated parameters with these efficient real-time effects or through the Essential Sound
panel [4].
2. Improved playback and recording performance
Playback over 128 audio tracks or record over 32 tracks, at low latencies, on common
workstations and without expensive, proprietary, single-purpose acceleration hardware.
3. Improved multitrack
Playback over 128 audio tracks or record over 32 tracks, at low latencies, on common
workstations and without expensive, proprietary, single-purpose acceleration hardware.
4. On-clip gain control and waveform scaling
Adjust your audio without moving your eyes or mouse cursor away from your content with on
clip gain adjustments. Use your eyes and ears to match clip loudness to neighboring clips with a
waveform that smoothly scales in real-time to amplitude adjustments.
5. Add tracks and delete empty tracks
Quickly add multiple audio or bus tracks of any channelization at once, or clean up all unused
audio tracks in a session, with these commands.
6. Open Premiere Pro projects
Open native Premiere Pro projects from the Audition Media Browser and select the sequences
you want to work on for a simpler, more efficient audio editing workflow.
7. Clip spotting
Video previews in Audition update in real-time when clips are added, moved, or trimmed,
always showing the users the correct frame for accurately-timed edits, sound effects, and more.
8. Tracks panel
Use the Track panel to show or hide tracks, or groups of tracks, so you can focus on specific
parts of your project. Create your own preferred track groups and save presets for an efficient,
personalized multitrack editing experience.
9. Compound media import
Twirl down compound media files to choose the audio and video tracks you want to work on, or
simply import entire compound files, including container formats like MXF.

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10. Improved multitrack performance

Scroll through multitrack projects faster and more smoothly. Track heights are maintained when
zooming in or out, making it easier to manage large projects, especially on smaller screens.
11. Auto-Duck music
While working on a project, automatically generate a volume envelope to duck music behind
dialogue, sound effects, or any other audio clip using the Ducking parameter in the Essential
Sound panel. Powered by Adobe Sensei, this feature simplifies the steps needed to achieve
professional-sounding audio mixes.
12. Run scripts
Browse and run scripts within Audition or via the command line to automate application
functions, like loudness normalization, QC validation, and others. Streamline common tasks,
including third-party integrations, and bring a new level of efficiency to your audio work.
13. Add album art in MP3 files
Creating modern podcasts and albums in Audition just got easier. With support for .jpeg
and .png files, you can embed thumbnails and images into your .mp3 files.
14. Jump to Time
Navigate to any spot in the timeline with this useful keyboard shortcut. Save time and keep your
workflow moving.
15. Input monitoring
Input monitoring allows you to preview the input coming from your recording device before
starting the actual recording by either observing the level meters or listening to it.
16. Multitrack clip improvements
When recording punch-ins or layering sounds, clip Z-order is maintained when selecting stacked
clips so that smaller clips don’t get lost behind longer ones. Commands in the clip content menu.
17. Automatic copying of imported assets to a session folder
Audition lets you set custom levels for Yellow (Caution) and Red (Warning) indicators in the
Level Meters panel. You can conform to station regulations or personal preferences by selecting
custom values for level meter crossover points. In the Preferences dialog box, select Playback
and specify the Yellow and Red levels.

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18. Timed recordings

Schedule recordings in advance and Audition will capture them automatically, or start recording
immediately for a specified duration.
19. Sound Remover effect
The Sound Remover effect removes unwanted audio sources from a recording. This effect
analyzes a selected portion of the recording and builds a sound model, which is used to find and
remove the sound.
B. Xilisoft video converter
Xilisoft Video Converter is a comprehensive conversion tool which allows you to control almost
every aspect of your favorite videos. By using this application, you will enjoy full compatibility
with portable devices, you will easily convert videos to a variety of formats and you will be able
to edit them as well. The video formats supported by Xilisoft Video Converter are AVI, WMV,
MPEG, MP4 DivX, RM, MOV, XviD, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, 3GP, VOB, FLV and DAT [5].

Additionally, you can extract audio streams from video files and obtain files with the following
extensions: MP2, MP3, WAV, WMA, M4A, RA, AC3, AAC, OGG and many others. APE and
CUE decoding and audio CD ripping are not a secret for Xilisoft Video Converter either.
Xilisoft Video Converter ensures compliancy with the most common multimedia devices:
iPhone, iPad, PSP, Archos, Zune and various mobile phones. Besides video and audio files,
Xilisoft Video Converter works with pictures, too [5].

The application can extract pictures from videos and help you obtain JPG, GIF, PNG, SWF and
BMP files. You can do things the other way round, too, and convert pictures to video formats
such as AVI, WMV, MOV, 3GP, SWF, FLV etc. Xilisoft Video Converter was built with
easiness of use in mind, and it support batch processing and importing file using the drag and
drop method. The intuitive interface allows you to easily select the output format, the destination
folder and the filename. Moreover, you can adjust settings such as video size and quality. Other
actions you can perform are 3D conversion, splitting videos, adding subtitles, merging videos,
selecting the audio stream, adding various effects (contrast, saturation, brightness, filters etc.)
and editing subtitles [5].

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2.5 TARMABER TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENTS

The main transmission tower of amhara media corporation debrebirhan FM 91.4 was found in
Tarmaber Mountain. In this area we have two transmission and one control equipment were
found. The material and the equipment’s which found in Tarmaber Mountain is shown in the
following figure below.

Fig 2. 10 Tarmaber transmission equipment

The materials which found in Tarmaber transmission are explained below

A. XE75 (75W FM EXCITER)

The XE75 is an advanced, fully featured broadcast FM exciter that is also ideally suited for use
as a low power stand-alone transmitter. Use of wideband design techniques means that the
frequency setting is easily achieved using easily accessible switches with
no further tuning required. The frequency can also be remotely controlled via the RS232 or
TCP/IP ports on the rear of the unit [9].

The XE75 uses a unique ultra linear modulator to give superb sound reproduction with freedom
from overshoots and artifacts. The modulator also features a precision TCXO for exceptional

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frequency stability. The PA Section in the XE75 uses the world renowned heat dissipating
“fresh-air-tunnel” concept. The fan provides cooling to the specially designed heat sink with a
stream of air that needs no filtering, saving on routine filter replacements [9].

Operation/Control
The XE75 will operate into any load without damage thanks to its VSWR cut back circuit that
protects the power amplifier stage from adverse operating conditions. The XE75 front panel
LCD metering shows forward and reflected power together with internal voltages, temperature
and the modulation level. Quick view LED’s show advanced status information including CPU
ok, system normal, modulation status and external mute. The PA section also has LED’s which
show forward, reverse, temperature and CPU status. The addition of the unique modulation
alarm, gives broadcasters alarm status outputs and indications that will show loss of audio or
over modulation [9].

A front panel monitor point for RF output is provided, as is a fully buffered baseband monitor for
accurate monitoring of the modulator input. The rear panel includes a remote control/monitoring
socket that allows carrier muting and status signaling to an external system, additionally data
sockets are provided for use with systems that have the ability to control exciters via
RS232 or TCP/IP. The XE75 is fully compatible with N+1 system, with remote frequency
selection being achieved by either RS232/TCPIP interface or rear panel logic selection of up to 6
preset frequencies. Very conservatively rated components and a switch mode power supply are
used to ensure extremely high reliability and to give good efficiency. A comprehensive range of
input options is available [9].

Fig 2. 11 Xe75 exciter

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B. S7603 (3KW FM AMPLIFIER)

The S7603 FM transmitter is an evolution of the highly modular architecture for which
Eddystone Broadcast transmitters are known. The use of 300W hot-pluggable Power Amplifier
modules means that removal of amplifiers can be carried out with minimal reduction in output
power [10].
The design also features highly efficient hot-pluggable switched mode power supplies which also
provide ease of servicing. Both PA and SMPSU modules are common to the entire 7600 range
from 500W to 20kW, resulting in greatly reduced spares holding costs for networks and groups
[10].
 Compact Amplifier and PSU Modules are replaceable On Air
 Fully compliant with ETS 300 384 specification for FM transmitters
 Easily configured into a wide range of system architectures
 Uses highly efficient SMPS power supplies with PF correction
 Comprehensive remote control and monitoring facilities
 LCD display ensures easy local monitoring
System Overview
The drive input is fed to an internal 12 way splitter which provides the PA module input drive.
Each E2021 Power amplifier uses dual packaged MOSFET’s mounted on a substantial heat sink
assembly with minimum airflow over RF components. DC power is fed to the RF modules from
the 6 switched mode power supplies. Internal control and self-protection in case of reverse
power, excess current or over temperature is handled within each individual E2021 power
amplifier module with all monitoring being microprocessor derived. Each module transmits its
internal parameters to the central transmitter controller/monitor (E2023) and parameters are
displayed on an easy to read backlit LCD screen. Outputs from the 12 Power modules are
combined via a highly efficient 12 way common rail Wilkinson combiner. The combined RF
output is then fed to the output coupler and harmonic filter [10].

Cooling Systems
Eddystone Broadcast low power transmitters have self-contained redundant cooling fans
mounted on the rear of the transmitter. This cooling system can be ducted if required and
bespoke systems can be provided to meet special requirements [10].

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Fig 2. 12 E2021 Amplifier

C. E2026 DRIVE CHANGEOVER/OUTPUT MONITOR
This single unit interfaces between the Exciter(s) and the multiple E2021 Amplifier Module
inputs. The splitter section within the unit is a four way Wilkinson power utilizing standard
coaxial cable and is thus easily repaired if any become damaged. All outputs are brought to TNC
connectors at the rear of the unit. Phase length matched, 50Ω coax leads then connect these
outputs to the E2021 inputs via four off four way matching units mounted separately behind the
lowest row of E2021s [11].

This unit also contains circuitry to measure the Transmitter’s final output forward and reverse
powers, via a coupler in the E2028, and the temperature of the E2028 Combiner’s dumping load
heat sink. Front panel red/green displays indicate any fault condition. Two multi-turns preset
High or Low Power potentiometers are accessible via the front panel to enable independent
setting of two Transmitter output powers. They are selected using various forms of local,
external or remote control or via a link on the Fan connector Board. A front panel connector is
provided to give a test sample of the Transmitter’s output forward power. As with the E2023, the
rear of the E2026 has separate connectors for the two independent internal Transmitter control
buses. As previously detailed, each control bus has its own RS485 data bus, one of which is used
to carry the monitored serial information from the E2026 to the E2023 Control Unit [11].

The E2026 can also provide manual or automatic dual drive changeover in conjunction with the
E2023 Control Unit. A second front panel lockable toggle switch is provided on the E2026 to
manually select which Exciter (i.e. ‘Drive’) is to be used, or to enable the E2023 to automatically

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select the second Exciter should the first one fail. Switching is performed by two coaxial RF
relays within the E2026. These direct one of two Exciter’s outputs to the internal splitter and the
other to a dumping load. This dumping load has to be provided (externally to the E2026)
whenever two Exciters are supplied and the Exciter not in use is required to remain ‘active’ or be
tested. Three TNC connectors are provided at the rear of the unit to connect to Exciter(s) and
dumping load. Front panel indicators show which Drive is selected [11].

Fig 2. 13 E2026 drive change over unit

D. E2023 TRANSMITTER CONTROLLER
This single unit provides comprehensive monitoring of the forward power, current and
temperature of each E2021 Amplifier Module and of the final output forward power reverses
power and temperature via the E2026 Drive Changeover/Output Monitor. It also monitors the
E2088/E2322 Power Supply Modules. In the situation where dual drive automatic changeover or
automatic power level control is used, this unit provides the necessary control. Remote control
and monitoring of the Transmitter can also be provided via this unit using parallel or serial data
[11].

The Control Unit is microprocessor based with a back illuminated, high contrast 4 line by 20
character display and separate red/green ‘System Normal’ indicator. A robust, sealed membrane
keypad is provided with a sounder to indicate correct key entry. The rear of the unit has separate
connectors for the two independent internal Transmitter control buses, connectors to monitor and
control one or two Exciters, a connector for power level control and a connector for parallel
monitoring. An RS232 monitor/control port is provided on the front panel (E2023-01/02) with an
additional TCP/IP monitor/control port on the rear (E2023-02 only). An RS232 monitor/control
port is provided on the rear panel (E2023-03/04) with an additional TCP/IP monitor/control port
on the rear (E2023-04 only). When the RS232 port is provided on the rear panel, no parallel
monitoring is available. If a fault should occur within the E2023, manually operated switches on

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the E2026 Drive Changeover/Output Monitor Unit can be used for basic control of the
Transmitter. This enables it to be kept ‘on-air’ whilst the E2023 is replaced [11].

Fig 2. 14 E2023 transmitter control unit

E. SUPPLY DISCONNECTOR
To switch incoming mains supply on (‘I’) or off (‘O’). For extra safety whist working on the
Transmitter or its’ antenna or load, this switch may be padlocked in the off position [11].

Is a disconnector, disconnect switch or isolator switch is used to ensure that an electrical circuit
is completely de-energized for service or maintenance. They are only used for breaking the
circuit and are often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications, where machinery
must have its source of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. Disconnector can be
manual or motor operated and may be paired with an earthing switch to ground the portion that
has been isolated from the system for ensuring the safety of equipment and the personnel
working on it [11].

Fig 2. 15 supply disconnector

F.E2322 PSU (POWER SUPPLY UNIT)
Any given Transmitter can only accept either E2088 or E2322 modules, not both six of these are
always provided with a single three-phase mains supply connector. The modules are equally
grouped into three supplies ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’. The three E2088/E2322 modules in each group are

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current OR’d together. The ‘A’ supply provides a supply bus to the four E2021 Amplifier
Modules on the bottom right hand ‘A’ side of the transmitter and to the top right outer amplifier.
The ‘B’ supply provides a separate bus to the four Amplifier Modules on the bottom left hand
‘B’ side and to the top left outer amplifier. Single units requiring power (E2023 and E2026) and
all cooling fans are supplied from both supply buses. The ‘C’ supply provides a supply bus to the
two central E2021 Amplifier Modules on the top row and all four E2021 Amplifier Modules on
the row below [11].

All supplies are switched via a single front panel safety switch. The switch can be padlocked in
the ‘off’ position to ensure that the Transmitter remains off whilst work is being carried out at
the antenna etc. Each E2088/E2322 Power Supply Module has its own forced air cooling, output
control and monitoring circuitry and generates a regulated 50V to 53V dc supply. As with the
Amplifier Modules, each E2088/E2322 Power Supply module can be removed or replaced,
within seconds, whilst the Transmitter is operating (as long as either the ‘A’ or ‘B’ supply has
three E2088/E2322 modules remaining). Red/green fault displays, low module weight and small
size again feature. 50-53Vdc outputs for each Amplifier, for all the low power single units and
mains supplies for each Exciter are provided via separate fuses at the rear of the Transmitter. The
Power Supply monitor connectors go to one of two independent internal Transmitter control
buses and hence to the E2023 Controller [11].

Fig 2. 16 2023 power supply unit

At control side we have the following equipment’s
A. FM modulation analyzer
FM Modulation Analyzer is a multi-purpose equipment which provides RF broadcasting and
frequency deviation measurement and, as the name states, extensive modulation analysis, all
packaged together in one comprehensive system. Based on a fully digital technology, it offers

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exceptional testing and measurement accuracy. Designed to facilitate on-site operations, it is

lightweight and easy to carry with its standard rack bag and shoulder strap. Thanks to the rugged
design, users can be confident the unit will handle challenging travel and test conditions at
broadcasting sites.
The Inovonics Model 531 Modulation Analyzer (more commonly called a Mod-Monitor) was
introduced at the annual Convention of the National Association of Broadcasters in 2003. In the
ensuing years it has become the de-facto standard among FM monitoring products, with
thousands in service worldwide. The 531N is an updated version of the product, retaining the
dependability and accuracy of its predecessor, but now including IP networking capabilities that
have increasingly become essential in today’s radio broadcast environment.

Features leading features of the Inovonics 531N include:

 A full-time display of signal strength and multipath effects to validate readings and
simplify antenna alignment.
 Synthesized tuning with a digital readout and six stations presets (memories) to compare
one’s own signal with those of market companions.
 An exclusive synchronous (incidental) AM noise measurement utility to aid in
transmitter alignment.
 Selective display of common data and analog subcarrier injection levels.
 Panel indicators, ‘tally’ outputs and email/SMS alarms for reception problems and
transmission faults with error-logging.
 Intuitive setup and operation from the front panel, plus a built-in Web server for full
remote operation and monitoring over any IP network.
 A Web interface that presents viewable and downloadable graphic displays of baseband
spectrum (FFT), stereophony (XY) and modulation density over a selected time period).

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Fig 2. 17 front panel of FM modulation analyzer

Fig 2. 18 back panel of FM modulation analyzer

B. OMNIA
Omnia Audio-part of the Telos Alliance—was founded by Frank Foti, who used audio
engineering/processing to enable stations to craft a unique ‘signature sound’ that was louder than
anything else on the air, yet with clear sound and minimal distortion. This processing is at the
core of Omnia products, allowing stations to stand out among the competition on a crowded dial.

Omnia has continued to innovate with leading-edge and solutions-oriented broadcast audio
technology and numerous accolades and awards under its belt. In fact, Omnia is now the brand
leader in Audio Processing, Processing/Encoding for Streaming Audio, Voice Processing,
Analysis Tools, and Studio Audio Processing. Its products are the choice of the majority of the
Top 100 rated stations in America, and are used at most major stations worldwide. Omnia
continues to push the envelope to give broadcasters the tools they need to amplify, customize,
and perfect sound signatures [12].

Fig 2. 19 Omnia
C. GUARDIAN
The E2072 is designed to provide sophisticated management of audio sources, such as lines,
STLs or onsite backups. The unit detects failures in the composite/multiplex signal used in FM

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broadcasting and, separately, failures in analogue stereo or AES/EBU digital programme source
signals, then, automatically and independently switching to reserve sources. In the case of
analogue stereo, when only a single main channel input (left or right) is registered as failed, the
remaining good channel is directed to both main inputs (i.e. the source effectively becomes
mono).

The unit is supplied in a standard 19 inch rack mount steel box of 1U height and approximately
250mm depth. The front panel uses a single momentary tactile switch and separate high intensity
red, green and yellow light emitting diodes (LEDs).

The rear panel has a standard D connector for remote control inputs and outputs, 75Ω BNC
coaxial connectors for MPX signals, XLR connectors for Left/Right analogue and AES signals
and an additional stereo 1/4in jack socket for connection to a low level reserve audio programme
source such as a CD or MP3 player. This last input is internally amplified with two levels of gain
being selectable. For the mains supply, a standard three pole IEC connector is provided.
Although this mains connection carries a protective earth wire, a separate earth terminal is also
provided for permanent connection to a ‘rack ground’ [14].

The unit is capable of operation from 85-264V AC single-phase mains supplies. Total power
consumption does not exceed 25VA (actual consumption largely depending on the current
consumed by any external devices powered by the unit). The AC supply connector has its own
fuse, accessible from the rear panel. A re-settable fuse protects a +12V DC supply output from
the unit [14].

The unit uses micro-controller based software control, utilizing up-datable ‘flash’ memory.
Comprehensive hardware/software ‘watchdogs’ are incorporated which illuminate a front panel
CPU ALARM led if a software fault occurs. This automatically switches off other front panel
leds as their indications may be erroneous in this circumstance and also defaults all path routing
relays to select the normal main programme sources (is the case when the unit is not powered).

The unit consists of a single main printed circuit board connected to separate front panel
sections, one or two plugged-in Digital Signal Processing boards, an AES/EBU receiver board
(as required by options) and a switched mode power supply, allowing easy replacement of all
these sections [14].

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Fig 2.20 Guardian

D.COMPOSER UNIT
Compressor is a dual-channel compressor/limiter/expander ready to take on your biggest
challenges. The expander increases signal presence and energy, while the compressor minimizes
peaks without loss of high frequencies. The switchable Interactive Knee Adaptation (IKA) in the
MDX2600 combines the advantages of hard and soft-knee compressors. The integrated de-esser
has switchable male/female voice recognition to remove excess sibilance. You can combine both
channels for stereo operation, and also turn on the side chain input for monitoring. Switchable
tube emulation lets you add warmth to your tracks [3].

Fig 2. 21 composer unit

E. E2075AUTOMATIC CHANGE OVER UNIT
The E2075 is a transmitter or drive changeover unit capable of automatic and manual operation
with both local and remote control. It has its own internal changeover relays with a maximum
power handling capability of 200W at 100MHz. Controls for external changeover switches are
also provided to enable switching of higher powers and frequencies. On/off (mute) outputs and
status monitoring inputs are provided for connection to the two transmitters/drives and to two
receivers (in re-broadcast systems) to enable control to be effected. Internal option switches are
provided to enable selection of digital or analogue status monitoring of the two inputs generally
used for the transmitter/drives status. If analogue is selected, the level at which the monitored
equipment is considered ‘good’ can be set from the front panel. The polarities of input status,
output controls, and the length of associated delays, can also be preset by internal option
switches [12].

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Two variants are available. On the E2075-01 variant, an internal option switch also allows the
outputs of the two transmitters (fed from the same drive) to be simultaneously connected to the
antenna(s) or simultaneously to the load via an external switch/combiner unit or ‘switch-less
combiner’ (‘Tx1+Tx2 to antenna systems’). Fully automatic control is maintained in this
situation with all of the remaining transmitter’s power being directed to the antenna if one of the
transmitters fails. On the E2075-02 variant, this internal option switch only additionally allows
simultaneous connection to the antenna(s) not to the load. The two variants also have minor
remote monitoring and remote control differences [12].

The unit is supplied in a standard 19 inch rack mount steel box of 1U height and approximately
250mm depth. The front panel uses momentary tactile switches and separate high intensity red
and yellow light emitting diodes (leds). The rear panel uses standard D connectors for control
inputs and outputs, TNC RF coaxial connectors and, for the mains supply, a standard three pole
IEC connector. Although this mains connection carries a protective earth wire, a separate earth
terminal is also provided for permanent connection to a ‘rack ground’.

The unit is capable of operation from 85-264V AC single-phase mains supplies. Total power
consumption does not exceed 25VA (actual consumption largely depending on the current
consumed by any external devices powered by the unit). The AC supply connector has its own
fuse, accessible from the rear panel. Re-settable fuses protect +12V and +24VDC supply outputs
from the unit. The unit uses micro-controller based software control, utilizing up-datable ‘flash’
memory. Comprehensive hardware/software ‘watchdogs’ are incorporated which illuminate a
front panel CPU ALARM led if a software fault occurs. This automatically switches off other
front panel leds as their indications may be erroneous in this circumstance [12].

Fig 2. 22 E2075 automatic change over unit

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F. E2106 REMOTE MANAGEMENT UNIT

Eddystone Broadcast RMU enabled FM transmitters can enable your Network Operations Centre
and authenticated Engineers to remotely view and manage any transmitter system. Connectivity
where the existing site does not have IP connectivity onto the internet an optional GSM modem
can be fitted to provide connectivity. I/O’s on the rear of the units can be wired directly or
bought out onto Krone punch down terminals. Modular Approach the RMU Base comes in a 1U
form factor with the ability for 2 optional modules. Further modules can be installed into 1U
RMU Expansion racks; each 1U expansion rack can hold 4 modules. Fully configurable from
any internet browser, security and authentication via LDAP, RADIUS, AD, Local internal DB
[13].

 Installations of the RMU box can be done in minutes and instantly start logging
environmental and system parameters for remote interrogation.
 Using the RMU IPhone /Android APP authenticated engineers can remotely access and
manage the enterprise of FM transmitters from anywhere they have phone signal.
 Optional KML files can be produced in near real time to provide Overlays to Google
earth or similar mapping tools showing near real time Enterprise stats and warnings.
 The RMU box can be configured to collect and store system parameters, these parameters
can be forwarded to a central server via SSL to enable a system wide dashboard to be
viewed on the iPhone / Android or authenticated NOC Web service.

Fig 2.23 E2106 REMOTE MANAGEMENT UNIT

2.6. Challenges we have been facing in our internship time
We have faced different challenges and problems during the internship, some of the problems we
have facing are listed below.

A. The interruption of power

B. Damage of transmission equipment’s due to over load and lightning effect
C. The computer were stacked and the did not work properly

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D. The mixer faders doesn’t work properly, they cannot be fade in and fadeout
E. The equipment’s in the company work constantly for a long time without rest so they
become hot and stop their function.
2.7. Measures we took in order to overcame challenges:
A. To overcome the interruption of power we use generators as reserve when there is power
lost and interruption.
B. By making replacement for the damaged equipment and maintain the damaged
equipment and installing earthing or grounding system for each equipment.
C. We solve the problem of the computers by updating the outdate applications, by installing
antiviruses and also by using deep freeze.
D. When the mixer faders don’t work we cleaned the dust that makes the fader doesn’t work
properly.
E. We make the equipment’s work interchangeably to protect them from getting hot stop
their function.

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CHAPTER THREE
OVERALL BENEFITS WE GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP
3.1. Improving our practical skills
As the fact that companies are the typical locations of where numerous kinds of technologies,
new inventions and sciences are applied in the real world, I really could able to develop my
practical skill in the four-month duration. Even though most of practical world relies on
theoretical knowledge through education, practice makes it easy to understand everything in a
short period with no ambiguity. Like so Debrebirhan FM 91.4 was my secondary real-world
campus to implement what I have learned before. On the other hand, after I graduate, when I
suppose to join the practical environment, the internship gets me to the beginning of the
staircase.
3.2. Upgrading theoretical knowledge
At Debrebirhan FM 91.4 there was operational and maintenance manual for each & every
equipment as well as small appliances, so we got lots of theoretical knowledge and information
beside the practical session. There are also some soft wares which are designed recently by latest
technologies, in order to understand them they try to show us by getting us in the place where the
changed equipment. Those phenomena altogether help us to upgrade my previous theoretical
knowledge and to know new thing I never heard of.

3.3. Company problem solving ability

We have ever identified a very important skill. In our company, the engineers not only make a
big salary but also, they are always ready to give solution for every problem occurred in the
network whether it is office hour or part time. In addition, we, as an intern was observing how
they troubleshoot & give answer for a specific problem.

3.4. Team playing skills

Team playing is a key point for success in every profession. Normally we had adopted this
behavior in our stay on university of helping each other and work with cooperation to get the
best output. Similarly, team playing at the company is vital to be efficient and successful in
work. In fact, nobody knows everything to compensate these gaps; we were working together
with everybody to increase our team playing skill.

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3.5. Leadership skills

Being a leader is not an easy task. There is a wide meaning for leadership. Leaders are classified
into five levels and it is better to evaluate the characteristics of level five leaders in contrast with
our movement to develop leadership skills in the stay at amhara Media Corporation DB FM 91.4.
In these levels of leadership, being a leader means simply being the most influential person,
having better knowledge, being open-minded & honest for co-workers rather than nominated by
somebody & holds power to suppress others. So as evaluating our self under such criterion is
somehow difficult as there are graduated and experienced professionals at the company.
Whatever it is, we were doing our best & occasionally study how to develop this habit as much
as possible.

3.6. Work ethics, company psychology & related issues

At the time we were going to Amhara Media Corporation debrebirhan FM 91.4, we know
nothing about company psychology as well as work ethics and related issues but as we stay on
the company & smartly react to the employers we got something new and very essential
knowledge specially for our future, which is work discipline, how to behave on work place, how
much value it earns of respecting a coworker/customer, what will be the benefit of respecting
boss, how could we be the most influential person in the company. To these extents, we were
able to collect all what will be important for us to have a better work experience.

3.7. Entrepreneurship skills

In our country Ethiopia searching for a job often followed by joblessness, becomes a great
problem from time to time due to the super increment of educated human resource. And
indirectly concern it as part of these generations.
From our stay on amhara media corporation debrebirhan FM 91.4, we had identified that how
could we be a self-relying professional. As far as our scope, being an entrepreneur implies that of
having more than enough knowledge on one’s profession. On the other hand, the most usual
definition associated with the word entrepreneur is creating your own work whether it is new or
not. Having these meanings in mind, we could create awareness for our self on how to be a
young &educated entrepreneur rather than being like somebody graduated and looking for only
governmental position. Moreover, our internship stays at Amhara Media Corporation DB FM
91.4 contributes a lot in terms of updating our self-regarding entrepreneurship skills.

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3.8. Interpersonal communication skills

Good communication is significant for anyone who is at work site to gain the required benefits.
We gained the following benefits due to communication skills:

 Get information about each work piece

 Understand the behavior of the worker
 Know the worker honesty on their work
 Get information about each work piece

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CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATION

4.1. Conclusion
Amhara mass media agency FM 91.4 plays a great role for north shewa zone peoples and
neighbor regional government and a society live in afar and some part of Oromia region. It is
Governmental organization. It used to transmit information from government to a society and
from the idea of the society to government. It also provides many information, entertainment,
From our experience of internship program, we have seen that internship is the best way to
teach student atmosphere of work environment and to develop their practical skill that will be
necessary in their future. This internship program should be strengthened as it has best
advantage on future life of student and it also tells the meaning of studying for students.

4.2. Recommendation
4.2.1 Recommendation to the Debrebirhan FM 91.4
It is important to a person or company to encourage or appreciate their good part and to
improve or upgrade their weak part. We recommended to the Amhara Media Corporation
Debrebirhan FM 91.4 is the following:
 They had good treat to the student who were on apparent and given information about
the things.
 Disorder installation of cable which is difficult to get damaged part, so it is good to
change this with manual form
 The ups save power for 30 minute and they have shortage of power because the battery of
the ups is less, so we recommend the company to buy new ups which have better battery.
 To protect the materials from damage, interruption of streaming, to get stable power
supply we recommend the company to ask elpa and get power from the line which given
to industries.
 The transmitter of the company is found in Tarmaber which is around 60 km from the
main studio so it has less coverage area and not heard properly in Debrebirhan town so
we recommend the company to upgrade the transmitter power from 3kw to 6kw to
increase their coverage area.

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4.2.2 Recommendation to Assosa University

The budget allocated for this internship program is not enough for the students to sustain. Even if
we were stressed during last internship program due to budget insufficiency. Therefore, if it is
correctable by the university, it should have budget revising process for next coming intern
students. Because the budget allocated for us and for other universities is so different. The head
and advisors need to understand intern students in every dimension because they face different
challenges like in using licensed software less interaction with the staff and some staffs are not
sought to share knowledge and so on.

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References
[1] https://www.tekobroadcast.com/en/radio-station-equipment-teko-broadcast

[2] https://www.tekobroadcast.com/en/radio-studio-equipment/microphones

[3] https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/MDX2600--behringer-composer-pro-xl-mdx2600

[4]https://www.adobe.com/mena_en/products/audition/
features._sl_idcontentfilter_sl_featuredisplaytypes_sl_all.html
[5] https://www.free-codecs.com/download/xilisoft_video_converter.htm
[6] https://dobsoundpro.com/products/ds8000-mic-line-distribution-system-8-input-x-32-output
[7] https://www.eddystone-broadcast.com/wp-content/uploads/RX400/RX400%20Manual.pdf
[8] Sonifex HY-03 Automatic Telephone Hybrid User Handbook
[9] https://www.eddystone-broadcast.com/products/fm-exciters/xe75/
[10] https://www.eddystone-broadcast.com/3kw/
[11] https://www.eddystone-broadcast.com/wp-content/uploads/S7604/S7604-00MA_H.pdf
[12] https://www.eddystone-broadcast.com/wp-content/uploads/E2075/E2075-00MA_H.pdf
[13] https://www.eddystone-broadcast.com/wp-content/uploads/irmu/RMU%20Datasheet.pdf
[14] https://www.eddystone-broadcast.com/wp-content/uploads/Guardian/E2072-01MA_H.pdf

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