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3 views7 pages

MOd 1- eletri.

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vaishnavimg887
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BESCK104C MODULE-1 Harshitha R

Assist. Professor

Module-1
Power Supplies –Block diagram, Half-wave rectifier, Full-wave rectifiers and filters,
Voltage regulators, Output resistance and voltage regulation, Voltage multipliers.
Amplifiers – Types of amplifiers, Gain, Input and output resistance, Frequency response,
Bandwidth, Phase shift, Negative feedback, multi-stage amplifiers

Power Supplies
 A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to load
 Most of the Electronic Circuits require a source of well regulated D.C at voltages
typically between 5V – 30 V
 In some cases this supply can be derived directly from batteries eg: 6V, 9V and 12V,
but in many others it is desirable to make use of a standard A.C mains
 The basic block diagram of a D.C power supply is shown in figure below

 The main components of a power supply consists of Step-down transformer, Rectifier,


Reservoir/ Smoothing filter and Voltage regulator
GSSSIETW|ECE Page.1
BESCK104C MODULE-1 Harshitha R
Assist. Professor

1. Step down transformer:


 The input mains is at a relatively high voltage
 Therefore a step-down transformer of appropriate turns ratio is used to convert
high voltage a.c supply to a low voltage a.c supply
2. Rectifier:
 It Converts A.C to D.C
 i.e The low voltage A.C output from the transformer is rectified using rectifier
diodes and produces unsmoothed D.C output
3. Reservoir/ Smoothing Filter:
 The output from the rectifier is then smoothed and filtered before applying to
the circuit
 Thus the output from the reservoir circuit is smoothed D.C output
4. Voltage Regulator:
 The output from the filter circuit is regulated/ stabilized before being applied to
the circuit
 So that it remains relatively constant in spite of variations in both load current
and incoming mains voltage

Rectifier:
 Rectifiers are the circuits which converts a.c voltage to pulsating d.c voltage.
 Rectifiers can be grouped into two types:
i) Half-wave Rectifier (HWR)
ii) Full-wave Rectifier (FWR)
 Center Tapped FWR / Bi-Phase Rectifier
 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier (FWBR)

Half-wave Rectifier (HWR)


 Half Wave Rectifier is the simplest form of rectifier circuit makes use of a single
diode and, it operates on only either positive or negative half-cycles of the supply, it
is known as a half-wave rectifier.
GSSSIETW|ECE Page.2
BESCK104C MODULE-1 Harshitha R
Assist. Professor

 Fig. below shows a simple half wave rectifier circuit.

Fig. below shows a simple half wave rectifier circuit.


 The mains voltage (220 to 240 V) is applied to the primary of a step- down transformer
(T1).
 The secondary of T1 steps down the 240 V r.m.s. to 12 V r.m.s.
 During positive half cycle, the diode D1 is forward biased and acts as a closed switch as
shown in figure below, thus diode allows the current flowsthrough the load RL and
voltage is developed across it.

Fig: Half-wave rectifier circuit with D1 conducting


 During negative half cycle, the diode D1 is reverse biased and acts as an open switch as
shown in figure below,
 Thus there will be no flow of current through the load R L, thereby the output voltage is
zero.

GSSSIETW|ECE Page.3
BESCK104C MODULE-1 Harshitha R
Assist. Professor

Fig: Half-wave rectifier with D1 not conducting


 The input and output voltage waveform of a half-wave rectifier is shown in Fig. below

Fig: The input and output voltage waveform of a half-wave Rectifier


 The relation between turns ratio and voltage of the primary and secondary of the
transformer is given by:

 The peak voltage output from the transformer’s secondary winding will be given by:

Half wave Rectifier with Filter


Fig below shows a simple half-wave rectifier circuit with reservoir capacitor.

Fig: A simple Half-wave rectifier circuit with reservoir capacitor


GSSSIETW|ECE Page.4
BESCK104C MODULE-1 Harshitha R
Assist. Professor

 The capacitor C1 is referred to as a reservoir capacitor, It stores charge during the


positive half-cycle of secondary voltage and releases it during the negative half-cycles
 The capacitor, C1, has been added to ensure that the output voltage remains at, or near,
the peak voltage even when the diode is not conducting.
 When the primary voltage is first applied to T1, the first positive half cycle output from
the secondary will charge C1 to the peak value i.e, C1 charges to the peak of the
positive half-cycle
 Since C1 and RL are in parallel, the voltage across RL will be the same as that across
C1.
 The time required for C1 to charge to the maximum level is determined by charging
circuit time constant & to discharge is determined by capacitance value and the load
resistance RL
 The figure below shows the HWR waveforms with and without reservoir capacitor

t
Fig: A simple half-wave rectifier circuit with and without reservoir capacitor

GSSSIETW|ECE Page.5
BESCK104C MODULE-1 Harshitha R
Assist. Professor

Example:
1. A mains transformer having a turns ratio of 44:1 is connected to a 220 V r.m.s. mains
supply. If the secondary output is applied to a half-wave rectifier, determine the peak
voltage that will appear across a load.

GSSSIETW|ECE Page.6
BESCK104C MODULE-1 Harshitha R
Assist. Professor

2. When selecting a diode for a particular application, Assuming that the secondary of
T1 provides 12V r.m.s, Determine the peak voltage that will appear across a load

GSSSIETW|ECE Page.7

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