S.No.

Chapter Page

1. Electrostatics 3

2. Current Electricity 20

3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 41

4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents 59

5. Electromagnetic Waves 77

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

6. Optics 82

7. Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation 98

8. Atoms and Nuclei 104

9. Electronic Devices 116

10. Communication Systems 130

Sample Papers 137

2 XII – Physics
 UNIT I

Weightage – 8 Marks

Electric charges, Conversation of charges, Coulomb’s Law; Force between two points charges,
forces between multiple charges, Superposition Principle.
Continuous charge distribution.

Electric field, electric field due to a point charge electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due
to dipole; torque on a dipole in uniform electric field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss Theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long
straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

inside and outside)

Electric Potential, Potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system
of charges, equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and
of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and Insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor, Dielectric and
electric polarization, Capacitors and Capacitance, combination of capacitances in series and parallel.

Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with or without dielectirc medium between the plates
energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graff Generator.

Physical Quantity Formulae Used SI Unit

Quantization of charge q = ± ne C
Kq1q2
Coulomb’s force F N
r2
Kq1q2  Kq1q2 
In vector from F12 2
r 21 r21
r 21 r 321
F0 m Cm 0 E0
Dielectric constant (or relative permitivity) KD r
Fm 0 C0 m Em r

Hence F0 Fm as free space has minimum permittivity

3 XII – Physics
 q
Linear charge density Cm–1
L
q
Surface charge density Cm–2
A

 F
Electric field due to a point charge E Lt theoretical
q0 0 q0

Kq1
Innumerical, we useE
r2

1 qx 1 qy
The components of electric field, Ex ,E y , NC–1
4 0 r3 4 0 r3
1 qz
Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field Ez Nm
4 0 r3
  
Electric dipole moment p E or pE sin Cm
  
Potential energy of a dipole in a unifor electric field P q 2a or p q 2a J
 
U – p El or U – pE cos

1 2pr
Eaxial 2
4 E0
r – a2
2
Electric field on axial line of an electric dipole NC–1
1 2p
When 2a r,Eaxial

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN Eequatorial

4
1
0
q 2a
4 E0 r 3

3
Electric field on equatorial line of an electric dipole r 2 a2 2

1 p
When 2a r,Eequatorial
4 E0 r 3
dV
Electric field as a gradient of potential E
dr
WAB
Electrical potential differences between points A & B VB – VA Volts (or JC–1)
q0
1 q W
Electric potential at a point VA
4 E0 rA q
1 n qi
Electric potential due to a system of charges V
4 E0 i 1 ri

Electric potential at any point due to an electric dipole 1 P cos

V
4 E0 r 2 – a2 cos2
1 p
When, 0 or 77, V
4 E0 r 2 – a 2
1 p
If r a, V
4 E0 r 2
When, 90 , Vequi 0

4 XII – Physics
  
Total electric flux through a closed surface S  E.dS  EndS Nm2 C–1
q
= E × Effective Area = E
0

1
Electric field due to line charge E NC–1(or V/m)
2 0 r

Electric field due to an infinite plane sheet of charge E

2 0

Electric field due to two infinitely charged plane parallel E

0
sheets

R2
Electric field due to a uniformly charged spherical shell E
0 r2

Whenr R, 0
0
2
Whenr R, E 4 r 0

q
Electrical capacitance C F(SI Unit) F (Practical Unit)
V
Capacitance of an isolated sphere C 4 0 r

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Capacitance of a parallel plate C
A
d
0

1 1 1 1
Capacitors in series C C1 C2 C3
Capacitors in parallel C = C1 + C2 + C3

0 A
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with dielectric C
1
d – t 1–
KD
slab between plates

C0
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with conducting C
t
1–
slab between plates d

q2 1 1
Energy stored in a charged capacitor U CV 2 qV J
2C 2 2
  
Resultant electric field in a polarised dielectric slab E E0 E p , where Cm–1

E 0 = Applied electric field and

E p = Electric field due to polarization

Polarization density P = n E = E Vm–1 or Nc–1

Dielectric constant (in terms of electric susceptibility or KD = 1 +
atomic polarisability)

5 XII – Physics
 q 1 1
Potential difference between inner and outer shell in Vr0 – VR – Volts (or JC–1)
4 Eo ro R
van de Graaff generator

1. Draw schematically an equipotential surface of a uniform electrostatic field along X axis.

2. Sketch field lines due to (i) two equal positive charges near each other (ii) a dipole.
3. Name the physical quantity whose SI unit is volt/meter. Is it a scalar or a vector quantity?
4. Two point charges repel each other with a force F when placed in water of dielectric constant 81.
What will the force between them when placed the same distance apart in air? Ans. : (81F)
5. Electric dipole moment of CuSO4 molecule is 3.2 × 10–32 Cm. Find the separation between copper
and sulphate ions. Ans. : (10–3m)
6. Net capacitance of three identical capacitors connected in parallel is 12 microfarad. What will be
the net capacitance when two of them are connected in (i) parallel (ii) series?
Ans. : Cp = 8 f Cs = 2 f
7. A charge q is placed at the centre of an imaginary spherical surface. What will be the electric flux

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

8.
due to this charge through any half of the sphere. Ans : q/2 0
Draw the electric field vs distance (from the centre) graph for (i) a long charged rod raving linear
charge density < 0 (ii) spherical shell of radius R and charge Q > 0.
9. Diagrammatically represent the position of a dipole in (i) stable (ii) unstable equilibrium when
placed in a uniform electric field.
10. A charge Q is distributed over a metal sphere of radius R. What is the electric field and electric
potential at the centre? Ans. : E = 0, V = kQ/R
11. If a body contains n1 electrons and n2 protons then what is the total charge on the body?
Ans. : (n2 ~ n2)e
12. What is the total positive or negative charge present in 1 molecule of water. Ans. : 10e.
13. How does the energy of dipole change when it in rotated from unstable equilibrium to stable
equilibrium in a uniform electric field. Ans. : decreases

14. Write the ratio of electric field intensity due to a dipole at apoint on the equatorial line to the field
at a point at a point on the axial line, when the points are at the same distance from the centre
of dipole.

15. Draw equipotential surface for a 3 dipole.

16. An uncharged conductor A placed on an insulating stand is brought near a charged insulated
conductor B. What happens to the charge and potential of B?
Ans : charge same, p.d. decrease

6 XII – Physics
17. A point charge Q is placed at point O shown in Fig. Is the potential difference VA – VB positive,
negative or zero, if Q is (i) positive (ii) negative charge.

Ans : When Q is + ive. VA–VB > 0

When Q is – ive, VA–AB < 0

O A B

18. An electron and proton are released from rest in a uniform electrostatic field. Which of them will
have larger acceleration? Ans : ae > ap
19. In an uniform electric field of strength E, a charged particle Q moves point A to point B in the
direction of the field and back from B to A. Calculate the ratio of the work done by the electric
field in taking the charge particle from A to B and from B to A. Ans : 1 : 1
20. If a dipole of charge 2µC is placed inside a sphere of radius 2m, what is the net flux linked with
the sphere. Ans : Zero
21. Four charges + q, –q, +q, –q are placed as shown in the figure. What is the work done in bringing
a test charge from to point 0.
+q +q
A B

q0
O

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN D

–q
C
+q

Ans : Zero
23. If the metallic conductor shown in the figure is continuously charged from which of the points
A,B,C or D does the charge leak first. Justify. Ans : ‘A’
24. What is dielectric strength? Write the value of dielectric strength of air. Ans : 3x106 Vm–1
25. Two charge –q and +q are located at points A (0, 0, –a) and B(0, 0, +a). How much work is done
in moving a test charge from point (b, 0, 0) to Q (–b, 0, 0)? Ans : Zero

26. If an electron is accelerated by a Potential difference of 1 Volt, Calculate the gain in energy in Joul
and electron volt.

27. Draw schematically the equipotential surface corresponding to a field that uniformly increases in
magnitude but remains in a constant (say z) direction.

28. What is the work done in rotating a dipole from its unstable equilibrium to stable equilibrium? Does
the energy of the dipole increase or decrease?

1. An oil drop of mass m carrying charge –Q is to be held stationary in the gravitational field of the
earth. What is the magnitude and direction of the electrostatic field required for this purpose?
Ans : E = m8/Q, doninward.

7 XII – Physics
 2. Find the number of field lines originating from a point charge of q = 8.854 µC.
Ans : d = 10 NC–1 m2

3. If q is the positive charge on each molecule of water, what is the total positive charge in (360g)
a Mug of water.
360
Ans : q × 6.02×10 23 C
18

4. Derive an expression for the work done in rotating an electric dipole from its equilibrium position
to an angle with the uniform electrostatic field.

5. Show that there is always a loss of energy when two capacitors charged to different potentials
share charge (connected with each other).

6. A thin long conductor has linear charge density of 20 µC/m. Calculate the electric field intensity
at a point 5 cm from it. Draw a graph to show variation of electric field intensity with distance from
the conductor. Ans. : 72 x 105 N/C

7. What is the ratio of electric field intensity at a point on the equatorial line to the field at a point
on axial line when the points are at the same distance from the centre of the dipole?
Ans : 1:2

8. Show that the electric field intensity at a point can be given as negative of potential gradient.

9. A charged metallic sphere A having charge qA is brought in contact with an uncharged metallic

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

sphere of same radius and then separated by a distance d. What is the electrostatic force between

them. Ans :
kq2 A
4d2
10. An electron and a proton fall through a distance in an uniform electric field E. Compare the time
of fall.

11. Two point charges –q and +q are placed 2l metre apart, as shown in fig. Give the direction of
electric field at points A,B,C and D.

B –q A +q C

12. The electric potential V at any point in space is given V = 20x3 volt, where x is in meter. Calculate
the electric intensity at point P (1, 0, 2). Ans : 60NC–1

13. Justify why two equipotential surfaces cannot intersect.

14. Find equivalent capacitance between A and B in the combination given below : each capacitor is
of 2 µF. Ans. : 6/7 µF

8 XII – Physics
 A B

15. What is the electric field at O in Figures (i), (ii) and (iii). ABCD is a square of side r.
A B A B A B
q q q

O O O

q q q q q
D r C D r C D r C
I II III
2q 1 2q
Ans : (i) Zero, (ii) 4 2 (iii) 4
0 r 0

16. What should be the charge on a sphere of radius 4 cm, so that when it is brought in contact with
another sphere of radius 2cm carrying charge of 10 µC, there is no transfer of charge from one
sphere to other? Ans : Va = Vb, Q = 20 C
17. For an isolated parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C and potential difference V, what will
happen to (i) charge on the plates (ii) potential difference across the plates (iii) field between the

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

plates (iv) energy stored in the capacitor, when the distance between the plates is increased?
Ans : (i) No change (ii) increases (iii) No change (iv) increases.
18. Does the maximum charge given to a metallic sphere of radius R depend on whether it is hollow
or solid? Give reason for your answer. Ans : No charge resides on the surface of conductor.
19. Two charges Q1 and Q2 are separated by distance r. Under what conditions will the electric field
be zero on the line joining them (i) between the charges (ii) outside the charge?
Ans : (i) Charge are alike (ii) Unlike charges of unequal magnitude.
20. Obtain an expression for the field due to electric dipole at any point on the equatorial line.
 
21. The electric field component in the figure are Ex 2 i, E y Ez 0, . Calculate the flux through,
(1,2,3) the square surfaces of side 5m.

1 2 3

Y
1m 2m
22. Calculate the work required to separate two charges 4 c and –2 c placed at (–3cm, 0, 0) and
(+3cm, 0, 0) infinitely away from each other.

23. What is electric field between the plates with the separation of 2cm and (i) with air (ii) dielectric
medium of dielectric constant K. Electric potential of each plate is marked in Fig.

9 XII – Physics
 ___________150 V

4
4 1 10 1
(i) ___________–50 V E0 10 NC , E NC
k
24. A storage capacitor on a RAM (Random Access Memory) chip has a capacity of 55pF. If the
capacitor is charged to 5.3V, how may excess electrons are on its negative plate?
Ans. : 1.8 × 109

25. The figure shows the Q (charge) versus V (potential) graph for a combination of two capacitors.
Identify the graph representing the parallel combination.

A
Q
B

V
Ans : A represents parallel combination

26. Calculate the work done in taking a charge of 1 µC in a uniform electric field of 10 N/C from
B to C given AB = 5 cm along the field and AC = 10 cm perpendicular to electric field.

A B

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN C

Ans : WAB = WBC = 50 x 10–8 J, WAC = 0J

27. Can two equi potential surfaces intersect each other? Give reasons. Two charges –q and +q are
located at points A (0, 0, –a) and B (0, 0, +a) respectively. How much work is done in moving
a test charge from point P(7, 0, 0) to Q(–3, 0, 0)? (zero)

28. The potential of a pt A to –500V and that of another point B is +500V. What is the work done by
external agent to take 2 units of negative charge from B to A.

29. How does the Potential energy of (i) mutual interaction (ii) net electrostatic P.E. of two charges
change when they are placed in an external electric field.

30. With the help of an example, show the bigness of 1 Farad.

31. What is meant by dielectric polarisation? Why does the electric field inside a dielectric decrease
when it in placed in an external field?

1. Define electrostatic potential and its unit. Obtain expression for electrostatic potential at a point
P in the field due to a point charge.

10 XII – Physics
 2. Calculate the electrostatic potential energy for a system of three point charges placed at the
corners of an equilateral triangle of side ‘a’.
3. What is polarization of charge? With the help of a diagram show why the electric field between
the plates of capacitor reduces on introducing a dielectric slab. Define dielectric constant on the
basis of these fields.

4. Using Gauss’s theorem in electrostatics, deduce an expression for electric field intensity due to
a charged spherical shell at a point (i) inside (ii) on its surface (iii) outside it. Graphically show
the variation of electric field intensity with distance from the centre of shell.

5. Three capacitors are connected first in series and then in parallel. Find the equivalent capacitance
for each type of combination.

6. A charge Q is distributed over two concentric hollow sphere of radii r and R (R>r), such that their
surface density of charges are equal. Find Potential at the common centre.

7. Derive an expression for the energy density of a parallel plate capacitor.

8. You are given an air filled parallel plate capacitor. Two slabs of dielectric constants K1 and K2
having been filled in between the two plates of the capacitor as shown in Fig. What will be the
capacitance of the capacitor of initial area was A distance between plates d?

P P
K1
K1 K2

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN Q

Fig. 1
Q
K2

Fig. 2
C1 = (K1 + K2)C0

K1 K 2 C0
C2
K1 K 2
9. In the figure shown, calculate the total flux of the electrostatic field through the sphere S1 and S2.
The wire AB shown has a liner charge density given = kx where x is the distance measured
along the wire, from end A.

A B

Q S1 S2
0

l l
Ans. Total charge on wire AB = Q = dx k xdn = 1 K l2
o o 2

By Gauss’s the orem.

11 XII – Physics
 Q
Total flux through S1 =
0

1 2
Q kl
Total flun through S2 = 2
0

10. Explain why charge given to a hollow conductor is transferred immediately to outer surface of the
conductor. (See Page 83. NCERT Vol I)

11. Derive an expression for total work done in rotating an electric dipole through an angle in an
uniform electric field. Hence calculate the potential energy of the dipole.

12. Define electric flux. Write its SI unit. An electric flux of units passes normally through a spherical
Gaussian surface of radius r, due to point charge placed at the centre.

(1) What is the charge enclosed by Gaussian surface?

(2) If radius of Gaussian surface is doubled, how much flux will pass through it?

13. A conducting slab of thickness ‘t’ is introduced between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor,
separated by a distance d (t<d). Derive an expression for the capacitance of the capacitor. What
will be its capacitance when t = d?

14. If a dielectric slab is introduced between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor after the battery

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

is disconnected, then how do the following quantities change.

(i)
(ii)
Charge
Potential
(iii) Capacitance
(iv) Energy.

15. What is an equipotential surface? Write three properties Sketch equipotential surfaces of

(i) Isolated point charge

(ii) Uniform electric field

(iii) Dipole

1. State the principle of Van de Graaff generator. Explain its working with the help of a neat labeled
diagram.

2. Derive an expression for the strength of electric field intensity at a point on the axis of a uniformly
charged circular coil of radius R carrying charge Q.

3. Derive an expression for potential at any point distant r from the centre O of dipole making an
angle with the dipole.

12 XII – Physics
 4. Suppose that three points are set at equal distance r = 90 cm from the centre of a dipole, point
A and B are on either side of the dipole on the axis (A closer to +ve charge and B closer to B)
point C which is on the perpendicular bisector through the line joining the charges. What would
be the electric potential due to the dipole of dipole t 3.6 × 10–19 Cm at points A, B and C?
5. Derive an expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with dielectric slab of thickness
t(t<d) between the plates separated by distance d. How would the following (i) energy (ii) charge,
(iii) potential be affected if dielectric slab is introduced with battery disconnected, (b) dielectric
slab is introduced after the battery is connected.
6. Derive an expression for torque experienced by dipole placed in uniform electric field. Hence
define electric dipole moment.
7. State Gauss’s theorem. Derive an expression for the electric field due to a charged plane sheet.
Find the potential difference between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor having surface density
of charge 5 × 10–8 Cm–2 with the separation between plates being 4 mm.
8. Derive an expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with dielectric slab of
thickness t (t<d) between the plates separated by distance d.
If the dielectric slab is introduced with the battery connected, then how do the following
quantities change (i) charge (ii) potential (iii) capacitance (iv) energy

9. Using Gauss’s theorem obtain an expression for electric field intensity due to a plane sheet of
charge. Hence obtain expression for electric field intensity in a parallel plate capacitor.

10. Write five to six important results regarding eloectro statics of conductors. (See Page 68, NCERT

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Vol I).

1. What should be the position of charge q = 5µC for it to be in equilibrium on the line joining two
charges q1 = – 4 µC and q2 = 16 µC separated by 9 cm. Will the position change for any other
value of charge q? (9 cm from – 4 µC)
2. Two point charges 4e and e each, at a separation r in air, exert force of magnitude F. They are
immersed in a medium of dielectric constant 16. What should be the separation between the
charges so that the force between them remains unchanged. (1/4 the original separation)
3. Two capacitors of capacitance 10 µF and 20 µF are connected in series with a 6V battery. If E
is the energy stored in 20 µF capacitor what will be the total energy supplied by the battery in
terms of E. (6E)

4. Two point charges 6 µC and 2 µC are separated by 3 cm in free space. Calculate the work done
in separating them to infinity. (3.6 joule)

5. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 10 cm. D is the mid point of BC, charge 100 µC, – 100 µC
and 75 µC are placed at B, C and D respectively. What is the force experienced by a 1 µC positive
charge placed at A? (90 2 × 103 N)

6. A point charge of 2 µC is kept fixed at the origin. Another point charge of 4 µC is brought from
a far point to a distance of 50 cm from origin. Calculate the electrostatic potential energy of the
two charge system. Another charge of 11 µC is brought to a point 100 cm from each of the two
charges. What is the work done? (3.2 × 10–3J)
13 XII – Physics
 7. A 5 MeV particle is projected towards a stationary nucleus of atomic number 40. Calculate
distance of closest approach. (1.1 × 10–4 m)

8. To what potential must a insulated sphere of radius 10 cm be charged so that the surface density
of charge is equal to 1 µC/m2. (1.13 × 104V)

9. In the following fig. calculate the potential difference across capacitor C2. Given potential at A is
90 V. C1 = 20 µF, C2 = 30 µF, and C3 = 15 µF. (20V)

A
C1 C2 C3

10. A point charge develops an electric field of 40 N/C and a potential difference of 10 J/C at a point.
Calculate the magnitude of the charge and the distance from the point charge.
(2.9 × 10–10 C, 25 cm)

11. Figure shows three circuits, each consisting of a switch and two capacitors initially charged as
indicated. After the switch has been closed, in which circuit (if any) will the charges on the left
hand capacitor (i) increase (ii) decrease (iii) remain same?
s s s

6q 3q 6q 3q 6q 3q
2c c 3c c 2c 2c

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN 1 2 3

(1 remains unchanged, 2 increases, 3 decreases).

12. For what value of C does the equivalent capacitance between A and B is 1µF in the given circuit.

C 3
A
3
3 3
4 2
B
3 3
A ll capa citance given in m icro farad

Ans. : 2 µF

1. Figure shows five charged lumps of plastic and an electrically neutral coin. The cross­section of
a Gaussian surface S is indicated. What is the net electric flux through the surface?

14 XII – Physics
 R s.1

+q1 –q2

+q3 –q6

+q5

2. Without referring to the formula C = 0A/d. Explain why the capacitance of a parallel plate
capacitor reduce on increasing the separation between the plates?

3. Draw field lines to show the position of null point for two charges +Q1 and –Q2 when magnitude
of Q1 > Q2 and mark the position of null point.

4. In charging a capacitor of capacitance C by a source of emf V, energy supplied by the sources

QV and the energy stored in the capacitor is ½QV. Justify the difference.

5. An electric dipole of dipole moment p, is held perpendicular to an electric field; (i) p = E0 i

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

6.
(ii) E = E0 × i. If the dipole is released does it have (a) only rotational motion (b) only translatory
motion (c) both translatory and rotatory motion?

The net charge of a system is zero. Will the electric field intensity due to this system also be zero.

7. A point charge Q is kept at the intersection of (i) face diagonals (ii) diagonals of a cube of side
a. What is the electric flux linked with the cube in (i) and (ii)?

8. There are two large parallel metallic plates S1 and S2 carrying surface charge densities 1 and
2 respectively ( 1 > 2) placed at a distance d apart in vacuum. Find the work done by the
electric field in moving a point charge q a distance a (a < d) from S1 and S2 along a line making
an angle /4 with the normal to the plates.

9. If a charge Q is given to the parallel plates of a capacitor and E is the electric field between the
plates of the capacitor the force on each plate is 1/2QE and if charge Q is placed between the
plates experiences a force equal to QE. Give reasons to explain the above.

10. Two metal spheres A and B of radius r and 2r whose

centres are separated by a distance of 6r are given
charge Q, are at potential V1 and V2. Find the ratio of
A B
V1/V2. These spheres are connected to each other with
the help of a connecting wire keeping the separation
unchanged, what is the amount of charge that will flow 6r
through the wire?

15 XII – Physics
11. A pendulum bob of mass 80 mg and carrying charge of 3 × 10–8 C is placed in an horizontal
electric field. It comes to equilibrium position at an angle of 370 with the vertical. Calculate the
intensity of electric field. (g = 10m/s2) (2 × 104 N/C)

12. Eight charged water droplets each of radius 1 mm and charge 10 × 10–10C coalesce to form a
single drop. Calculate the potential of the bigger drop. (3600 V)

13. What potential difference must be applied to produce an electric field that can accelerate an
electron to 1/10 of velocity of light. (2.6 × 103 V)

14. A 10 F capacitor can withstand a maximum voltage of 100 V across it, whereas another 20 F
capacitor can withstand a maximum voltage of only 25 V. What is the maximum voltage that can
be put across their series combination? (75V)

15. Three concentric spherical metallic shells A < B < C of radii a, b, c (a < b < c) have surface
densities , – and respectively. Find the potential of three shells A, B and (ii). If shells A and
C are at the same potential obtain relation between a, b, c.

16. Four point charges are placed at the corners of the square of edge a as shown in the figure. Find
kq2
the work done in disassembling the system of charges. 2 4 J
a
–q +q

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

+q
–q
17. Find the potential at A and C in the following circuit :

12V

B
A C
1m F 5m F

18. Two capacitors A and B with capacitances 3 F and 2 F are charged 100 V and 180 V
respectively. The capacitors are connected as shown in the diagram with the uncharged capacitor
C. Calculate the (i) final charge on the three capacitors (ii) amount of electrostatic energy stored
in the system before and after the completion of the circuit.

16 XII – Physics
 C

2 F
+ –
3 F 2 F
A 10 0V 18 0V B

19. Two identical parallel plate capacitors connected to a battery with the switch S closed. The switch
is now opened and the free space between the plates of the capacitors is filled with dielectric of
dielectric constant 3. Find the ratio of the total electrostatic energy stored in both capacitors before
and after the introduction of dielectric.

E A B

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

1. q1 q3 q2 q6 0

3.

+ – N

4. In the capacitor the voltage increases from O to V, hence energy stored will correspond to average
which will be ½ QV. While the source is at constant emf V. So energy supplied will be QV. The
difference between the two goes as heat and em radiations.

7. Construct a closed system such that charge is enclosed within it. For the charge on one face, we
need to have two cubes place such that charge is on the common face. According to Gauss’s
q
theorem total flux through the gaussian surface (both cubes) is equal to . Therefore the flux
0
q
through one cube will be equal to 2 .
0

17 XII – Physics
 q 1 2 a
8. Work done = fd cos = qEd cos
0 2

9. If E´ be the electric field due to each plate (of large dimensions) then net electric field between
them

E E´ E´ E´ E 2

Force on change Q at some point between the plates F = QE

Force on one plate of the capacitor due to another plate F´ QE´ QE 2

kq kq 7kq
10. V1
r 6r 6r
kq kq 3kq kq 4kq
V2
2r 6r 6r 6r
V1 7
V2 4

2q 2q

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Vcommon
4

Charge transferred equal to

0 r 2r 12 0r
V´

r kq r k 2q
q´ C1V1 C1V ´ . .
k r k 3r
2q q
q – .
3 3

q1 q2 q3
15. VA k
a b c
= k 4 a – k 4 b + k 4 c
= 4 a (a – b + c)

a – b c
0

2
q1 q2 q3 4 a
VB k k – 4 kb 4 kc
b b c b

18 XII – Physics
 2
a 2 2
b c
0 b

2 2 2
VC a b c
0c

When VA = VC

2 2 2
a b c a – b c
0 0C

ac – bc + c2 = a2 – b2 + c2

c (a – b) = (a – b) (a + b)

c = a + b.

17. Q = CV

Total charge Q = Total capacitance in series × voltage

5 –3 3
10 12 10 10 coulomb
6
3
Q 10 10

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN VAB

c1

Q 10
1 10

10
3

3
10V

VBC 3
2V .
c2 5 10
When B is earthed VB = 0, VA = 10V and VC = – 2V.
19. Before dielectric is introduced.
1 2 1 2
EA CV ; EB CV
2 2
E = EA + EB = CV2
After disconnecting the battery and then introducing dielectric

1 2
E´ A 3C V
2
2 2
Q CV 1 1 2
E´ B CV , E´ E´ A E´ B
2C 2 3C 3 2

E´ 5
.
E 3

19 XII – Physics
 UNIT II

Weightage : 07 Marks

Electric current; flow of electric charges in a metllic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their
relation with electric current. Ohm’s law electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-
linear)

Electrical energy and power, Electrical resistivity and connectivity, carbon resistors, colour code for
carbon resistors; Series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell. Combination of cells in series
and in parallel.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications, wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.
Potentiometer-principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing emf
of two cells, measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

 
 eE E – electric fuld
1. Drift Velocity Vd –
m Relaxation time

2. Relation b/w I enAVd e = charge on electrons

current and m = mass of electron
Drift Velocity n = number density of electrons

3. Ohm’s Law V = RI A = cross Section Area

l
4. Resistance R V = potential difference across
A
conductor

20 XII – Physics
 RA m
5. Specific Resistance l = length of conductor
ne2
or Resistivity

6. Current density j = I/A = neVd

7. Electrical Conductivity = 1/

8. Resistances in

Series Req = R1 + R2 + R3
A R1 R2 R3 B

R1

R2
1 1 1
Parallel Re q R1 R2 A B

R3

9. Temperature Rt = Ro (1 + t)
Dependance of
Resistance

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

10. Internal Resistance
of a cell
r
E
V
–1 R

V2
11. Power P = VI= I2R =
R

E1 E2
12. Cells in Series Eeq = E1 + E1
A B
E1 E2
Equivalent emf Eeq = E1 – E1 E1 >E2 A B

Equivalent Internal req = r1 + r2 E1 & E2 are emf of two cells r1 and r2

Resistance are their internal resistances respectively
nE
Equivalent Current I n = no. of cells in series.
R nr

E1r2 E2r1
13. Cells in parallel Equivalent e.m.f Eeq
r1 r2
r1 r2
Equivalent resistance req
r1 r2

21 XII – Physics
 mE
Equivalent Current I m = number of cells in parallel
mR r

14. Kirchoff’s Laws i = o (at a junction) i = Current

iR = E (in a closed loop) R = Resistance
E = e.m.f.

P R
15. Wheatstone Bridge P,Q,R and S are resistances in Ohm in
Q S
four arms of Wheatstone Bridge.

100 – l
16. Slide wire Bridge or S R
l

metre Bridge

17. Potentiometer
E1 l1
Comparison of Emf l1 and l2 are balancing lengths on polen-
E2 l2
tiometer wire for cells E1 and E2
l1 – l2
r R

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Internal Resistance

E
V
l2

–1 R
l1 and l2 are balancing lengths on

polentiometer wire in open circuit and

closed circuit.

1. How does the relaxation time of electron in the conductor change when temperature of the
conductor decreases.

2. Sketch a graph showing variation of resistivity with temperature of (i) Copper (ii) Carbon.

3. The emf of the driver cell (Auxillary battery) in the potentiometer experiment should be greater
than emf of the cell to be determined. Why?

4. You are required to select a carbon resistor of resistance 47k ± 10% from a large collection.
What should be the sequence of color bands used to code it?

5. The fig. here shows a part of a circuit. What are the magnitude and direction of the current i in
the lower right-hand wire? (8 Amp)

22 XII – Physics
 2A 2A
2A

4A
i
3A

6. Two wire one of copper and other of manganin have same resistance and equal length. Which
wire is thicker?

7. You are given three constantan wires P, Q and R of length and area of cross-section (L, A),
A L
2L, , , 2A respectively. Which has highest resistance?
2 2
8. V – I graph for a metallic wire at two different temperatures T1 and T2 is as shown in the figure.
Which of the two temperatures is higher and why?

T1

V T2

I
9. Out of V – I graph for parallel and series combination of two metallic resistors, which one

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

represents parallel combination of resistors? Justify your answer.

I A

V
10. Why is the potentiometer preferred to a voltmeter for measuring emf of a cell?

11. How can a given 4 wires potentiometer be made more sensitive?

12. Why is copper not used for making potentiometer wires?

13. In the figure, what is the potential difference between A and B?

A B
10 2A 12 V

14. A copper wire of resistance R is uniformally stretched till its length is increased to n times its
original length. What will be its new resistance?

15. Two resistances 5 and 7 are joined as shown to two batteries of emf 2V and 3V. If the 3V
battery is short circuited. What will be the current through 5 ?

23 XII – Physics
 5
7
2V 3V

16. Calculate the equivalent resistance between points A and B in the figure given below.

R
R
A B
R R

17. What is the largest voltage that can be safely put across a resistor marked 196 , 1W?

18. When does the terminal voltage of a cell become (i) greater than its emf (ii) less than its emf?

19. A car battery is of 12V. Eight dry cells of 1.5 V connected in series also give 12V, but such a
combination is not used to start a car. Why?

20. Two electric lamps A and B marked 220V, 100W and 220V, 60W respectively. Which of the two
lamps has higher resistance?

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

21.

22.
Constantan is used for making the standard resistance. Why?

A 16 thick wire is stretched so that its length becomes two times. Assuming there is no change
in density on stretching. Calculate the resistance of new wire.

23. State the Condition under which the terminal potential difference across a battery and its emf are
equal.

24. State the Condition for max current to be drawn from the Cell.

25. Name the physical quantity measured by potential gradient.

1. Define mobility of electron in a conductor. How does electron mobility change when (i) temperature
of conductor is decreased (ii) Applied potential difference is doubled at constant temperature?

2. On what factor does potential gradient of a potentiometer wire depend?

3. What are superconductors? Give one of their applications.

4. Two manganin wires whose lengths are in the ratio 1 : 2 and whose resistances are in the ratio
1 : 2 are connected in series with a battery. What will be the ratio of drift velocities of free electrons
in the two wires?

5. i = i0 + at where i0 = 4A and a = 2As–1. Find the

T he current through a w ire depends on tim e as
charge crossing a section of wire in 10 seconds.

24 XII – Physics
 6. Three identical resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected to a battery as shown in the figure. What
will be the ratio of voltages across R1 and R2. Support your answer with calculations. (2:1)

E
R2

R1
R3
7. In the arrangement of resistors shown, what fraction of current I will pass through 5 resistor?
2I
3
5
I

10
8. A 100W and a 200 W domestic bulbs joined in series are connected to the mains. Which bulb
will glow more brightly? Justify. (100W)

9. A 100W and a 200 W domestic bulbs joined in parallel are connected to the mains. Which bulb
will glow more brightly? Justify. (200W)

10. A battery has an emf of 12V and an internal resistance of 2 . Calculate the potential difference

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

11.
between the terminal of cell if (a) current is drawn from the battery (b) battery is charged by an
external source.

A uniform wire of resistance R ohm is bent into a circular loop as shown in the figure. Compute
effective resistance between diametrically opposite points A and B. [Ans. R/4]

A B

12. In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25V gives a balance point at 35 cm length of the
wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell, then the balance point shifts to 63 cm. What is the
emf of the second cell? [Ans. 2.25V]

13. In a meter bridge, the balance point is found to be 39.5 cm from end A. The known resistance
Y is 12.5 . Determine unknown resistance X. [Ans. 8.16 ]

X Y

G
A B
39 .5 cm

25 XII – Physics
14. A meterbridge is in balance condition. Now if galvanometer and cell are interchanged, the
galvanometer shows no deflection. Give reason.
[Ans. Galvanometer will show no deflection. Proportionality of the arms are retained as the
galvanometer and cell are interchanged.]
15. If the emf of the driving cell be decreased. What will be effect on the position of zero deflection
in a potentiometer.
16. Why should the area of cross section of the meter bridge wire be uniform? Explain.
17. Given any two limitations of Qhm’s law.
18. Which one of the two, an ammeter or a milliammeter has a higher resistance and why?
19. Name two factors on which the resistivity of a given material depends? A carbon resistor has a
value of 62k with a tolerance of 5%. Give the colour code for the resistor.
20. If the electron drift speed is so small (~10–3 m/s) and the electron’s charge is very small, how can
we still obtain a large amount of current in a conductor
21. A battery of emf 2.0 volts and internal Resistance 0.1 is being charged with a current of 5.0A.
What is the potential difference between the terminals of the battery?

A B
5A 2.0V 0.1

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

22.

23.
Why should the jockey be not rubbed against potentiometer wire?

What is meant by the sensitivity of a potentiometer of any given length?

1. Define specific resistance. Write its SI unit. Derive an expression for resistivity of a wire in terms
of its material’s parameters, number density of free electrons and relaxation time.
2. A potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length L and diameter D. How are the
electric field E and the resistance R of the conductor affected when (i) V is halved (ii) L is halved
(iii) D is doubled. Justify your answer.

*3. Define drift velocity. A conductor of length L is connected to a dc source of emf E. If the length
of conductor is tripled by stretching it, keeping E constant, explain how do the following factors
would vary in the conductor? (i) Drift speed of electrons (ii) Resistance and (iii) Resistivity.

4. Define potential gradient. How can potential gradient of a potentiometer be determined

experimentally. In the graph shown here, a plot of potential drop versus length of the potentiometer
is made for two potentiometers. Which is more sensitive –A or B?

V B
V o lt

l(m )
26 XII – Physics
*5. Define conductivity of a substance. Give its SI units. How does it vary with temperature for
(i) Copper (ii) Silicon?

*6. State the principle of potentiometer. Draw a circuit diagram used to compare the emf of two
primary cells. Write the formula used.

7. The graph shows how the current I varies with applied potential difference V across a 12 V
filament lamp (A) and across one metre long nichrome wire (B). Using the graph, find the ratio
of the values of the resistance of filament lamp to the nichrome wire

(i) when potential difference across them is 12 V.

4
A
I 3
a m p e re 2
B
1
0
2 4 6 8 10 12
V (v o lts )

(ii) when potential difference across them is 4V. Give reason for the change in ratio of
resistances in (i) and (ii).

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

8. Electron drift speed is estimated to be only a few mm/s for currents in the range of few amperes?
How then is current established almost the instant a circuit is closed.

9. Give three points of difference between e.m.f and terminal potential difference of a cell.

10. Define the terms resistivity and conductivity and state their S.I. units. Draw a graph showing the
variation of resistivity with temperature for a typical semiconductor.

11. The current flowing through a conductor is 2mA at 50V and 3mA at 60V. Is it an ohmic or non-
ohmic conductor? Give reason.

12. Nichrome and copper wires of same length and area of cross section are connected in series,
current is passed through them why does the nichrome wire get heated first?

13. Under what conditions is the heat produced in an electric circuit:

(i) directly proportional

(ii) inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit

1. State Kirchhoff’s rules for electrical networks. Use them to explain the principle of Wheatstone
bridge for determining an unknown resistance. How is it realized in actual practice in the laboratory?
State the formula used.

27 XII – Physics
2. Define emf and terminal potential difference of a cell. When is the terminal charging potential
difference greater than emf? Explain how emf and terminal potential difference can be compared
using a potentiometer and hence determine internal resistance of the cell.
3. For three cells of emf E1, E2 and E3 with internal resistances r1, r2, r3 respectively connected in
parallel, obtain an expression for net internal resistance and effective current. What would be the
maximum current possible if the emf of each cell is E and internal resistance is r each?
4. Derive an expression for drift velocity of the electron in conductor. Hence deduce ohm’s law.
5. State the principle of potentiometer. How can it be used to :
(i) Compare e.m.f of two cells

(ii) Measure internal resistance of a cell?

6. Explain how does the conductivity of a :

(i) Metallic conductor

(ii) Semi conductor and

(iii) Insulator varies with the rise of temperature.

7. Derive expression for equivalent e.m.f and equivalent resistance of a :

(a) Series combination

(b) Parallel combination

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

8.
of three cells with e.m.f E1, E2, E3 & internal resistances r1, r2, r3 respectively.
Deduce the condition for balance in a Wheatstone bridge. Using the principle of Wheatstone
bridge, describe the method to determine the specific resistance of a wire in the laboratory. Draw
the circuit diagram and write the formula used. Write any two important precautions you would
observe while performing the experiment.

1. The charge passing through a conductor is a function of time and is given as q = 2t 2 – 4t + 3

milli coulomb. Calculate (i) Current through the conductor (ii) Potential difference across it at
t = 4 second. Given resistance of conductor is 4 ohm. [Ans. : I = 12A, V = 48 V]
2. The resistance of a platinum wire at a point 0°C is 5.00 ohm and its resistance at steam point
is 5.40 . When the wire is immersed in a hot oil bath, the resistance becomes 5.80 . Calculate
the temperature of the oil bath and temperature coefficient of resistance of platinum.
[Ans. : a = 0.004°C; T = 200°C]
3. Three identical cells, each of emf 2V and internal resistance 0.2 ohm, are connected in series to
an external resistor of 7.4 ohm. Calculate the current in the circuit and the terminal potential
difference across an equivalent cell. [Ans. : I = 0.75; V = 5.55 V]
4. Calculate the equivalent resistance and current shown by the ammeter in the circuit diagram
given. [Ans. : R = 2 ; I = 5A]

28 XII – Physics
 2
4
4 6
1 6

A
2V 12V
5. A storage battery of emf 12V and internal resistance of 1.5 is being charged by a 12V dc supply.
How much resistance is to be put in series for charging the battery safely, by maintaining a
constant charging current of 6A. [Ans. : R = 16.5 ]

6. Three cell are connected in parallel, with their like poles connected together, with wires of negligible
resistance. If the emf of the cell are 2V, 1V and 4 V and if their internal resistance are 4 , 3
and 2 ohm respectively, find the current through each cell.
–2 –7 9
Ans. : I1 A, I 2 A, I 3 A
13 13 13

7. A 16 ohm resistance wire is bent to form a square. A source of emf 9 volt is connected across
one of its sides. Calculate the potential difference across any one of its diagonals. [Ans. : 1V]

8. A length of uniform ‘heating wire’ made of nichrome has a resistance 72 . At what rate is the

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

energy dissipated if a potential difference of 120V is applied across (a) full length of wire (b) half
the length of wire (wire is cut into two). Why is it is not advisable to use the half length of wire?
[Ans. : (a) 200W (b) 400W. 400W >> 200W but since current becomes large so it
is not advisable to use half the length]

9. With a certain unknown resistance X in the left gap and a resistance of 8 in the right gap, null
point is obtained on the metre bridge wire. On putting another 8 in parallel with 8 resistance
in the right gap, the null point is found to shift by 15cm. Find the value of X from these observations.
[Ans. : 8/3 ]

10. Figure show a potentiometer circuit for comparison of two resistances. The balance point with a
standard resistance R = 10W is found to be 160 cm. While that with the unknown resistance X
is 134.4 cm. Determine the value of X. [Ans. : 2 ]
E

A B
R K1 G

X
K2
E
0.5

29 XII – Physics
11. E.M.F. E1 and E2 (E1 > E2) are connected as shown in figure. Potentiometer is
Tw o cells of
connected between points A and B. Calculate the ratio of E1 and E2 when

(a) K1 is closed and K2 is open

(b) K1 is open and K2 is closed [Ans. : 2:1]

E1 E2 K1
( )

A B
( )
E1 E2 K2
12. Potential difference across terminals of a cell are measured (in volt) against different current (in
ampere) flowing through the cell. A graph was drawn which was a straight line ABC. Using the
data given in the graph, determine (i) the emf. (ii) The internal resistance of the cell.
[Ans. : r = 5 emf = 1.4V]

1.6
1.4 A
1.2
P.D.
B
(volt) 0.8
C
0.4

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN .04 .08 .12 .16 .20

I (ampere)
.24 .28

13. Four cells each of internal resistance 0.8 and emf 1.4V, d are connected (i) in series (ii) in
parallel. The terminals of the battery are joined to the lamp of resistance 10 . Find the current
through the lamp and each cell in both the cases.
[Ans. : Is = 0.424A, Ip = 0.137A current through each cell is 0.03A]

14. In the figure an ammeter A and a resistor of resistance R = 4 have been connected to the
terminals of the source to form a complete circuit. The emf of the source is 12V having an internal
resistance of 2 . Calculate voltmeter and ammeter reading.
[Ans. : Voltmeter reading : 8V, Ammeter reading = 2A]

a
12V
2 A

a´ 4 b´
15. In the circuit shown, the reading of voltmeter is 20V. Calculate resistance of voltmeter. What will
be the reading of voltmeter if this is put across 200 resistance?
40
Ans. : RV 150 ; V V
3
30 XII – Physics
 60V

300 200
V
16. For the circuit given below, find the potential difference b/w points B and D. [Ans. : 1.46 Volts]

2V 2
A B

1V , 1 1V , 1
2

C D
3V 3
17. (i) Calculate Equivalent Resistance of the given electrical network b/w points A and B.

(ii) Also calculate the current thru CD & ACB if a 10V d.c source is connected b/w point A
and B and the value of R = 2

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN C

R
R R

A
R B
D E
R

18. A potentiometer wire AB of length 1m is connected to a driver cell of emf 3V as shown in figure.
When a cell of emf 1.5V is used in the secondary circuit, the balance point is found to be 60 cm.
On replacing this cell by a cell of unknown emf, the balance point shifts to 80cm :

A B
J
G
(i) Calculate unknown emf of the Cell.

(ii) Explain with reason, whether the circuit works if the driver cell is replaced with a cell of
emf IV.

31 XII – Physics
 (iii) Does the high resistance R, used in the secondary circuit affect the balance point? Justify
your answer.

19. A battery of emf 10V and internal resistance 3 is connected to a resistor. If the current in the
circuit is 0.5A, what is the resistance of the resistor? What is the terminal voltage of the battery
when the circuit is closed?

20. A network of resistances is connected to a 16V battery with internal resistance of 1 as shown

4 12
1
4

16V 1
(i) Compute the Equivalent Resistance of the network.

(ii) Obtain the current in each resistor.

(iii) Obtain the voltage drop VAB, VBC & VCD.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

21. The number density of conduction electrons in a Copper Conductor estimated to be 8.5 x 1028
m–3. How long does an electron take to drift from one end of a wire 3.0m long to its other end?
The area of cross section of the wire is 2.0 x 10–6 m2 and it is carrying a current of 3.0 A.

22. A Voltmeter of resistance 400 is used to measure the potential difference across the 100
resistor in the circuit shown in figure. What will be the reading of voltmeter.

84V

100 200

V
23. The Equivalent Resistance between points A and B of the adjoing circuit.

R R
A B

R R

32 XII – Physics
1. Five identical cells, each of emf. E and internal resistance r, are connected in series to form
(a) an open (b) closed circuit. If an ideal voltmeter is connected across three cells, what will be
its reading? [Ans. : (a) 3E; (b) zero]

e2
2. An electron in a hydrogen atom is considered to be revolving around a proton with a velocity
n
n2
in a circular orbit of radius . If I is the equivalent current, express it in terms of m, e, n
me2
h me5
n .
2 2 n3

3. In the given circuit, with steady current, calculate the potential drop across the capacitor in terms
of V.

V R
A F

V C
B E
– +

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN C

2V 2R
D

4. A cell of e.m.f. ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ is connected across a variable resistor ‘R’. Plot a graph
showing the variation of terminal potential ‘V’ with resistance ‘R’. Predict from the graph the
condition under which ‘V’ becomes equal to ‘E’.

1. A copper wire of length 3m and radius r is nickel plated till its radius becomes 2r. What would be
the effective resistance of the wire, if specific resistance of copper and nickel are c and n
respectively.

l l
[Hint. : Pc Pe ; Rn ln
2 2 2
r 2r – r

RC Rn 3 n c
R . Ans. : R 2
RC Rn r 3 c n

2. In the figure, if the potential at point P is 100V, what is the potential at point Q?

33 XII – Physics
 3 .0
Q
– –
150V 50V
+ +

P
2 .0
[Ans. : – 10V]

3. Given two resistors X and Y whose resistances are to be determined using an ammeter of
resistance 0.5 and a voltmeter of resistance 20 k . It is known that X is in the range of a few
ohms, while Y is in the range of several thousand ohm. In each case, which of the two connection
shown should be chosen for resistance measurement?

X Y
A A

(i) (ii)
V V

[Ans. : Small resistance : X will be preferred; large resistance : Y will be preferred]

4. When resistance of 2 is connected across the terminals of a battery, the current is 0.5A. When
the resistance across the terminal is 5 , the current is 0.25A. (i) Determine the emf of the battery

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

(ii) What will be current drawn from the cell when it is short circuited.
[Ans. : E = 1.5V, I = 1.5A]

5. A part of a circuit in steady state, along with the currents flowing in the branches and the
resistances, is shown in the figure. Calculate energy stored in the capacitor of 4µF capacitance.
[Ans. : VAB = 20V, U = 8 × 10–4 J]

1A
3 A 5
2A 3
4µF 1
1 B
2
3V 2A
1A

*6. Sixteen resistors each of resistance 16 are connected in circuit as shown. Calculate the net
resistance between A and B. [Ans. : 3 ]

34 XII – Physics
 A B
7. A voltmeter with resistance 500 is used to measure the emf of a cell of internal resistance 4 .
What will be the percentage error in the reading of the voltmeter. [Ans.: 0.8%]

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

1. Relaxation time increases.

2.
Ycu (10–8 r–m)

.4
Yc
.2

50 100
T
T(K)
For Copper For Carbon

3. If emf of driver cell is less, then null point will not be obtained on the potentiometer wire.

4. Yellow, Violet, Orange, Silver.

5. 8 ampere.

lc lm
6. R c m
ac am

c ac
1
m am

35 XII – Physics
 managing in thicker.

L 2L.2 4 L L
7. Rp , RQ , RR
A A A 4A
Q has the highest resistance.

8. Slope of T1 is large so T1 represents higher temperature as resistance increase with temperature

V
for a conductor; R slope.
I
9. The resistance for parallel combination is lesser than for series combination for a given set of
V
resistors. Hence B will represent parallel combination since I/V for it is more i.e., Resistance
I
is less.

10. Emf measured by potentiometer is more accurate because the cell is in open circuit, giving no
current.

11. By connecting a resistance in series with the potentiometer wire in the primary circuit, the potential
drop across the wire is reduced.

12. Copper has high temperature coefficient of resistance and hence not preferred.

13. VA – VB = – 8 volt.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

14.

15.
R´ = n2 R

I
2
A
5

16.

R R R R 2R

A B A B A B A R B
R R R R 2R

Req = R.

2
V
17. P
R

V 2 = PR = 1 × 196 = 196

V = 14 volt.

36 XII – Physics
18. (i) When the cell is being charged terminal potential difference becomes greater than emf;
V = E + Ir.

(ii) When the cell is discharged terminal potential is lesser than emf; V = E – Ir.

19. Dry cells used in series will have high resistance ( 10 ) and hence provide low current, while
a car battery has low internal resistance (0.1 ) and hence gives high current for the same emf,
that is needed to start the car.

2
V
20. 220V, 60W lamp has higher resistance as R and hence current reduces..
P

21. High resistivity and low temperature coefficient of resistance

 2 2
22. R and V are cons tan t
A Al V

2
R1 1
R l2 ;
R2 2

2
16 1
R2 = 64

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

23.
R2 2 2

When battery is in open circuit i.e., when no current is being drawn from the cell.

E
24. I
R r External resistance R should be zero, i.e., for maximum current the terminals of a cell

must be short circuited.

Charge circulating e
2. I v speed
Time for one revolution 3 r v

e e2 h h
h
2 h me2 2

m e5
2 h3

3. In steady state the branch containing C can be omitted hence the current

2V V V
I
R 2R 3R

37 XII – Physics
 For loop EBCDE

VC V 2V I 2R 0

V
VC
3

R
ER E
4. V IR
R r r
1
R

When R approaches infinity V becomes equal to E (or for R 00)

V
5. If e.m.f decreases decreases position of zero deflection increases..


BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

6.

7.
Otherwise resistance per unit length of Bridge wire be different over different length of meter
Bridge.

N.C.E.R.T page 101

8. Milliammeter. To produce large deflection due to small current we need a large number of turns
we need a large number of turns in armature coil Resistance increases.

9. Temperature, Material
Blue, Red, Orange Gold

10. T he electron num ber density is of the order of 10 29 m–3. the net current can be very high
even if the drift spread is low.

11. V = E + ir

= 2 + 0.1 5

= 2.5 V

12. Affects the uniformity of the cross-section area of wire and hence changes the potential drop
across wire.

13. A potentiometer is said to be sensitive if :

(i) It can measure very small potential differences.

(ii) For a small change in potential diff. being measured it shows large change in balancing
length.

38 XII – Physics
 V1 50
11. R1 25,000
I1 2 x10 –3

V2 60
R2 20,000
I2 3 x10 –3

As Resistance changes with I, therefore conductor is non ohmic.

12. Rate of Production of heat, P = I2R, for given I, P x R, nichrome > cu

RNichrome > Rcu of same length and area of cross section.

13. (i) If I in circuit is constant because H = I2 Rt

V2
(ii) If V in circuit is Constant because H t
R

17. RAB = 2

ICD = 0
V 10

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

IACB
2R 2 2
2.5A

R R

i1
B
i2 R
A
i3 = 0
R R
i2

10V
E2 l2 l2 80
18. (i) E2 E1 1.5 2.0V
E1 l1 l1 60
(ii) The Circuit will not work if emf of driven Cell is IV, \ total Vottage across AB is IV, which
cannot balance the voltage 1.5V.

(iii) No, since at balance point no current flows through galvanometer G, i.e., cell remains in
open circuit.

39 XII – Physics
19. E = I (R + r)
10 = 0.5 (R + 3)
R = 17
V = E – Ir = 10 – 0.5 × 3 = 8.5V

20. Req = 7W

2 4
I4 = 1A, I1 = 2A, I12 = A , I6 A , VAB = 4V, VBC = 2V, VCD = 8V
3 3


21. I enAVd enA
t

enA
t 2.7 104 s
I

84 84
22. I 0.3A
100 400 280
200
100 400

P.d across Voltmeter & 100 Combination

100 400
0.3 24V .
100 400

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN A

R
B
3R/2

R/2
R
A B
(i) (ii)

3
Ans. : (i) R AB R (ii) R AB 3 5R
5

40 XII – Physics
 UNIT III

Weightage 8 Marks

Concept of magnetic field and Oersted’s experiment Biot-savart law and its application to current
carrying circular loop.
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids.
Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.

Cyclotron

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Force on a current carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between two parallel
current carrying conductors, definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform
magnetic field.
Moving coil Galvanometer – its current sensitivity.

Moving Coil Galvanometer – Conversion to ammeter and voltmeter, Current loop as a magnetic
dipole and it’s magnetic dipole moment, Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, Magnetic
field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along it’s axis and perpendicular to it’s axis.

Torque on a magentic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent
solenoid, Magnetic field lines Earth’s Magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro-
magnetic substances with examples.
Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths, Permanent magnets.

Physical Quantity Formulae SI Unit

 
 Id l r
dB 0
Biot-Savart’s Law Tesla (T);
4 r3
 I dl sin
0
dB 104 Gauss = 1T
4 r2

41 XII – Physics
 0I
Magnetic field due to a straight current B T
2 R
carrying conductor

0I
Magnetic field at the centre of a circular B T
2a
0nI
loop For n loops, B
2a

0I 2 a2
Magnetic Field at a Point on the Axis of B 3
T
4
2
a x2 2
a current carrying loop

0I
When, x = 0, B
2a

2
0Ia
For a << x, B 3
2x

0nIa
For n loops,B 3
2x
 
Ampere’s Circuital Law  B.d l 0I T – m

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Magnetic field due to a long straight solenoid B 0 nI

At the end of solenoid,

T

1
B 0n I
2
If solenoid is filled with material having
magnetic permeability r
B = 0 r nI

Magnetic field due to a toroidal solenoid B = 0 n I T

2
qE x
Motion of a charged partical inside electric field y m
2m v x

  
Magnetic force on a moving charge F qv B N

Or F = B qv sin
   
Lorentz Force (Electric and magnetic) F qE q v B N

42 XII – Physics
The Cyclotron

mv
Radius of circular path r
qB

2 m
The period of circular motion T
Bq

1 Bq
The cyclotron frequency
T 2 m

1 B2q 2 r 2
Maximum energy of the positive ions mv 2 max qV
2 2m

1
1 2mV 2
The radius corresponding to maximum velocity r
B q

Bqr
The maximum velocity vmax
m
 
The radius of helical path when V and B are
mv sin
inclined to each other by an angle r
qB

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Force on a current carrying conduct placed
in a magnetic field
 
I l B N

Force per unit length between tow parallel current

0 2I12
I
carrying conductors f Nm–1
4 r
 
Magnetic dipole moment M IA Am2 or JT–1

Torque on a rectangular current carrying loop ABCD

= BIA cos
angle between loop
and magnetic field
  
M B MB sin
If coil has n turns, = n B I A sin
= n BIA sin ;
= n BIA sin
angle between notmal
drawn on the plane of
loop and magnetic field

43 XII – Physics
Period of oscillation of bar magnet if external
2
I
magnetic field T s
MB

 
The potential energy associated with U M B J
magnetic field

Current through a galvanometer angle by which

k
I G ;
the coil rotates n BA A
G galvanometer cons tan t

Sensitivity of a galvanometer or

nBA 1
Current sensitivity rad A–1
I k G

nBA 1
Voltage sensitivity , .......... rad V–11
V KR GR

0 2M
The current loop as a magnetic dipole B T
4 x3

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Gyromagnetic ratio
l
e e
2me
8.8 1010
C
kg
C Kg–1

e
Bohr magneton µe min
h 9.27 10 –24 Am2
4 me

 
Magnetic dipole moment M m 2l JT–1 or Am2

µ0 2Mr
Magnetic field on axial line of a bar magnet Baxial 2
T
4
r 2 – l2

µ0 2M
When, l < < r, Baxial 4 r3

µ0
Magnetic field on equatorial line of a bar magnet Beq 3
T
4
2
r l2 2

µ0 M
When, l < < r, Beq 4 r3

 
Gauss’ Law in magnetism S B.dS 0 Tm2 or weber

44 XII – Physics
 BV
Magnetic inclination (or Dip) tan , angle of dip
BH

B0
Magnetic intensity (or Magnetic field strength) H nI Am–1
µ0
n is the no. of terms/length

M
Intensity of magnetization Im Am–1
V

 
Magnetic flux B. S Weber (Tm2)

Magnetic induction (or Magnetic flux B = B0 + µ0Im T

density or Magnetic field) = µ0 (H + Im)

Im
Magnetic susceptibility m —
H

B
Magnetic permeability µ TmA–1
H
(or NA–2)

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

µ
Relative permeability ( ) µr 1 m —
µ0

Cµ0
Curie’s Law m —
T

1. Must every magnetic field configuration have a north pole and a south pole? What about the field
due to a toroid?

2. How are the figure of merit and current sensitivity of galvanometer related with each other?

3. Show graphically the variation of magnetic field due to a straight conductor of uniform cross-
section of radius ‘a’ and carrying steady currently as a function of distance r (a > r) from the axis
of the conductor.
4. The force per unit length between two parallel long current carrying conductor is F. If the current
in each conductor is tripled, what would be the value of the force per unit length between them?
5. How does the angle of dip vary from equator to poles?
6. What is the effect on the current measuring range of a galvanometer when it is shunted?
7. An electric current flows in a horizontal wire from East to West. What will be the direction of
magnetic field due to current at a point (i) North of wire; (ii) above the wire.

45 XII – Physics
 8. Suggest a method to shield a certain region of space from magnetic fields.
*9. Why the core of moving coil galvanometer is made of soft iron?
10. Where on the earth’s surface, is the vertical component of earth’s magnetic field zero?
11. If the current is increased by 1% in a moving coil galvanometer. What will be percentage increase
in deflection?
12. Write S.I. unit of (i) Pole strength and (ii) Magnetic dipole moment.

13. If the magnetic field is parallel to the positive y-axis and the charged particle is moving along the
positive x-axis, which way would the Lorentz force be for (a) an electron (negative charge), (b)
a proton (positive charge)
 
Sol : When velocity v of positively charged particle is along x-axis and the magnetic field B
 
is along y-axis, so v B is along the z-axis (Fleming’s left hand rule).

Therefore,

(a) for electron Lorentz force will be along –z axis;

(b) for a positive charge (proton) the force is along +z axis.

y y
× × × ×
× × × ×

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN ×

×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
× x
× × V × ×
× × × ×
14. If a toroid uses Bismuth as its core, will the field in the core be lesser or greater than when it
is empty?

Ans : Bismuth is diamagnetic, hence, the overall magnetic field will be slightly less.

15. An electron beam projected along + x-axis, experiences a force due to a magnetic field along
the + y-axis. What is the direction of the magnetic field?

Ans : +Z axis.

16. What is the principle of a moving coil galvanometer?

Ans : When a current carrying coil is placed in uniform magnetic field, it experiences a
torque.

17. What is the direction of magnetic dipole moment?

Ans : S to N

18. What is the angle of dip at a place where vertical and horizontal component of earth’s field
are equal?

Ans : 45°

46 XII – Physics
19. Is any work done on a moving charge by a magnetic field?

Ans : No, as magnetic field is in perpeudicular direction.

20. Sketch the magnetic field lines for a current carrying circular loop.

Ans :

1. Write the four measures that can be taken to increase the sensitivity of a galvanometer.

2. A galvanometer of resistance 120 gives full scale deflection for a current of 5mA. How can it
be converted into an ammeter of range 0 to 5A? Also determine the net resistance of the ammeter.

3. A current loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field in the following orientations (1) and (2).

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Calculate the magnetic moment in each case.

n B
(1) (2) B

n
4. A current of 10A flows through a semicircular wire of radius 2cm as shown in figure (a). What is
direction and magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of semicircle? Would your answer
change if the wire were bent as shown in figure (b)?

2cm 2cm
10A
10A
Fig. (a) Fig. (b)

5. A proton and an alpha particle of the same enter, in turn, a region of uniform magnetic field acting
perpendicular to their direction of motion. Deduce the ratio of the radii of the circular paths
described by the proton and alpha particle.

6. Which one of the two an ammeter or milliammeter, has a higher resistance and why?

7. Mention two properties of soft iron due to which it is preferred for making electromagnet.

47 XII – Physics
 8. A magnetic dipole of magnetic moment M is kept in a magnetic field B. What is the minimum and
maximum potential energy? Also give the most stable position and most unstable position of
magnetic dipole.

9. What will be (i) Pole strength (ii) Magnetic moment of each of new piece of bar magnet if the
magnet is cut into two equal pieces :

(a) normal to its length?

(b) along its length?

10. A steady current I flows along an infinitely long straight wire with circular cross-section of radius
R. What will be the magnetic field outside and inside the wire at a point r distance far from the
axis of wire?

11. A circular coil of n turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound and rewound to make
another square coil of side ‘a’ keeping number of turns and current same. Calculate the ratio of
magnetic moment of the new coil and the original coil.

12. A coil of N turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound and rewound to make another
coil of radius R/2, current remaining the same. Calculate the ratio of the magnetic moment of the
new coil and original coil.

13. At a place horizontal component of the earths magnetic field is B and angle of dip at the place
is 60°. What is the value of horizontal component of the earths magnetic field.
(i) at Equator; (ii) at a place where dip angle is 30°

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

14. A galvanometer coil has a resistance G. 1% of the total current goes through the coil and rest
through the shunt. What is the resistance of the shunt?
15. Prove that the magnetic moment of a hydrogen atom in its ground state is eh/4 m. Symbols have
their usual meaning.
16. Each of eight conductors in figure carries 2A of current into or out of page. Two path are indicated

for the line integral  B . d l. What is the value of the integral for the path (a) and (b).

× ×

×
×

(a) (b)

17. What is the radius of the path of an electron (mass 9 x 10–31 kg and charge 1.6 x 10–19 C) moving
at a speed of 3 x 107 m/s in a magnetic field of 6 x 10–4 T perpendicular to it? What is its
frequency? Calculate its energy in keV. (1 eV = 1.6 x 10–19 J).

Sol : Radius, r = mv/ (qB)

= 9.1 x 10–31kg x 3 x 107 ms–1/ (1.6 x 10–19 C x 10–4 T) = 26 cm

48 XII – Physics
 = v/(2 r) = 2 x 108 s–1 = 2 x 108 Hz = 200 MHz.

E = (½)mv2 = (½) 9 x 10–31 kg x 9 x 1014 m2/s2

= 40.5 x 10–17 J = 4 x 10–16 J = 2.5 keV.

18. A particle of mass m and charge q moves at right angles to a uniform magnetic field. Plot a graph
showing the variation of the radius of the circular path described by it with the increase in its
kinetic energy, where, other factors remain constant.

Ans : r K.E

Radius

Kinetic Energy
19. Magnetic field arises due to charges in motion. Can a system have magnetic moments even
though its net charges is zero? Justify.

Ans : Yes; for example the atoms of a paramapnetic substance possess a net magnetic moment
though its net charge is zero.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

20. Define the term magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. Write the expression for the magnetic
moment when an electron resolves at a speed ‘v’, around an orbit of radius ‘r’ in hydrogen atom.

Ans : The product of the current in the loop to the area of the loop is the magnetic dipole
moment of a current loop.
The magnetic moment of electron
e   e   e 
– r v – r p – 
2 2me 2me

1. Derive the expression for force between two infinitely long parallel straight wires carrying current
in the same direction. Hence define ‘ampere’ on the basis of above derivation.

2. Define (i) Hysteresis (ii) Retentivity (iii) Coercivity

3. Distinguish between diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances in terms of

susceptibility and relative permeability.

*4. Name all the three elements of earth magnetic field and define them with the help of relevant
diagram.

5. Describe the path of a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field with initial velocity

(i) parallel to (or along) the field.

49 XII – Physics
 (ii) perpendicular to the field.

(iii) at an arbitrary angle (0° < < 90°).

6. Obtain an expression for the magnetic moment of an electron moving with a speed ‘v’ in a circular
orbit of radius ‘r’. How does this magnetic moment change when :

(i) the frequency of revolution is doubled?

(ii) the orbital radius is halved?

7. State Ampere, circuital law. Use this law to obtain an expression for the magnetic field due to a
toroid.

*8. Obtain an expression for magnetic field due to a long solenoid at a point inside the solenoid and
on the axis of solenoid.

9. Derive an expression for the torque on a magnetic dipole placed in a magnetic field and hence
define magnetic moment.

10. Derive an expression for magnetic field intensity due to a bar magnet (magnetic dipole) at any
point (i) Along its axis (ii) Perpendicular to the axis.

*11. Derive an expression for the torque acting on a loop of N turns of area A of each turn carrying
current I, when held in a uniform magnetic field B.

*12. How can a moving coil galvanometer be converted into a voltmeter of a given range. Write the

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

13.
necessary mathematical steps to obtain the value of resistance required for this purpose.

A long wire is first bent into a circular coil of one turn and then into a circular coil of smaller radius
having n turns. If the same current passes in both the cases, find the ratio of the magnetic fields
produced at the centres in the two cases.

Ans : When there is only one turn, the magnetic field at the centre, B = oI/2a
2 a1xn = 2 a a1 = a/n
The magnetic field at its centre, B1 = onI/(2 a/n) = n2B
The ratio is, B1/B = n2

1. How will a diamagnetic, paramagnetic and a ferromagnetic material behave when kept in a non-
uniform external magnetic field? Give two examples of each of these materials. Name two main
characteristics of a ferromagnetic material which help us to decide suitability for making
(i) Permanent magnet (ii) Electromagnet.

2. State Biot-Savart law. Use it to obtain the magnetic field at an axial point, distance d from the
centre of a circular coil of radius ‘a’ and carrying current I. Also compare the magnitudes of the
magnetic field of this coil at its centre and at an axial point for which the value of d is 3a.

3. Write an expression for the force experienced by a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic
field B. With the help of diagram, explain the principle and working of a cyclotron. Show that
cyclotron frequency does not depend on the speed of the particle.

50 XII – Physics
*4. Write the principle, working of moving coil galvanometer with the help of neat labelled diagram.
What is the importance of radial field and phosphor bronze used in the construction of moving
coil galvanometer?

1. An electron travels on a circular path of radius 10m in a magnetic field of 2 × 10–3 T. Calculate
the speed of electron. What is the potential difference through which it must be accelerated to
acquire this speed? [Ans. : Speed = 3.56 × 109 m/s; V = 3.56 × 107 volts]

2. A ship is to reach a place 15° south of west. In what direction should it be steered if declination
at the place is 18° west? [Ans. : 87° west of North]

3. Calculate the magnetic field due to a circular coil of 500 turns and of mean diameter 0.1m,
carrying a current of 14A (i) at a point on the axis distance 0.12m from the centre of the coil (ii)
at the centre of the coil. [Ans. : (i) 5.0 × 10–3 Tesla; (ii) 8.8 × 10–2 tesla]

4. An electron of kinetic energy 10 keV moves perpendicular to the direction of a uniform magnetic
field of 0.8 milli testa. Calculate the time period of rotation of the electron in the magnetic field.
[Ans. : 4.467 × 10 –8 s.]

5. If the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is increased by 20% and its resistance also
increased by 50% then how will the voltage sensitivity of the galvanometer be affected?
[Ans. : 25% decrease]

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

6. A uniform wire is bent into one turn circular loop and same wire is again bent in two turn circular
loop. For the same current passed in both the cases compare the magnetic field induction at their
centres. [Ans. : Increased 4 times]

7. A horizontal electrical power line carries a current of 90A from east to west direction. What is the
magnitude and direction of magnetic field produced by the power line at a point 1.5m below it?
[Ans. : 1.2 × 10–5 T south ward]

*8. A galvanometer with a coil of resistance 90 shows full scale deflection for a potential difference
225 mV. What should be the value of resistance to convert the galvanometer into a voltmeter of
range 0V to 5V. How should it be connected? [Ans. : 1910 in series]

9. Two identical circular loops P and Q carrying equal currents are placed such that their geometrical
axis are perpendicular to each other as shown in figure. And the direction of current appear’s
anticlockwise as seen from point O which is equidistant from loop P and Q. Find the magnitude
and direction of the net magnetic field produced at the point O.

I
O
R

P x
x 2
µ 0IR 2
Ans. :
2 2 32
2 R x
Q R
I
51 XII – Physics
10. A cyclotron’s oscillator frequency is 10 MHz. What should be the operating magnetic field for
accelerating protons, if the radius of its dees is 60cm? What is the kinetic energy of the proton
beam produced by the accelerator? Given e = 1.6 × 10–19 C, m = 1.67 × 10–27 kg. Express your
answer in units of MeV 1MeV = 1.6 × 10–13 J. [Ans. : B = 0.656T, Emax = 7.421 MeV]
11. The coil of a galvanometer is 0.02 × 0.08 m2. It consists of 200 turns of fine wire and is in a
magnetic field of 0.2 tesla. The restoring forque constant of the suspension fibre is 10–6 Nm per
degree. Assuming the magnetic field to be radial.
(i) what is the maximum current that can be measured by the galvanometer, if the scale can
accommodate 30° deflection?
(ii) what is the smallest, current that can be detected if the minimum observable deflection
is 0.1°? [Ans. : (i) 4.69 × 10–4 A; (ii) 1.56 × 10–6 A]
12. A voltmeter reads 8V at full scale deflection and is graded according to its resistance per volt at
full scale deflection as 5000 V–1. How will you convert it into a voltmeter that reads 20V at full
scale deflection? Will it still be graded as 5000 V–1? Will you prefer this voltmeter to one that
is graded as 2000 V–1? [Ans. : 7.5 × 104 ]

13. A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 30° with an external field 1000G experiences a torque
of 0.02 Nm. (i) What is the magnetic moment of the magnet. (ii) What is the work done in turning
it from its most stable equilibrium to most unstable equilibrium position?
[Ans. : (i) 0.4 Am2; (ii) 0.08 J]

14. What is the magnitude of the equatorial and axial fields due to a bar magnet of length 4cm at a

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

15.
distance of 40 cm from its mid point? The magnetic moment of the bar magnet is 0.5 Am2.
[Ans. : BE = 7.8125 × 10–7 T; BA = 15.625 × 10–7 T]

What is the magnitude of magnetic force per unit length on a wire carrying a current of 8A and
making an angle of 30° with the direction of a uniform magnetic field of 0.15T?

16. Two moving coil galvanometers, M1 and M2 have the following specifications.

R1 = 10 , N1 = 30, A1 = 3.6 x 10–3m2, B1 = 0.25T

R2 = 14 , N2 = 42, A2 = 1.8 x 10–3m2, B2 = 0.50T

Given that the spring constants are the same for the two galvano meters, determine the ratio
of (a) current sensitivity (b) voltage sensitivity of M1 & M2.

17. In the given diagram, a small magnetised needle is placed at a point O. The arrow shows the
direction of its magnetic moment. The other arrows shown different positions and orientations of
the magnetic moment of another identical magnetic needs B

B4

B5 C A B3
B2

B6
52 XII – Physics
 (a) In which configuration is the systems not in equilibrium?

(b) In which configuration is the system.

(i) stable and (ii) unstable equilibrium?

(c) Which configuration corresponds to the lowest potential energy among all the configurations
shown?

18. In the circuit, the current is to be measured. What is the value of the current if the ammeter
shown :

3
3V

(a) is a galvanometer with a resistance RG = 60 ,

(b) is a galvanometer described in (i) but converted to an ammeter by a shunt resistance rs

= 0.02

(c) is an ideal ammeter with zero resistance?

19. An element l x i is placed at the origin and carries a large current I = 10A. What is

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

the magnetic field on the y-axis at a distance of 0.5m. x = 1 cm.
y

0.5

x x
20. A straight wire of mass 200g and length 1.5 m carries a current of 2A. It s suspended in mid-
air by a uniform horizontal magnetic field B. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field?

21. A rectangular loop of sides 25 cm and 10 cm carrying current of 15A is placed with its longer
side parallel to a long straight conductor 2.0 cm apart carrying a current of 25A. What is the
new force on the loop? Ans : 7.82 x 10–4 N towards the conductor

Hint :

2I12
I 10 –7 2 25 15 0.25
F1 0
 9.38 10 –4 N attractive
4 r1 0.02

2I12
I 10 –7 2 25 15 0.25
F2 0
 1.56 10 –4 Nrepalsive
4 r2 0.12

Net F = F1 – F2 = 7.82 x 10–4 N

53 XII – Physics
 15A

25A 25 cm

2
cm 10 cm

22. In a chamber of a uniform magnetic field 6.5G is maintained. An electron is shot into the field with
a speed of 4.8 x 106 ms–1 normal to the field. Explain why the path of electron is a circle.

(a) Determine the radius of the circular orbit (e = 1.6 x 10–19 C, me = 9.1 x 10–31 kg)

(b) Obtain the frequency of resolution of the electron in its circular orbit.

me 9.1 10 –31 4.8 106

Hint : (a) r 4.2 cm
eB 1.6 10 –19 6.5 10 –4

1 eB 1.6 10 –19 6.510 –4

(b) frequenc 1.8 MH2
T 2 me 2 3.14 9.1 10 –31

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

1. The figure shows four directions of motion of a positively charged particle moving through a
uniform electric field E (directed out of the page and represented with an encircled dot) and a
uniform magnetic field B . (a) Rank, directions 1, 2 and 3 according to the magnitude of the net
force on the particle, maximum first. (b) Of all four directions, which might result in a net force of
zero?

1
B
V1
V4
3 2
V2
V3
E
4

V1 = V2 = V3 = V4

2. The true value of dip at a place is 30°. The vertical plane carrying the needle is turned through
45° from the magnetic meridian. Calculate the apparent value of dip. [Ans. : ´ = 39°14´]
3. Figure shows the path of an electron that passes through two regions containing uniform magnetic
fields of magnitude B1 and B2. Its path in each region is a half circle. (a) Which field is stronger?

54 XII – Physics
 (b) What are the directions of two fields? (c) Is the time spend by the electron in the B 1 , region
greater than, less than, or the same as the time spent in B 2 region?

[Ans. : (a) B1 > B2; (b) B1 inward; B2 outward. (c) Time spent in B1 < Time spent in B2]

B1

B2

1. No, pole exists only when the source has some net magnetic moment. In toroid, there is no pole.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

1. The figure shows two wires 1 and 2 both carrying the same current I from point a to point b
through the same uniform magnetic field B. Determine the force acting on each wire.

Ans. : Same for both

× × × × × × × × × ×
× × 1 × × × 2 × ×
× × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × × ×
a × × L× × ×b a × × L× × ×b
2. Reciprocal.

3. Fig. NCERT.

4. Nine Times.

5. 0° to 90°

6. Increased.

7. (i) Going into the plane of the paper; (ii) Emerging out of the plane of the paper.

8. By putting in a ferromagnetic case

55 XII – Physics
10. At equator.

11. 1%.

12. (i) Am; (ii) Am2.

3
Ig 5 10
2. S G 3
120 0.12 .
I Ig 5 5 10

3. (i) – mB (ii) zero

–7
10 10 5
4. (i) B 2
5 10 T outwards .
2 10
(ii) B = 5p × 10–5 T (inwards).

m 4m rp 1
5. rp and r 2r .
qB 2q B ra 2
6. RmA > RA.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

7.

8.
Low Retentivity and high permeability.

Minimum potential = – MB when = 0 (most stable position)

Maximum potential = MB when = 180° (most unstable position).

9. (a) Pole strength same; magnetic moment half.

(b) pole strength half; magnetic moment half.

R R

r r

I 2
10. B 2 r µ0 2
r
R
µ0 I
B 2
r R r
2 R

 B . d l. = µ 0 I

56 XII – Physics
 µ0 I
B r R .
2 r

11. M1 MI R2 ; M2 MIa2

R
2 rN 4aN a
2

M2
4
M1
2
r
2I
mnew 2 1
12. 2
.
moriginal I R 2

13. 0° and 90°.

14. Low resistance R1 for current and high resistance R2 for voltage.
 
15. Force experienced by current carrying conductor in magnetic field., F IL B ILBsin

F
Hence, force permit length, f IB sin30
L

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

= 8 x 0.15 x ½ = 0.6 Nm–1

 
16. (a) B . dl 0I 2 0 Tm

(b) zero

NBA
17. (a) Current sensitivity,
I K
N1 B1 A1 N2 B2 A 2
Ratio of current Sensitivity =
K K
30 0.25 3.6 10 –3
57
42 0.50 1.8 10 –3

NBA
(b) Voltage sensitivity,
V kR

N1 B1 A1 N2B2 A 2
Ratio of voltage sensitivity
kR1 kR2

30 0.25 3.6 10–3 14

1
42 0.50 1.8 10–3 10

57 XII – Physics
18. (a) For equilibrium, the dipole moment should be parallel or auto parallel to B.
Hence, AB1 and AB2 are not in equilibrium.

(b) (i) for stable equilibrium, the dipole moments should be parallel, examples : AB5 and AB6
(ii) for unstable equilibrium, the dipole moment should be anti parallel examples : AB3 and
AB4

(c) Potential energy is minimum when angle between M and B is 0°, i.e, U = –MB Example
: AB6

19. (a) Total resistance, RG + 3 = 63 .

3V
Hence, I 0.048A
63

(b) Resistance of the galvanometer as ammeter is

RGrS 60 0.02
0.02 .
RGrS 60 0.02

Total resistance R = 0.02 + 3 = 3.02

3
Hence, I 0.99A
302

(c) For the ideal ammeter, resistance is zero, the current, I = 3/3 = 1.00A.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

20.

From Biot-Sayart’s Law, d Id sin / r 2

dl = x = 1 cm = 10–2m, I = 10A, r = y = 0.5m

o/4 = 10–7 Tm/A, = 90° so sin
 10–7 10 10–2
dB –2
4 10–8 T along z axis
25 10

21. Force experienced by wire Fm = BIl (due to map field)

The force due to gravity, Fg = mg
0.2 9.8
mg = BIl B = mg/Il 0.657 T [Earth’s magigield  4 x 10–5 T is negligible
le]
2 1.5

1. ILB same for both.

58 XII – Physics
 UNIT IV

Weightage Marks : 8

Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s laws induced emf and current; Lenz’s law, Eddy currents self
and mutual inductance.

Need for displacement current Altrenating currents, peak and rms value of altering current/voltage
Reactance and Impedance. Lc oscillations (qualitative treatment only).

LCR series circuit; Resaonance; Power in AC circuits, wattless current.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

AC generator and transformer.

Physical Quantity Formulae SI Unit

Self-inductance of a long solenoid 2 Henry (H)

L 0n lA
Mutual inductance of two long solenoids
(Theorem of reciprocity) M 12 = M21 = M = 0 n1n2 Al

M
Factors affecting mutual inductance K
L1L2
 
Magnetic Flux B.A BA cos Tm2 or Weber

Due to self induction LI

Due to mutual indication 21 0 n1 n2 Al I1 = MI1

12 0n1 n2 Al I1 = MI2

59 XII – Physics
 d dI
Induced EMF e –N Blv = – L Volt
dt dt

B 2l 2 v 2
Power produced due to induced EMF P Watt
R
Alternative current I = I0 sin t
Or I = I0 cos t A
Alternating EMF E = E0 sin t
Or E = E0 cos t v
Root Mean Square (RMS) or Virtual Value of AC

I0
Current Iv 0.707I0 A
2

E0
EMF Ev 0.707E 0 V
2
AC through an inductor

E0
Current I sin t– A
L 2
Inductive Reactance XL = L

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

AC through a capacitor

Current I CE0 sin t+ A

2
= I0 cos t

1
Capacitive reactance XC
C
LCR series circuit

E
I
Current 2 A
R2 XL – XC

2
Impedance Z R2 XL – XC

1
Resonance condition XL XC L
C
1 1 1
0 v0
LC 2 LC

0L 1
Quality factor Q
2 R 0RC

60 XII – Physics
 R 1
Total Bandwidth 2 rad s–1
L RC

R
Power factor cos
Z

Average power Pav Ev Iv cos = I2v Z cos Watt

Wattless current Iv sin

The energy of the oscillator

1 2
Total energy stored in an inductor U LI
2 0

1 q02
Total energy stored in the capacitor U
2 C
1 2 1 q2
For LC oscillator U LI
2 2 C
q dl
LC oscillator loop (Kirchhoff’s Law) –L 0
C dt
Transformer

Ns

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Transformation ratio Np

Es
K

Ip Ns
EMF ratio vs current ratio Ep Is Np

Is Es
Efficiency of the transformer Ip Ep

1. Why core of a transformer is laminated?

2. What is the direction of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 seen from the top when current
I in the wire is increasing steadily?

I
2

61 XII – Physics
 3. In which of the following cases will the mutual inductance be (i) minimum (ii) maximum?

(a ) (b ) (c)
4. In a series L–C–R circuit, voltages across inductor, capacitor, and resistor are VL, VC and VR
respectively. What is the phase difference between (i) VL and VR (ii) VL and VC?

5. Why can’t transformer be used to step up or step down dc voltage?

6. In an a.c. circuit, instantaneous voltage and current are V = 200 sin 300 t volt and i = 8 cos 300t
ampere respectively. What is the average power dissipated in the circuit?

7. Sketch a graph that shows change in reactance with frequency of a series LCR circuit.

8. A coil A is connected to an A.C. ammeter and another coil B to A source of alternating e.m.f. What
will be the reading in ammeter if a copper plate is introduced between the coils as shown.

A A

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN B

9. In a circuit instantaneously voltage and current are V = 150 sin 314 volt and i = 12 cos 314 t
ampere respectively. Is the nature of circuit is capacitive or inductive?

10. In a series L–C –R circuit VL = VC VR. What is the value of power factor?

11. In an inductor L, current passed I0 and energy stored in it is U. If the current is now reduced to
I0/2, what will be the new energy stored in the inductor?

12. A rectangle loop a b c d of a conducting wire has been changed into a square loop a´ b´ c´ d´
as shown in figure. What is the direction of induced current in the loop?

× × × × × × × × × ×
a b
a´ b´
× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

d´ c´
× × × × × × × × × ×
d c
× × × × × × × × × ×

62 XII – Physics
13. Twelve wires of equal lengths are connected in the form of a skeleton of a cube, which is moving
with a velocity V in the direction of magnetic field B . Find the emf in each arm of the cube..

14. Current versus frequency (I – ) graphs for two different series L–C–R circuits have been shown
in adjoining diagram .R 1 and R2 are resistances of the two circuits. Which one is greater–R1 or R2?

I
R1 R2

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

15. Why do we prefer carbon brushes than copper in an a.c. generator?

*16. What are the values of capacitive and inductive reactance in a dc circuit?

17. Give the direction of the induced current in a coil mounted on an insulating stand when a bar
magnet is quickly moved along the axis of the coil from one side to the other as shown in figure.

S N S N

Ans : If observer is situated at the side from which bar magnet enters the loop. The direction of
current is clockwise when magnet moves towards the loop and direction of current is anticlockwise
when magnet moves away from the loop.

18. In figure, the arm PQ is moved from x = o to x = 2b with constant speed V. Consider the magnet
field as shown in figure. Write

(i) direction of induced current in rod

(ii) polarity induced across rod.

63 XII – Physics
 P
S
× × × × × ×
× × × × × ×
× × × × × ×
R Q
x=0 x = 2b

19. A wire moves with some speed perpendicular to a magnetic field. Why is emf induced across the
rod?

Ans : Lorentz force acting on the free charge carrier of conducting wire hence polarity developed
across it.

20. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described in the figure below.

Ans : Plate a will be positive with respect to ‘b’.

S N a S N
b

21. A circular coil rotates about its vertical diameter in a uniform horizontal magnetic field. What is

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

22.
the average emf induced in the coil?

Define RMS Value of Current.

Ans : Zero

1. An ac source of rms voltage V is put across a series combination of an inductor L, capacitor C

and a resistor R. If VL, VC and VR are the rms voltage across L, C and R respectively then why
is V VL + VC + VR? Write correct relation among VL, VC and VR.

2. A bar magnet is falling with some acceleration ‘a’ along the vertical axis of a coil as shown in fig.
What will be the acceleration of the magnet (whether a > g or a < g or a = g) if (a) coil ends are
not connected to each other? (b) coil ends are connected to each other?

S S
(a) (b)
N a N a

3. The series L–C–R circuit shown in fig. is in resonance state. What is the voltage across the
inductor?

L C R

~
( V, v)

64 XII – Physics
 4. The divisions marked on the scale of an a.c. ammeter are not equally spaced. Why?

5. Circuit shown here uses an airfield parallel plate capacitor. A mica sheet is now introduced
between the plates of capacitor. Explain with reason the effect on brightness of the bulb B.

~
( V , v)

6. In the figure shown, coils P and Q are identical and moving apart with same velocity V. Induced
currents in the coils are I1 and I2. Find I1/I2.
× × × × × Q ×
P
× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×
V b l V
× × × × × ×

× × l × × × ×

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN × × × × ×

b
×

7. A 1.5 µF capacitor is charged to 57V. The charging battery is then disconnected, and a 12 mH
coil is connected in series with the capacitor so that LC Oscillations occur. What is the maximum
current in the coil? Assume that the circuit has no resistance.

8. The self inductance of the motor of an electric fan is 10H. What should be the capacitance of the
capacitor to which it should be connected in order to impart maximum power at 50Hz?

9. How does an inductor behave in a DC circuit after the current reaches to steady state? Justify.

10. How does an inductor behave in a AC circuit at very high frequency? Justify.

11. An electric bulb is commected in series with an inductor and an AC source. When switch is closed
and after sometime an iron rod is inserted into the interior of inductor. How will the brightness of
bulb be affected? Justify your answer.

Ans : Decreases, due to increase in inductive reactance.

12. Show that in the free oscillation of an LC circuit, the sum of energies stored in the capacitor and
the inductor is constant with time.

1 2 1 q2
Ans : Hint : U LI
2 2 c

65 XII – Physics
13. Show that the potential difference across the LC combination is zero at the resonating frequency
in series LCR circuit

Ans : Hint P.d. across L is = IXL

P.D. across C is – IXC

V = IXL – IXC

at resonance XL = XC

V = O.

14. How does an capacitor behave in a DC circuit after the steady state? Explain your answer.

Ans : Capacitor acts as an open key.

15. For circuits used for transmitting electric power, a low power factor implies large power loss in
transmission. Explain.

P = VI cos
P
Or I
V cos

if Cos is Low I will be high Large power loss.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

16. An applied Voltage signal consists of a superposition of DC Voltage and an AC Voltage of high
frequency. The circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor in series. Show that the DC signal
will appear across C where as AC signal will appear across L.

17. A bar magnet M is dropped so that is falls vertically through the coil C. The graph obtained for
voltage produced across the coil Vs time is shown in figure.

S
N
PD (mv)

V R
time

(i) Explain the shape of the graph

(ii) Why is the negative peak longer than the positive peak?

18. What is the Significance of Q-factor in a series LCR resonant circuit?

66 XII – Physics
19. How does mutual inductance of a pair of coils kept coaxially at a distance in air change when

(i) the distance between the coils is increased?

(ii) an iron rod is kept between them?

1. Obtain an expression for the self inductance of a straight solenoid of length I and radius r
(l >> r).

2. Distinguish between : (i) resistance and reactance (ii) reactance and impedance.

3. In a series L–C–R circuit XL, XC and R are the inductive reactance, capacitive reactance and
resistance respectively at a certain frequency f. If the frequency of a.c. is doubled, what will be
the values of reactances and resistance of the circuit?

4. What are eddy currents? Write their any four applications.

5. In a series L–R circuit, XL = R and power factor of the circuit is P1. When capacitor with capacitance
C such that XL = XC is put in series, the power factor becomes P2. Find P1/P2.

*6. Instantaneous value of a.c. through an inductor L is e = e0 cos t. Obtain an expression for
instantaneous current through the inductor. Also draw the phasor diagram.

7. In an inductor of inductance L, current passing is I0. Derive an expression for energy stored in

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

8.
it. In what forms is this energy stored?

Which of the following curves may represent the reactance of a series LC combination.

(a)
(d)

XC – XL
O
frequency (f)

(b) (c)

[Ans. : (b)]

9. A sunusoidal e.m.f. device operates at amplitude E0 and frequency across a purely (1) resistive
(2) capacitive (3) inductive circuit. If the frequency of driving source is increased. How would (a)
amplitude E0 and (b) amplitude I0 increase, decrease or remain same in each case?

10. The figure shows, in (a) a sine curved (t) = sin t and three other sinusoidal curves A(t), B(t)
and C(t) each of the form sin ( t – ). (a) Rank the three curves according to the value of , most
positive first and most negative last (b) Which curve corresponds to which phase as in
(b) of the figure? (c) which curve leads the others? [Ans. : (a) C, B, A; (b) 1, A; 2, B; (c) A]

67 XII – Physics
 2 3
A(t) 1
4

B(t)

(t)
C(t)
(a) (b)
11. In an LC circuit, resistance of the circuit is negligible. If time period of oscillation is T them
(i) at what time is the energy stored completely electrical
(ii) at what time is the energy stored completely magnetic
(iii) at what time is the total energy shared equally between the inductor and capacitor.

Ans : (i) t = 0, T/2, 3T/2,...........

(ii) t = T/4, 3T/4, 5T/4..............

T 3T 5T
(iii) t = , , ,..........
8 8 8
12. An alternating voltage of frequency f is applied across a series LCR circuit. Let fr be the resonance
frequency for the circuit. Will the current in the circuit lag, lead or remain in phase with the applied
voltage when (i) f > fr (ii) f < fr ? Explain your answer in each case.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Ans : (i) Current will Lag because.
VL > VC Hence VL – VC > O

(i) Current will lead, because.

VL < VC Hence vL – VC < O

13. Figure (a), (b), (c) Show three alternating circuits withe equal currents. If frequency of
alternating emf be increased, what will be the effect on current in the three cases? Explain.

R L

E E E
(a) (b) (c)

Ans : (i) No effect, R is not affected by frequency.

(ii) Current will decrease as XL increase.

(iii) Current will increase as XC decrease.

68 XII – Physics
1. Draw a labelled diagram to explain the principle and working of an a.c. generator. Deduce the
expression for emf generated. Why cannot the current produced by an a.c. generator be measured
with a moving coil ammeter?

2. Explain, with the help of a neat and labelled diagram, the principle, construction and working of
a transformer.

3. An L–C circuit contains inductor of inductance L and capacitor of capacitance C with an initial
charge q0. The resistance of the circuit is negligible. Let the instant the circuit is closed be t = 0.

(i) What is the total energy stored initially?

(ii) What is the maximum current through inductor?

(iii) What is frequency at which charge on the capacitor will oscillate?

(iv) If a resistor is inserted in the circuit, how much energy is eventually dissipated as heat?

4. An a.c. i = i0 sin t is passed through a series combination of an inductor (L), a capacitor (C) and
a resistor (R). Use the phasor diagram to obtain expressions for the (a) impedance of the circuit
and phase angle between voltage across the combination and current passed in it. Hence show
that the current

1
(i) leads the voltage when

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

(ii) is in phase with voltage when
LC

1
.
LC
5. Write two differences in each of resistance, reactance and impedance for an ac circuit. Derive an
expression for power dissipated in series LCR circuit.

1. In a series C–R circuit, applied voltage is V = 110 sin 314t volt. What is the (i) The peak voltage
(ii) Average voltage over half cycle?

2. Magnetic flux linked with each turn of a 25 turns coil is 6 milliweber. The flux is reduced to 1 mWb
in 5 s. Find induced emf in the coil.

3. The current through an inductive circuit of inductance 4mH is i = 12 cos 300t ampere. Calculate :

(i) Reactance of the circuit.

(ii) Peak voltage across the inductor.

4. A power transmission line feeds input power at 2400 V to a step down ideal transformer having
4000 turns in its primary. What should be number of turns in its secondary to get power output
at 240V?

69 XII – Physics
 5. The magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit of resistance 8 varies with time according to the
expression = (5t2 – 4t + 2) where is in milliweber and t in second. Calculate the value of induce
current at t = 15 s.
4
6. A capacitor, a resistor and 2 henry inductor are connected in series to an a.c. source of 50 Hz.
Calculate capacitance of capacitor if the current is in phase with voltage.

7. A series C–R circuit consists of a capacitance 16 mF and resistance 8 . If the input a.c. voltage
is (200 V, 50 Hz), calculate (i) voltage across capacitor and resistor. (ii) Phase by which voltage
lags/leads current.

8. A rectangular conducting loop of length I and breadth b enters a uniform magnetic field B as
shown below.

b v
B
l

2l

The loop is moving at constant speed v and at t = 0 it just enters the field B. Sketch the following
3l
graphs for the time interval t = 0 to t .

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

(i) Magnetic flux – time
v

(ii) Induced emf – time

(iii) Power – time

Resistance of the loop is R.

9. A charged 8mF capacitor having charge 5mC is connected to a 5mH inductor. What is :

(i) the frequency of current oscillations?

(ii) the frequency of electrical energy oscillations in the capacitor?

(iii) the maximum current in the inductor?

(iv) the magnetic energy in the inductor at the instant when charge on capacitor is 4mC?

10. A 31.4 resistor and 0.1H inductor are connected in series to a 200V, 50Hz ac source. Calculate

(i) the current in the circuit

(ii) the voltage (rms) across the inductor and the resistor.

(iii) Is the algebraic sum of voltages across inductor and resistor more than the source
voltage? If yes, resolve the paradox.

70 XII – Physics
11. A square loop of side 12 cm with its sides parallel to X and Y-axis is moved with a velocity of
8 cm/s in positive x-direction. Magnetic field exists in z-directions.

(i) Determine the direction and magnitude of induced current if field changes with 10–3 Tesla/
cm along negative x-direction.

(ii) Determine the direction and magnitude of induced current if field changes with 10–3
Tesla/s.

Ans : (i) Rate of change of flux = induced emf = (0.12)2 x 10–3 x 8

= 11.52 x 10–5 Wb/s.

(ii) Rate of change of flux = induced emf = (0.12)2 x 10–3

= 1.44 x 10–5 Wb/s

1. A conducting rod PQ is in motion at speed v in uniform magnetic field as shown in Fig. What are
the polarities at P and Q?

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN P

Q
2. A long straight wire with current i passes (without touching) three square wire loops with edge
lengths 2L, 1.5L land L. The loops are widely spaced (so as to not affect one another). Loops 1
and 3 are symmetric about the long wire. Rank the loops according to the size of the current
induced in them if current i is (a) constant and (b) increasing greatest first.

2 3
1

3. In an L–C circuit, current is oscillating with frequency 4 × 106 Hz. What is the frequency with which
magnetic energy is oscillating?

71 XII – Physics
1. Two circular conductors are perpendicular to each other as shown in figure. If the current is
changed in conductor B, will a current be induced in the conductor A,

A B

1. Figure shows a wire of length l which can slide on a U-shaped rail of negligible resistance. The
resistance of the wire is R. The wire is pulled to the right with a constant speed v. Draw an
equivalent circuit diagram representing the induced emf by a battery. Find the current in the wire
using this diagram.
× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN ×

×
×

×
× v×

× ×
×

×
×

×
×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

1. To reduce loss due to eddy currents

2. Ring 1 clockwise, Ring 1, anticlockwise.

3. (i) b; (ii) c.

4. (i) /2; (ii) .

5. In steady current no induction phenomenon will take place.

7. P(–) Q(+).

6. Capacitor circuit, Pav = 0.

7. Reactance = XL – XC

72 XII – Physics
 r resonant frequency

vr v

8. Reading of ammeter will be zero.

9. As current leads voltage by /2 : purely capacitive circuit.

10. Resonance : cos = 1.

2 U
11. Energy UL I U´ .
4
12. Clockwise.

13. emf in each branch will be zero.

14. R1 > R2 as current is smaller at larger resistance.

15. Corrosion free and also with small expansion on heating maintains proper contact.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

16. Capacitive reactance – infinity

Inductive reactance – zero.

2. (i) a = g because the induced emf set up in the coil does not produce any current and hence no
opposition to the falling bar magnet.

(ii) a < g because of the opposite effect caused by induced current.

V
3. Current at resonance I .
R
V
Voltage across inductor VL = I.XL = I. L 2 L.
R
4. A.C. ammeter works on the principle of heating effect H I2.

5. Brightness of bulb depends on current. P I2 and

V 2 2 1 1
I where Z Xc R and XC
Z C 2 C

1 K 0 A
XC , when mica sheet is introduced capacitance C increases C ,
C d

73 XII – Physics
 XC decreases, current increases and therefore brightness increases.

6. Current I = /R =

Bvb
In coil P, I1 E1 R
R
Bvl
In coil Q, I 2 E2 R I1 I 2 b l.
R
7. em energy is conserved

µE(max) = µB(max)
2
Q 1 2
12 LI
C 2
I = 637 mA

8. 10–6 F.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

1. (i)

(ii)
V0 = 110 volt

Vav 1 2
2V0 2 110 7
70 volt.
22

–3
d 1– 6 10
2. Induced emf –N –25 = 0.25 volt.
dt .5

3. (i) Reactance XL = L = 300 × 4 × 10–3 = 1.2

(ii) Peak Voltage V0 = i0.XL = 12 × 1.2 = 14.4 volt.

4. In ideal transformer Pin = P0

VPIP = VsIs

VS IP NS VS 240
NS NP 4000 = 400
VP IS NP VP 2400

5. Induced current I = /R

–d
where –10t 4
dt

74 XII – Physics
 = – 10(15) + 4 = – 146 mV

.146
where = 5t2 – 4t + 2 = 18.3 mA I –
8

6. When V and l in phase

1 1
XL XC , v
2 LC

1 1
C 2 2
4 L 2 4
4 50 50 2

= 2.5 × 10–5 = 25 µF.

V
7. Current in the circuit I
Z

2 2 1 1
When Z Xc R , XC
C 2 C

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Then total voltage across capacitor and resistor

VC = i XC, VR = IR.

8.
Q

l/y 2 l/y 3 l/y t = B lb

– 0

t 0 = B b
– 0

P0 2
0
P P0 =
t R
2 2 2
= B b
R
9. (i) Frequency of current oscillations

1
2 LC

(ii) Frequency of electrical energy oscillation c = 2

75 XII – Physics
 q0
(iii) Maximum current in the circuit I 0
LC
(iv) Magnetic energy in the inductor when charge on capacitor is 4mC.

2 2 2 2
1 q0 1 q q0 – q
UL = U – UC –
2 C 2 C 2C
Here q0 = 5mC; q = 4mC

10. Current in the circuit :

V 2 2
(i) I , where Z XL R
Z
(ii) RMS voltage across L and R

VL = I . XL; VR = IR

(iii) (VL + VR) > V because VL and VR are not in same phase.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

1.

2.
P (–) Q (+)

(a) No induced current

(b) Current will be induced only in loop 2.

3. Frequency of magnetic energy oscillation is equal to m = 2 = 8 × 106 Hz

1. No current is induced in coil A since is 90°.

e
1. i
R

76 XII – Physics
 UNIT V

Weightage Marks : 03

Displacement current, electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only).
Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic spectrum (radio-waves, micro-waves,
infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

 EM waves are produced by accelerated (only by the change in speed) charged particles.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN




E and B vectors oscillate with the frequency of oscillating charged particles..

Properties of em waves :

(i) Transverse nature

(ii) Can travel though vacuum.

(iii) E0/B0 = E/B = v v Speed of EM waves.

(iv) Speed = 3 × 108 m/s in vacuum.

1
(v) In some medium v
µ
Where µ = µr µ0, = r 0

r n refractive index of medium

Also V = c/n

B 0E 0
(vi) Wave intensity equals average of Poynting vector I = S av =
2µ0

(vii) Average electric and average magnetic energy densities are equal.

 In an em spectrum, different waves have different frequency and wavelengths.

77 XII – Physics
  Penetration power of em waves depends on frequency. Higher, the frequency larger the penetration
power.

 Wavelength and frequency are related with each other v = Here is the wave velocity.

 A wave travelling along +x axis is represented by

Ey = Eoy cos(wt – kx)

Bz = Boz cos(wt – kx)

2
2 v wave speed
T k

2
k 2
T
frequency

1
wave number.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

1. Every EM wave has certain frequency. Name two parameters of an em wave that oscillate with
this frequency.

2. What is the phase difference between electric and magnetic field vectors in an em wave?

3. Name em radiations used for detecting fake currency notes.

4. Give any two uses of microwaves.

5. Name the phenomenon which justifies the transverse nature of em waves.

6. Arrange the following em waves in descending order of wavelengths : ray, microwaves UV

radiations.

7. Which component E or B of an em wave is responsible for visible effect?

8. Write expression for speed of em waves in a medium of electrical permittivity and magnetic
permeability µ.

9. Which of the following has longest penetration power?

UV radiation, X-ray, Microwaves.

10. Which of the following has least frequency?

IR radiations, visible radiation, radio waves.

78 XII – Physics
11. Which physical quantity is the same for microwaves of wavelength 1 mm and UV radiations of
1600 A° in vacuum?

12. Name two physical quantities which are imparted by an em wave to a surface on which it falls.

d e
13. Name the physical quantity with unit same as that of 0 where e electric flux.
dt
14. What is the source of energy associated with propagating em waves?

15. What is the wavelength range of em waves that were produced and observed by J.C. Bose?

16. Name the device used for producing microwaves.

17. Name the em radiations which are detected using Gieger tube.

18. Relative electric permittivity of a medium is 8 and relative permeability is close to unity. What is
the speed of em waves in the medium.

19. Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the following wavelengths belong :

(i) 10–1 m (ii) 10–12 m

20. Name the part of the electromagnetic spectrum of wavelength 10–2 m and mention its one
application.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

21. Which of the following, if any, can act as a source of electromagnetic waves?

(i) A charge moving with a constant velocity.

(ii) A charge moving in a circular obit.

(iii) A charge at rest.

22. Mention the pair of space and time varying E and B fields which would generate a plane em
wave trevelling in Z-direction.

23. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.2A. What is the displacement Current?

24. Give the ratio of Velocities of light waves of wavelengths 4000Aº and 8000Aº in Vaccum.

25. Which physical quantity, If any has the same value for waves belonging to the different parts
of the electromagnetic spectrum?

1. Give one use of each of the following (i) UV ray (ii) -ray

2. Represent EM waves propagating along the x-axis. In which electric and magnetic fields are along
y-axis and z-axis respectively.

3. State the principles of production of EM waves. An EM wave of wavelength goes from vacuum
to a medium of refractive index n. What will be the frequency of wave in the medium?

79 XII – Physics
4. An EM wave has amplitude of electric field E0 and amplitude of magnetic field is B0 the electric
3
field at some instant become E 0 . What will be magnetic field at this instant? (Wave is travelling
4
in vacuum).

5. State two applications of Infrared radiations.

6. State two applications of ultraviolet radiations.

7. State two applications of x-rays.

8. Write Maxwell’s Equations for electromagnetic waves.


9. Show that the average energy
 density of the electric field E equals the average energy density
of the magnetics fields B ?

1. Name EM radiations used (i) in the treatment of cancer.

(ii) For detaching flaw in pipes carrying oil.

(iii) In sterilizing surgical instruments.

2. How would you experimentally show that EM waves are transverse in nature?

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

3.

4.
List any three properties of EM waves.

Find the wavelength of electromagnetic waves of frequency 5 x 1019 Hz in free space. Give its
two applications

1. The refractive index of medium is 1.5. A beam of light of wavelength 6000 A° enters in the medium
from air. Find wavelength and frequency of light in the medium.

2. An EM wave is travelling in vaccum. Amplitude of the electric field vector is 5 × 104 V/m. Calculate
amplitude of magnetic field vector.

3. Suppose the electric field amplitude of an em wave is E0 = 120 NC–1 and that its frequency is
= 50.0 MHz.

(a) Determine B0, , and

(b) Find expressions for E and B.

4. A radio can tune into any station of frequency band 7.5 MHz to 10 MHz. Find the corresponding
wave length range.

5. The amplitude of the magnetic field vector of an electromagnetic wave travelling in vacuum is
2.4mT. Frequency of the wave is 16 MHz. Find :

80 XII – Physics
 (i) Amplitude of electric field vector and

(ii) Wavelength of the wave.

6. An EM wave travelling through a medium has electric field vector.

Ey = 4 × 105 cos (3.14 × 108 t – 1.57 x) N/C. Here x is in m and t in s.

Then find :

(i) Wavelength (ii) Frequency

(iii) Direction of propagation (iv) Speed of wave

(v) Refractive index of medium (vi) Amplitude of magnetic field vector.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

81 XII – Physics
 UNIT VI

Weightage Marks : 14

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula.

Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction through
spherical surfaces, lenses thin lens formula
Lens makers formula.
Magnification, power of a lens, Combination of thin lenses in contact, Refraction and dispersion of
light through a prism, scattering of light – blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun
at sunrise and sunset.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Optical Instruments; Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects
(myopia, hyper-metropia, presbyopia and astigmatism) using lenses.
Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Wave optics: Wave front and huygen’s principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane
surface using wave fronts, Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using huygen’s Principle.
Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width coherent sources and
sustained interference of light; Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.
Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, Plane polarized light, Brewster’s
law, uses of plane polarized light and polaroids.

Physical Quantity Formulae SI Unit

Ray Optics

a sin i
Refractive index of medium ‘b’ w.r.t. ‘a’ b
sin r

Velocity of Light in Vacuum c

Refractive index of medium w.r.t. vacuum (or air) –
Velocity of Light in Medium

a AO Real Depth
Real and Apparent Depth (Normal Shift) w
AI Apparent Depth

82 XII – Physics
 a 1
Relation b/w refractive index of medium and b
sin i C
critical angle

t sin i r
Lateral shift d m
cos r

2 1 2 1
Spherical refracting surface
R u

1 1
or m–1
R u

1 1 1 1 1
Lens Maker’s formula 1
f u R1 R2

hi f f
Magnification m –
ho u f u f

1 1 f
Combination of thin lenses f f1 f2

P = P1 + P2 and m = m1 × m2
Refraction in a prism + A = i + e
A m
sin i sin
2
sin r A –

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

sin
2
b c
Cauchy’s formula (Relation b/w refractive index a 2 4
and )

1
Rayleigh’s criteria of scattering Amount of scattering 4
l

Compound Microscope

o D
Magnification m m em o 1
o fe

L D L D
When image is formed at D m 1
f0 fe f 0 fe

0 D
When image is formed at infinity m
0 fe

1.22
The limit of resolution d
2 sin

Numerical aperture µ sin

1 2 sin
The resolving power
d 1.22

83 XII – Physics
Astronomical Telescope
Magnification

f0
(a) When image is formed at infinity m
fe

f0 f0
(b) When image is formed at D m 1
fe D
Length of tube L = fo + fe

1.22
Angular limit of resolution
D

1 D
The resolving power
1.22
Reflection Telescope

f0
Magnifying power m
fe

2
D
Brightness B 2
d
Wave Optics
Young’s Double Slit Experiment

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

2 2
Intensity of light I a1 a2 2a 1a 2 cos
Constructive Interference
Phase difference = 2n
Path difference x = n
Destructive Interference
Phase difference = (2n + 1)
Path difference x = (2n + 1) /2

2
I max a1 a2
Ratio of light intensity at maxima and minima I min 2
a1 a2

yd
Path difference x
D
Fringe width (For Dark and Bright Fringes) = yn – yn–1 = D/d

The angular width of each fringe

D d
Single Slit Diffraction

Central maximum sin 1; 1 up to which central

a
maximum extends on both sides from centre.
Angular width = 2 1
For nth secondary minima sin n = n /a

84 XII – Physics
 2n 1
For nth secondary maxima sin ´ n
2a

D
Fringe width (For Dark and Bright Fringes) yn yn 1 y´ n y´ n 1
a

2
a
Fresnel distance ZF

Brewster’s Law r + p = 90°

Law of Malus I = I0 cos2
0
If two coherent beams have different intensities I and I max I1 I2 2 I1 I 2 cos 0

2
I2, the resulting minima and maxima will be I1 I2

I min I1 I2 2 I 1I 2 cos 180

360
If two plane mirror are kept at an angle w.r.t. n 1
each other and an object is kept between them,
then the number of images formed.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

1. Write the value of angle of reflection for a ray of light falling normally on a mirror.

2. How does the dispersive power of glass prism change when it is dipped in water?

3. Light falls from glass to air. Find the angle of incidence for which the angle of deviation is 90°.

4. Name the phenomenon due to which one cannot see through fog.

5. What is the ratio of sini and sinr in terms of velocities in the given figure.

Velocity = v1 i µ1

Velocity = v2 r µ2

6. What is the shape of fringes in young’s double slit experiment?

7. A equiconcave lens of focal length 15 cm is cut into two equal halves along dotted line as shown
in figure. What will be new focal length of each half.

85 XII – Physics
 8. For the same angle of the incidence the angle of refraction in three media A, B and C are 15°,
25° and 35° respectively. In which medium would the velocity of light be minimum?

9. What is the phase difference between two points on a cylindrical wave front?

10. What is the ‘power’ of plane glass plate.

11. Show with the help of diagram, why a beam of white light passing through a hollow prism does
not give spectrum.

12. How does focal length of lens change when red light incident on it is replaced by violet light?

13. A myopic person prefers to remove his spectacles while reading a book. Why?

14. Lower half of the concave mirror is painted black. What effect will this have on the image of an
object placed in front of the mirror?

Ans. : The intensity of the image will be reduced (in this case half) but no change in size of the image.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

1. A near sighted person can clearly see objects up to a distance of 1.5m. Calculate power of the
lens necessary for the remedy of this defect. (P = – 0.67D)

2. A person can adjust the power of his eye lens between 50D and 60D. His far point is infinity. Find
the distance between retina and eye lens.

3. Calculate the value of , for which light incident normally on face AB grazes along the face BC.

µglass = 3/2 µwater = 4/3

A µg B

µW
C

4. Name any two characteristics of light which do not change on polarisation.

5. Complete the path of light with correct value of angle of emergence.

µ = 1.5
60°

86 XII – Physics
 6. Define diffraction. What should be the order of the size of the aperture to observe diffraction.

7. Show that maximum intensity in interference pattern is four times the intensity due to each slit if
amplitude of light emerging from slits is same.

8. Two poles-one 4m high and the other is 4.5 m high are situated at distance 40m and 50m
respectively from an eye. Which pole will appear taller?

9. S1 and S2 are two sources of light separated by a distance d. A detector can move along S2P
perpendicular to S1S2. What should be the minimum and maximum path difference at the detector?

S1×

S2 × P
10. If a jogger runs with constant speed towards a vehicle, how fast does the image of the jogger
appear to move in the rear view mirror when

(i) the vehicle is stationery

(ii) the vehicle is moving with constant speed.

Ans : The speed of the image of the jogger appears to increase substantially, though jogger
is moving with constant speed.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

11.
Similar phenomenon is observed when vehicle is in motion.

A person looking at a mesh of crossed wire is able to see the vertical wire more distinctly than
the horizontal wire. Which defect he is suffering from? How can this defect be corrected?

12. Is optical density same as mass density? Give an example.

Ans : Optical density is the ratio of the speed of light in two media whereas mass density is mass
per unit volume of a substance.

Eg Mass density of turpention in less than that of water but its optical density is higher.

13. When does (i) a plane mirror and (ii) a convex mirror produce real image of objects.

Ans : Plane and convex mirror produce real image when the object is virtual that is rays converging
to a point behind the mirror are reflected to a point on a screen.

14. A virtual image cannot be caught on a screen. Then how do we see it?

Ans : The image is virtual when reflected or refracted rays divergent, these are converged on to
the retina by convex lens of eye, as the virtual image serves as the object.

15. Draw a diagram to show the advance sunrise and delayed sunset due to atmospheric refraction.
NCERT Pg 318

16. Define critical angle for total internal reflection. Obtain an expression for refractive index of the
medium in terms of critical angle.

87 XII – Physics
17. The image of a small bulb fixed on the wall of a room is to be obtained on the opposite wall ‘s’
m away by means of a large convex lens. What is the maximum possible local length of the lens
required.

Ans : For fixed distance ‘s’ between object and screen, for the lens equation to give real solution
for u and v, ‘f’ should not be greater than s/4.

f = s/4

18. The angle subtended at the eye by an object is equal to the angle subtended at the eye by the
virtual image produced by a magnifying glass. In what sense then does magnifying glass produce
angular magnification?

Ans : The absolute image size is bigger than object size, the magnifier helps in bringing the object
closer to the eye and hence it has larger angular size than the same object at 25 cm, thus angular
magnification is achieved.

19. Obtain relation between focal length and radius of curvature of (i) concave mirror (ii) convex mirror
using proper ray diagram.

20. Two independent light sources cannot act as coherent sources. Why?

21. How is a wave front different from a ray? Draw the geometrical shape of the wavefronts
when.

(i) light diverges from a point source,

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

22.
(ii) light emerges out of convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus.

What two main changes in diffraction pattern of single slit will you observe when the monochromatic
source of light is replaced by a source of white light.

23. You are provided with four convex lenses of focal length 1cm, 3cm, 10cm and 100 cm. Which two
would you prefer for a microscope and which two for a telescope.

24. Give reasons for the following

(i) Sun looks reddish at sunset
(ii) clouds are generally white
25. Using Huygens Principle draw ray diagram for the following
(i) Refraction of a plane wave front incident on a rarer medium
(ii) Refraction of a plane wave front incident on a denser medium.

1. Using mirror formula show that virtual image produced by a convex mirror is always smaller in
size and is located between the focus and the pole.

2. Obtain the formula for combined focal length of two thin lenses in contact, taking one divergent
and the other convergent.

88 XII – Physics
 3. Derive snell’s law on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory.

4. A microscope is focussed on a dot at the bottom of the beaker. Some oil is poured into the beaker
to a height of ‘b’ cm and it is found that microscope has to raise through vertical distance of ‘a’
cm to bring the dot again into focus. Express refractive index of oil is terms of a and b.

5. Define total internal reflection. State its two conditions. With a ray diagram show how does optical
fibres transmit light.

6. A plane wave front is incident on (i) a prism (ii) A convex lens (iii) a concave mirror. Draw the
emergent wavefront in each case.

7. Explain with reason, how the resolving power of a compound microscope will change when
(i) frequency of the incident light on the objective lens is increased. (ii) focal length of the objective
lens is increased. (iii) asperture of objective lens is increased.

8. Derive Mirror formula for a concave mirror forming real Image.

9. Two narrow slits are illuminated by a single monochromatic sources.

(a) Draw the intensity pattern and name the phenomenon

(b) One of the slits is now completely covered. Draw the intensity pattern now obtained and
name the phenomenon.

10. Explain briefly (i) sparkling of diamond (ii) use of optical fibre in communication.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

11. Using appropriate ray diagram obtain relation for refractive index of water in terms of real and
apparent depth.

12. Complete the ray diagram in the following figure where, n1, is refractive index of medium and n2
is refractive index of material of lens.

n1 < n2 n1 = n2 n1 > n2
(i) (ii) (iii)

n1 < n2 n1 = n2 n1 > n2
(iv) (v) (vi)

89 XII – Physics
 1. With the help of ray diagram explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection. Obtain the
relation between critical angle and refractive indices of two media. Draw ray diagram to show how
right angled isosceles prism can be used to :

(i) Deviate the ray through 180°.

(ii) Deviate the ray through 90°.

(iii) Invert the ray.

2. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope and explain its working. Derive an
expression for its magnifying power.

3. Diagrammatically show the phenomenon of refraction through a prism. Define angle of deviation
in this case. Hence for a small angle of incidence derive the relation = (µ – 1) A.

4. Name any three optical defects of eye. Show by ray diagram :

(i) Myopic eye and corrected myopic eye.

(ii) Hypermetropic eye and corrected hypermetropic eye.

5. Define diffraction. Deduce an expression for fringe width of the central maxima of the diffraction
pattern, produced by single slit illuminated with monochromatic light source.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

6. What is polarisation? How can we detect polarised light? State Brewster’s Law and deduce the
expression for polarising angle.

7. Derive lens maker formula for a thin converging lens.

1 1 1
8. Derive lens formula – for
f v u

(a) a convex lens,

(b) a concave lens.

9. Describe an astronomical telescope and derive an expression for its magnifying power using a
labelled ray diagram.

10. Draw a graph to show the angle of deviation with the angle of incidence i for a monochromatic
ray of light passing through a prisin of refracting angle A. Deduce the relation

sin A m 2
µ
sin A 2

11. State the condition under which the phenomenon of diffraction of light takes place. Derive an
expression for the width of the central maximum due to diffraction of light at a single slit. Also draw
the intensity pattern with angular position.

90 XII – Physics
1. An object of length 2.5cm is placed at a distance of 1.5f from a concave mirror where f is the focal
length of the mirror. The length of object is perpendicular to principal axis. Find the size of image.
Is the image erect or inverted?

2. Find the size of image formed in the situation shown in figure. (0.6 cm) [–32 cm approx.]

1 .5 c m 40 cm
20 cm
O C
µ1 = 1 µ 2 = 1 .3 3

3. A ray of light passes through an equilateral prism in such a manner that the angle of incidence
is equal to angle of emergence and each of these angles is equal to 3/4 of angle of prism. Find
angle of deviation. [Ans. : 30°]

4. Critical angle for a certain wavelength of light in glass is 30°. Calculate the polarising angle and
the angle of refraction in glass corresponding to this. [ip = tan–1 2

5. A light ray passes from air into a liquid as shown in figure. Find refractive index of liquid.
air
µLiquid 32

68 ° air

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN Liqu id

15 °

6. At what angle with the water surface does fish in figure see the setting sun?

µ = 1 a ir Sun
µ W = 4 /3
W a te r

[At critical angle, fish will see the sun.]

7. In the following diagram, find the focal length of lens L2. [40 cm]

cm
f1 = 20
O
1 L1
I L2 I
15 cm
20 cm 80 cm

91 XII – Physics
 8. A hypermetropic person whose near point is at 100 cm wants to read a book. Find the nature and
power of the lens needed.

Ans. = –100 cm

u = –25 cm

1 1 1 –1 1 3
f u 100 25 100

100
f 33.3cm so a converging lens
3

100
3 dioptre
f

9. For a man shortest distance of distinct vision is 20 cm. What will be the type and power of lens
which would enable him to read a book at a distance of 60 cm?

Ans. v = –20 cm

u = –60 cm

1 –1 1 –2 –1
f 20 60 60 30

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN f = – 30 cm. So a diverging lens

100
–3.3 dioptre
–30

10. Using the data given below, state which two of the given lenses will be preferred to construct a
(i) telescope (ii) Microscope. Also indicate which is to be used as objective and as eyepiece in
each case.

Lenses Power (p) Apetune (A)

L1 6 D 1 cm

L2 3 D 8 cm

L3 10 D 1 cm

Ans. : For telescope, less L2 is chosen as objective as it aperture is largest, L3 is chosen as

eyepiece as its focal length is smaller.

For microscope lens L3 is chosen as objective because of its small focal length and lens L1, serve
as eye piece because its focal length is not larges.

11. Two thin converging lens of focal lengths 15 cm and 30 cm respectively are held in contact with
each other. Calcualte power and focal length of the combination.

92 XII – Physics
 1 1 1 1 1 1
F f1 f2 15 30 10

F = 10 cm

P = 10 D

1. An air bubble is formed inside water. Does it act as converging lens or a diverging lens?
[Diverging lens]

2. A water tank is 4 meter deep. A candle flame is kept 6 meter above the level. for water is
4/3. Where will the image of the candle be formed? [6m below the water level]

1. Water is poured into a concave mirror of radius of curvature ‘R’ up to a height h as shown in figure.
What should be the value of x so that the image of object ‘O’ is formed on itself?

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN R

O
C
x

2. A point source S is placed midway between two concave mirrors having equal focal length f as
shown in Figure. Find the value of d for which only one image is formed.

3. A thin double convex lens of focal length f is broken into two equal halves at the axis. The two
halves are combined as shown in figure. What is the focal length of combination in (ii) and (iii).

(i) (ii) (iii)

93 XII – Physics
4. How much water should be filled in a container 21 cm in height, so that it appears half filled when
viewed from the top of the container. (aµ = 4/3)?

5. A ray PQ incident on the refracting face BA is refracted in the prism BAC as shown in figure and
emerges from the other refracting face AC as RS such that AQ = AR. If the angle, of prism A =
60° and µ of material of prism is 3 then find angle .

Q R
S
P
B C

1. A converging beam of light is intercepted by a slab of thickness t and refractive index µ. By what
distance will the convergence point be shifted? Illustrate the answer.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN P

x 1
1
t
µ

t
2. In double slit experiment SS2 is greater than SS1 by 0.25 . Calculate the path difference between
two interfering beam from S1 and S2 for minima and maxima on the point P as shown in Figure.

S1
P
S
O

S2 S c re e n

1. Zero

2. Decreases.

94 XII – Physics
 3. Angle of incidence is 45°.

4. Scattering.

6. Hyperbolic

7. 30 cm

8. 15°

9. Zero.

10. Zero

12. Decreases

13. A myopic person is short sighted.

2. For point is infinity so in this case focal length is maximum. Hence power is minimum.

1
3. sin 8 9

4. Speed and frequency

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

5.

8.
sin 1

4 m pole
3 4

9. Minimum path difference is zero (when p is at infinity)

Maximum path difference = d.

11. Astigmatism – Cylindrical lens

21. A wavefront is a surface obtained by joining all points vibrating in the same phase.

A ray is a line drawn perpendicular to the wavefront in the direction of propagation of light.

(i) Spherical

(ii) Plane

22. (i) In each diffraction order, the diffracted image of the slit gets dispersed into component
colours of white light. As fringe width , red fringe with higher wavelength is wider
than violet fringe with smaller wavelength.

(ii) In higher order spectra, the dispersion is more and it causes overlapping of different
colours.

23. f0 = 1 cm and fe = 3 cm for Microscope and

f0 = 100 cm and fe = 1 cm for a Telescope

95 XII – Physics
25. N.C.E.R.T. Fig. 10.5; Fig. 10.4.

7. R.P. of a compound Microscope

2µ sin
2µ sin
c

(i) When frequency increases, R.P. increases

(ii) R.P. does not change with change in focal length of objective lens.

(iii) When aperture increases, increases R.P. increases.

1. Distance of object from p should be equal to radius of curvature.

R –h
R µx h x .
µ

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

2.

3.
Distance between mirror will be 2f or 4f.

(i) Focal length of combination is infinite.

(ii) f/2

4.

21 –x

21 m 21 –x
x

Real depth
µ
Apparent depth

x 4
x = 12 cm.
21 – x 3

5. This is a case of min. deviation = 60°.

96 XII – Physics
 1
1. x 1 t

2. Path diff. : (SS2 + S2P) – (SS1 + S1P) = (SS2 – SS1) + (S2P – S1P) = (0.25 + S2P – S1P)

For maxima, path diff. = n

So S2P – S1P = n – 0.25 = (n – 0.25)

For minima, path diff. 2n 1

2
So S2P – S1P = (2n + 0.5) /2

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

97 XII – Physics
 UNIT VII

Weightage Marks : 14

Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s
photoelectrical equation, Particle nature of light.
Mattre waves-wave nature of particles, de-broglie relation Davisson Germer experiment.

 Light consists of individual photons whose energies are proportional to their frequencies.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

 A photon is a quantum of electromagnetic energy :

Energy of photon
hc
E h

Momentum of a photon
h h
c
Dynamic mass of photon

h h
2
c c

Rest mass of a photon is zero.

 Photoelectric effect : Photon of incident light energy interacts with a single electron and if energy
of photon is equal to or greater than work function, the electron is emitted.

 Max. Kinetic energy of emitted electron = h( – 0) Here 0 is the frequency below which no
photoelectron is emitted and is called threshold frequency.

 A moving body behaves in a certain way as though it has a wave nature having wavelength,

h
.
mv

98 XII – Physics
 1. What is the rest mass of photon?

2. A good mirror reflects 80% of light incident on it. Which of the following is correct.

(a) Energy of each reflected photon decreases by 20%.

(b) Total no. of reflected photons decreases by 20%. Justify your answer.

3. Why in a photocell the cathode is coated with alkali metals.?

4. Name the phenomenon which shows quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation.

5. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equations and specify each term.

6. Which of the following radiations is more effective for electron emission from the surface of
sodium?

(i) Microwave

(ii) Infrared

(iii) Ultraviolet.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

7.

8.
A metal emits photoelectrons when red light falls on it. Will this metal emit photoelectrons when
blue light falls on it?

Name any two phenomena which show the particle nature of radiation.

9. The photoelectric cut off voltage in a certain photoelectric experiment is 1.5V. What is the max
kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted?

10. What is the de-Broglie wavelength of a 3 kg object moving with a speed of 2m/s?

11. What factors determine the maximum velocity of the photoelectrons from a surface?

12. What is the stopping potential applied to a photocell, in which electrons with a maximum kinetic
energy of 5.6 eV are emitted. Ans. : 5.6 V

13. Work functions of caesium and lead are 2.14 eV and 4.25 eV respectively. Which of the two has
a higher threshold wavelength?

c 1
Ans. : Work function, 0 h 0 h or 0
0 0

Hence caesium has a higher threshold wavelength for photoelectric emission.

14. What is the de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron at absolute temperature TK?

h h h
Ans. :
2m nEk 3 3m n K kB
2m n K kB
2
99 XII – Physics
1. Write one similarity and one difference between matter wave and an electromagnetic wave.

2. Does a photon have a de Broglie wavelength? Explain.

3. A photon and an electron have energy 200 eV each. Which one of these has greater de-Broglie
wavelength?

4. The work function of the following metal is given Na = 2.75 eV, K = 2.3 eV, Mo = 4.14 eV, Ni =
5.15 eV which of these metal will not give a photoelectric emission for radiation of wave length
3300 Ao from a laser source placed at 1m away from the metal. What happens if the laser is
brought nearer and placed 50 cm away.

5. Name the experiment for which the followings graph, showing the variation of intensity of scattered
electron with the angle of scattering, was obtained. Also name the important hypothesis that was
confirmed by this experiment.

Incident
election
beam

V = 54 volt

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

6. In a photoelectric effect experiment, the graph between the stopping potential V and frequency
of the incident radiation on two different metals P and Q are shown in Fig. :

P
6
Q
V4
(Volt)
2
4 6
–2 v
14
v = (8 × 10 Hz)

(i) Which of the two metals has greater value of work function?

(ii) Find maximum K.E. of electron emitted by light of frequency = 8 × 1014 Hz for metal P.

7. Do all the photons have same dynamic mass? If not, why?

8. Why photoelectrons ejected from a metal surface have different kinetic energies although the
frequency of incident photons are same?

9. Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with two electrons ‘A’ and ‘B’ which are
accelerated through 8V and 64 volts respectively.

100 XII – Physics

10. The photoelectric current at distances r1 and r2 of light source from photoelectric cell are I1 and
I2 2
I I2 r1
I2 respectively. Find the value of I . Ans. : I
1 2 I1 r2
r
11. How does the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons vary with the increase in work function
of metals? Ans. : KEmax = h – W0 KEmax decreases with increase in W0.

1. Explain the working of a photocell? Give its two uses.

2. Find the de Broglie wavelength associated with an electron accelerated through a potential
difference V.

3. What is Einstein’s explanation of photo electric effect? Explain the laws of photo electric emission
on the basis of quantum nature of light.

3
4. If kinetic energy of thermal neutron is kT then show that de-Broglie wavelength of waves
2
h
associated with a thermal neutron of mass m at temperature T kelvin is where k is boltz
3mkT
mann constant.

5. Explain Division and Germer experiment to verify the wave nature of electrons.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

6. Explain the effect of increase of (i) frequency (ii) intensity of the incident radiation on photo
electrons emitted by a metal.

7. X-rays of wave length fall on a photo sensitive surface emitting electrons. Assuming that the
work function of the surface can be neglected, prove that the de-Broglie wavelength of electrons

h
emitted will be .
2mc

8. A particle of mass M at rest decays into two particles of masses m1 and m2 having velocities V1
and V2 respectively. Find the ratio of de-broglie Wavelengths of the two particles.

Ans. : 1 : 1

1. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 350 nm and intensity 1W/m2 is directed at a potassium surface
having work function 2.2eV.

(i) Find the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron.

(ii) If 0.5 percent of the incident photons produce photoelectric effect, how many photoelectrons
per second are emitted from the potassium surface that has an area 1cm2.
11 photo electron
K max 1.3 eV ; n 8.8 10
second

101 XII – Physics

2. A m etal surface illum inated by 8.5 × 10 14
Hz light emits electrons whose maximum energy is 0.52
eV the same surface is illuminated by 12.0 × 1014 Hz light emits elections whose maximum
energy is 1.97eV. From these data find work function of the surface and value of Planck’s constant.
[Work Function = 3ev]

3. An electron and photon each have a wavelength of 0.2 nm. Calculate their momentum and energy.

(i) 3.3 × 10–24 kgm/s

(ii) 6.2 keV for photon

(iii) 38eV for electron

4. What is the (i) Speed (ii) Momentum (ii) de-Broglie wavelength of an electron having kinetic
energy of 120eV? [Ans. : (a) 6.5 × 106 m/s; (b) 5.92 × 10–24 kg m/s; (c) 0.112 nm.]

5. If the frequency of incident light in photoelectric experiment is doubled then does the stopping
potential become double or more than double, justify? (More than double)

6. A proton is accelerated through a potential difference V. Find the percentage increase or decrease
in its deBroglie wavelength if potential difference is increased by 21%. (9.1%)

7. For what Kinetic energy of a neutron will the associated de Broglie wavelength be
5.6 × 10–10m?

2
h h 1

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Ans. : 2m n K .E . K .E .

6.625
2m n

10
34 2
1 21
27
3.35 10 J
–10
5.6 10 2 1.67 10

M 2M
8. A nucleus of mass M initially at rest splits into two fragments of masses and . Find the
3 3
ratio of de Broglie wavelength of the fragments.

Ans. : Following the law of conservation of momentum,

M 2M M 2M
1 2 0 or 1 2
3 3 3 3

M
h 2 2
1 3 1
m 2 M
1
3
9. An electron and a proton are possessing same amount of K.E., which of the two have greater de-
Broglie, wavelength? Justify your answer.

1 2 1 2
Ans. : E e m and E p m me 2E e m e and m p 2E p m p
2 e e
2 p p e p

102 XII – Physics

 e
mp
But. E e Ep 1
p me

e > p.

1. Zero

2. (b) Total no. of reflected photons decreases by 20%.

3. Lower work function sensitive to visible light.

4. Photoelectric effect.

6. Ultraviolet (maximum frequency).

7. Yes, it will emit photoelectrons.

8. Photoelectric effect, Compton effect.

9. 2.3 × 10–19 eV

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

10.

11.
1.1 × 10–34 m

(a) frequency of incident radiation.

(b) Work function of surface.

7. No.

E h
m 2 2
c c
m depends on frequency of photon.

8. Because electrons lose their energy in collision. And energy is different for different electrons.

9. 2 2

103 XII – Physics

 UNIT VIII

Weightage Marks : 06

Alpha-particles scattering experiment, Rutherford’s model of atom, Bohr Model, energy levels,
Hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of Nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones,
Radioactivity-alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law.

 Gieger-Marsden -scattering experiment established the existence of nucleus in an atom.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Bohr’s atomic model

(i) Electrons revolve round the nucleus in certain fixed orbits called stationary orbits.

(ii) In stationary orbits, the angular momentum of electron is integral multiple of h/2 .

(iii) While revolving in stationary orbits, electrons do not radiate energy. The energy is emitted
(or absorbed) when electrons jump from higher to lower energy orbits. (or lower to higher
energy orbits). The frequency of the emitted radiation is given by h =Ef – Ei. An atom can
absorb radiations of only those frequencies that it is capable of emitting.

 As a result of the quantisation condition of angular momentum, the electron orbits the nucleus in
circular paths of specific radii. For a hydrogen atom it is given by.

2 2
n h 0 2
rn 2
rn n
m 2 e
4
me 2
The total energy is also quantised : E n 2 2
13.6 eV n
8n 2 0h

The n = 1 state is called the ground state.

In hydrogen atom, the ground state energy is – 13.6 eV.

 de Broglie’s hypothesis that electron have a wavelength = h/mv gave an explanation for the
Bohr’s quantised orbits.

104 XII – Physics

 Neutrons and protons are bound in nucleus by short range strong nuclear force. Nuclear force
does not distinguish between nucleons.

 The nuclear mass ‘M’ is always less than the total mass of its constituents. The difference in mass
of a nucleus and its constituents is called the mass defect.

M = [Zmp + (A – Z)mn] – M and Eb = ( M)c2

The energy Eb represents the binding energy of the nucleus.

For the mass number ranging from A = 30 to 170 the binding energy per nucleon is nearly
constant at about 8MeV per nucleon.

 Radioactive Decay Law : The number of atoms of a radioactive sample disintegrating per second
at any time is directly proportional to the number of atoms present at that time. Mathematically :

dN t
N or N t N0e
dt
where is called decay constant. It is defined as the reciprocal of the time during which the
number of atoms of a radioactive substance decreases to 1with of their original number.

 Number of radioactive atoms N in a sample at any time t can be calculated using the formula.

tT
1
N N0

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN 2

Here No = no. of atoms at time t = 0 and T is the half-life of the substance.

Half life : The half life of a radio active substances is defined as the time during which the number
of atoms disintegrate to one half of its initial value.

ln 2
T1 2 ln 2 mean life

0.693
or 0.693

1
Here decay constant = .
mean life
 Radius r of the nucleus of an atom is proportional to the cube root of its mars number thereby
implying that the nuclear density is the same. (Almost) for all substances/nuclei.

 -decay : ZXA Z–2Y

A–4 + 2He4 + Q

-decay : ZXA Z–1Y

A + –1e
0 + + Q

-decay : When or -decay leave, the nucleus in excited state; the nucleus goes to lower energy
state or ground state by the emission of -ray(s).

105 XII – Physics

 1. Define atomic mass unit. Write its energy equivalent in MeV.

2. What was the drawback of Rutherford model of atom?

236
3. What are the number of electrons and neutrons in singly ionised 92 U atom?

4. Name the series of hydrogen spectrum which has least wavelength.

*5. Any two protons repel each other, then how is this possible for them to remain together in a
nucleus.

6. Define radioactive decay constant.

7. You are given reaction : 1H2 + 1H2 2He

4 + 24 MeV. What type of nuclear reaction is this?

8. After losing two electrons, to which particle does a helium atom get transformed into?

9. Write two important inferences drawn from Gieger-Marsden’s -particle scattering experiment.

10. What will be the ratio of the radii of the nuclei of mass number A1 and A2?

1 1 P
11. In nuclear reaction 1H 0n + Qx find P, Q and hence identify X.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

2
12. Binding energies of neutron 1H
and -particle (2He4) are 1.25 MeV/nucleon and 7.2 MeV/
nucleon respectively. Which nucleus is more stable?

13. -particles are incident on a thin gold foil. For what angle of deviation will the number of deflected
-particles be minimum?

14. A and B are two isotopes having mass numbers 14 and 16 respectively. If the number of electrons
in A is 7, then give the number of neutrons in B.

15. If the amount of a radioactive substance is increased four times then how many times will the
number of atoms disintegrating per unit time be increased?

16. An electron jumps from fourth to first orbit in an atom. How many maximum number of spectral
lines can be emitted by the atom?

17. Under what conditions of electronic transition will the emitted light be monochromatic?

18. Why does only a slow neutron (.03eV energy) cause the fission in the uranium nucleus and not
the fast one?

19. Write the relation for distance of closest approach.

20. In Bohr’s atomic model, the potential energy is negative and has a magnitude greater than the
kinetic energy, what does this imply? Ans. : The electron revolving is bound to the nucleus.

21. Name the physical quantity whose dlimensions are same as Planck’s constant.
Ans. : Angular momentum

106 XII – Physics

22. Define ionisation potential.

23. The ionisation potential of helium atom is 24.6 V. How much energy will be required to ionise it?
Ans. : 24.6 eV

24. What is the energy possessed by an electron whose principal quantum number is infinite?

25. Write the value of Rydberg constant? Ans. : 1.097 × 107 m–1

26. Name the spectral series of hydrogen atom which lie in uv region. Ans. : Lyman Series

27. Name the series of hydrogen spectrum lying in the infra red region.

28. What is the order of velocity of electron in a hydrogen atom in ground state. Ans. : 106 ms–1

29. Write a relation for Paschen sone’s lines of hydrogen spectrum.

1 1
Ans. : R 2 2
n 4, 5........
3 n

30. Arrange radioactive radiation in the increasing order of penetrating power.

31. Write a relation between average life and decary constant.

32. Write two units for activity of radioactive element and relate them with number of disintegration
per second.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

33. The half life of a radioactive element A is same as the mean life time of another radioactive
element B. Initially, both have same number of atoms. B decay faster than A. Why?
Ans. : TA = B = 1.44 TB TA > TB A < B. Therefore B decay faster than A.

34. Draw the graph showing the distribution of Kinetic energy of electrons emitted during decay.

35. Compare radii of two nuclei of mass numbers 1 and 27 respectively (Ans. : 1 : 3).

36. Define atomic mass unit.

37. Write the energy equivalent of MeV.

38. Which element has highest value of Binding Energy per nucleon.

39. Mention the range of mass number for which the Binding energy curve is almost horizontal.

40. What is the ratio of nuclear densities of the two nuclei having mass numbers in the ratio 1 : 4?

41. Write two important inferences drawn from Rutherford particle scattering experiment.

42. Draw a graph of number of undecayed nuclei to the time, for a radioactive nuclei.

NCERT pg. 447

43. Write an equation to represent decay.

107 XII – Physics

 1. Define distance of the closest approach. An -particle of kinetic energy ‘K’ is bombarded on a thin
gold foil. The distance of the closet approach is ‘r’. What will be the distance of closest approach
for an -particle of double the kinetic energy?

2. Show that nuclear density is independent of the mass number.

3. Which of the following radiations and are :

(i) similar to x-rays?
(ii) easily absorbed by matter
(iii) travel with greatest speed?
(iv) similar to the nature of cathode rays?

4. Some scientist have predicted that a global nuclear war on earth would be followed by ‘Nuclear
winter’. What could cause nuclear winter?

5. If the total number of neutrons and protons in a nuclear reaction is conserved how then is the
energy absorbed or evolved in the reaction?

6. In the ground state of hydrogen atom orbital radius is 5.3 × 10–11 m. The atom is excited such
that atomic radius becomes 21.2 × 10–11 m. What is the principal quantum number of the excited
state of atom?

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

7.

8.
Calculate the percentage of any radioactive substance left undecayed after half of half life.

Why is the density of the nucleus more than that of atom?

9. The atom 8O16 has 8 protons, 8 neutrons and 8 electrons while atom 4Be8 has 4 proton,
4 neutrons and 4 electrons, yet the ratio of their atomic masses is not exactly 2. Why?

*10. What is the effect on neutron to proton ratio in a nucleus when – particle is emitted? Explain your
answer with the help of a suitable nuclear reaction.

11. Why must heavy stable nucleus contain more neutrons than protons?

12. Show that the decay rate R of a sample of radio nuclide at some instant is related to the number
of radio active nuclei N at the same instant by the expression R = – N .

13. What is a nuclear fusion reaction? Why is nuclear fusion difficult to carry out for peaceful purpose?

14. Write two characteristic features of nuclear forces which distinguish them from coulomb force.

15. Half life of certain radioactive nuclei is 3 days and its activity is 8 times the ‘safe limit’. After how
much time will the activity of the radioactive sample reach the ‘safe limit’?

nh
16. Derive m r using de Broglie equation.
2
17. Draw graph of number of scattered particles to scattering angle in Ratherford’s experiment.

18. Show that nuclear density is same for all the nuclei.

108 XII – Physics

19. What is the shortest wavelength present in the (i) Paschen series (ii) Balmer series of spectral
lines? Ans. : 820nm, (ii) 365 nm

20. The radius of the inner most electron orbit of a hydrogen atom 0.53 Å. What are the radii of the
n = 2 and n = 3 orbits.

21. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. What are the Kinetic and potential
energies of the electron in this state?

22. Write formula of frequency to represent (i) Lyman series (ii) Balmer series.

23. From the relation R = R0 A1/3 where R0 is a constant and A is the mass number of a nucleus,
show that nuclear matter density is nearly constant.

Mass of nucleus
Ans. : Nuclear matter density
Volume of nucleus
mA mA
4 3 4 3
R R 0A
3 3

m 17 3
2.3 10 kg / m
4 3
R0
3

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

24.
= Constant

Find the energy equivalent of one atomic mass unit in joules and then in MeV.

Ans. : E = mc2 m = 1.6605 × 10–27 kg

= 1.6605 × 10–27 × (3 × 108)2

= 1.4924 × 10–4 J

10
1.4924 × 10
–19
eV
1.6 10
= 0.9315 × 109 eV

= 931.5 MeV

25. Write four properties of nuclear force.

*1. Give one example of a nuclear reaction. Also define the Q-value of the reaction. What does
Q > 0 signify?

2. Explain how radio-active nucleus can-emit -particles even though nuclei do not contain these
particles. Hence explain why the mass number of radioactive nuclide does not change during
-decay.

109 XII – Physics

 3. Define the term half life period and decay constant. Derive the relation between these terms.

4. State the law of radioactive decay. Deduce the relation N = N0e– t, where symbols have their usual
meaning.

5. Give the properties of -particles, -particles and -rays.

6. With the help of one example, explain how the neutron to proton ratio changes during alpha decay
of a nucleus.

7. Distinguish between nuclear fusion and fission. Give an example of each.

1
8. A radioactive isotope decays in the following sequence A 0n
A1 A 2 . If the
mass and atomic numbers of A2 are 171 and 76 respectively, find mass and atomic number of
A and A1. Which of the three elements are isobars?

9. Obtain a relation for total energy of the electron in terms of orbital radius. Show that total energy
is negative of K.E. and half of potential energy.

2
e
E .
8 E 0r

10. Draw energy level diagram for hydrogen atom and show the various line spectra originating due
to transition between energy levels.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

11. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen atom is about –3.4 eV.
What is

(a) the kinetic energy,

(b) the potential energy of the electron?

(c) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the zero of potential energy
in changed to (i) + 0.5 eV (ii) –0.5 eV.

Ans.

(a) When P.E. is chosen to be zero at infinity E = – 3.4 eV, using E = – K.E., the K.E. = +
3.4 eV.

(b) Since P.E. = – 2E, PE = – 6.8 eV.

(c) If the zero of P.E. is chosen differently, K.E. does not change. The P.E. and T.E. of the state,
however would alter if a different zero of the P.E. is chosen.

(i) When P.E. at is + 0.5 eV, P.E. of first excited state will be –3.4 – 0,5 = – 3.9 eV.

(iii) When P.E. at is + 0.5 eV, P.E. of first excited state will be –3.4 – (–0.5) = –2.9
eV.

12. What is beta decay? Write an equation to represent – and + decay. Explain the energy distribution
curve is decay.

110 XII – Physics

 60
13. Using energy level diagram show emission of rays by 27 Co nucleus and subsequent decay
y
60
to obtain 28 Ni .
NCERT pg. 457

1. State Bohr’s postulates. Using these postulates, drive an expression for total energy of an electron
in the nth orbit of an atom. What does negative of this energy signify?

2. Define binding energy of a nucleus. Draw a curve between mass number and average binding
energy per nucleon. On the basis of this curve, explain fusion and fission reactions.

3. State the law of radioactive disintegration. Hence define disintegration constant and half life
period. Establish relation between them.

4. Explain the process of release of energy in a nuclear reactor. Draw a labelled diagram of a nuclear
reactor and write the functions of each part.

5. What is meant by nuclear fission and nuclear chain reaction? Outline the conditions necessary
for nuclear chain reaction.

6. Briefly explain Rutherford’s experiment for scattering of particle with the help of a diagram. Write
the conclusion made and draw the model suggested.

7. State law of radioactive decay obtain relation

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

(i)

(ii)
N = N0 e–

R = R0 e–
t

where N is number of radioactive nuclei at time t and

N0 is number of radioactive nuclei at time t0 is decay constant

R is rate of decay at any instant t

R0 is rate of decay at any time t0 (initial time).

1. The radius of innermost orbit of Hydrogen atom is 5.3 × 10–1 m. What are the radii of n = 2 and
n = 3 orbits. Ans. : r2 = 2.12 × 10–10 m, and r3 = 4.77 × 10–10 m

2. Calculate the radius of the third Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom and energy of electron in that orbit.
Ans. : r3 = 4775 A° and E3 = – 2.43 × 10–19 J

3. Calculate the longest and shortest wavelength in the Balmer series of Hydrogen atom. Rydberg
constant = 1.0987 × 107 m–1. Ans. : l = 6563 A°, s = 3646 A°

4. What will be the distance of closest approach of a 5 MeV proton as it approaches a gold nucleus?
Ans. : 4.55 × 10–14 m

111 XII – Physics

 5. A 12.5 MeV alpha – particle approaching a gold nucleus is deflected by 180°. What is the closest
distance to which it approaches the nucleus? Ans. : 1.82 × 10–14 m

6. Determine the speed of the electron in n = 3 orbit of hydrogen atom. Ans. : 7.29 × 105 ms–1
6
7. There are 4 2 10 radioactive nuclei in a given radio active element. If half life is 20 seconds,,
how many nuclei will remain after 10 seconds? Ans. : 4 × 106

8. The half life of a radioactive substance is 5 hours. In how much time will 15/16 of the material
decay? Ans. : 20 hours

9. At a given instant, there are 25% undecayed radioactive nuclei in a sample. After 10 seconds, the
number of undecayed nuclei reduces to 12.5%. Calculate the mean life of nuclei. Ans. : 14.43

10. Binding energy of 2He4 and 3Li7 nuclei are 27.37 MeV and 39.4 MeV respectively. Which of the
two nuclei is more stable? Why? Ans. : 2He4 because its BE/nucleon is greater

11. Find the binding energy and binding energy per nucleon of nucleus 83B209. Given : mass of proton
= 1.0078254 u. mass of neutron = 1.008665 u. Mass of 83Bi209 = 208.980388u.
Ans. : 1639.38 MeV and 7.84 MeV/Nucleon

12. Is the fission of iron (26Fe56) into (13Al28) as given below possible?
56 28 28
26Fe 13Al + 13Al + Q

Given mass of 56 = 55.934940 and 13Al28 = 27.98191 U

26Fe
Ans. : Since Q value comes out negative, so this fission is not possible

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

13. Find the maximum energy that -particle may have in the following decay :
19 19 0
8O 9F + –1e +

Given

m (8O19) = 19.003576 a.m.u.

m (9F19) = 18.998403 a.m.u.

m (–e0) = 0.000549 a.m.u. Ans. : 4.3049 MeV

14. The value of wavelength in the lyman series is given as

2
93.4n i o
2
A
ni 1

Calculate the wavelength corresponding to transition from energy level 2, 3 and 4. Does wavelength
decreases or increase.

2
913.4 2 o
Ans. : 21 2
1218 A
2 1

112 XII – Physics

 2
913.4 3 o
31 2
1028 A
3 1
2
913.4 4 o
41 2
974.3 A
4 1

41 < 31 < 21

238
15. The half life of 92 u undergoing decay is 4.5 × 109 years what is the activity of 1g. sample of
238
92 u .

Ans. : T1/2 = 4.5 × 109 y

= 4.5 × 109 × 3.16 × 107 s

= 1.42 × 1017 s

238 1 26
1g of 92 u contains = 6.025 10 atom
3
238 10

= 25.3 × 1020 atoms

0.693

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

decay rate = R = N
T

20
0.693 25.3 10 1
17
s
1.42 10

= 1.23 × 104 Bq.

1. An a.m.u. is 1/12 of the mass of a carbon isotope 12C

6, 1u = 931 MeV.

2. Rutherford’s model of atom failed to explain the existence of sharp lines in hydrogen spectrum.

3. No. of electrons = 91, No. of neutrons = 236 – 92 = 144

4. Lyman Series

5. Nuclear force between two protons is 100 times stronger than the electrostatic force.

6. The decay constant of radioactive substance is defined as the reciprocal of that time in which the
1
number of atoms of substance becomes th times the atoms present initially..
e

113 XII – Physics

 7. Fusion reaction.

8. -particle.

9. (i) Positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus.

(ii) size of nucleus is very small in comparison to size of atom.

10. R1/R2 = (A1/A2)1/3

11. P = 0, Q = 1, X is a positron (+1e0).

12. Binding energy of 4 is more than neutron (1H2), So, 2He4 is more stable.
2 He

13. 180°.

14. 9.

15. Four times  R = – N.

16. 6

17. Only fixed two orbits are involved and therefore single energy value.

18. Slow neutron stays in the nucleus for required optimum time and disturbs the configuration of
nucleus.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

1. It will be halved.

2. Using the relation R = R0A1/3.

4 3 4 3 4 3
13 R1 R1 R2
R1 A1 3 A1
or 3 3
R2 A2 4 3 A2 A1 A2
R2
3
Hence nuclear density of 1st element = Nuclear density of 2nd element.

3. (i) Similar to x-rays — -rays.

(ii) -particle.

(iii) -rays.

(iv) -particle.

4. Nuclear radioactive waste will hang like a cloud in the earth atmosphere and will absorb sun
radiations.

5. The total binding energy of nuclei on two sides need not be equal. The difference in energy
appears as the energy released or absorbed.

114 XII – Physics

 6. n = 2 as rn n2

tT
N 1
7. From relation when t T 2
N0 2

12
N 1 N 1 100
or 70.9%.
N0 2 N0 2 2

8. Because radius of atom is very large than radius of nucleus.

9. Due to mass defect or different binding energies.

10. Decreases as number of neutrons decreases and number of protons increases.

11. To counter repulsive coulomb forces, strong nuclear force required between neutron–neutron,
neutron–proton and proton–proton.

dN – t
12. N = N0e– t differentiating both sides we get – N 0e – N i.e., decay rate
dt
dN
R – N.
dt
13. For fusion, temperature required is from 106 to 107 K. So, to carry out fusion for peaceful purposes
we need some system which can create and bear such a high temperature.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

14. Nuclear forces are short range forces (within the nucleus) and do not obey inverse equare law
while coulomb forces are long range (infinite) and obey inverse square law.

t T1 2
A 1
15.
8A 2
3 t 3
1 1
or
2 2
t
or 3
3
t = 9 days.

115 XII – Physics

 UNIT IX

Weightage Marks : 07

Semiconductors
Semiconductors diode-I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as rectifier.
I-V characteristics of LED, Photodiodes, solarcell and Zener diode as a voltage regulator, Junction
transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor.

Transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration)

Oscillator

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)
Transistor as a switch

1. Solids are classified on the basic of

(i) Electrical conductivity Resistivity conductivity

Metals ( m) (Sm–1)

10–2 – 10–8 102 – 108

Semiconductors 10–5 – 106 10–6 – 105

Insulators 1011 – 1019 10–19 – 10–11

(ii) Energy Bands

C .B .

Metal V .B . Band Gap energy

Eg W 0

116 XII – Physics

 C .B .
Eg
Semiconductor Eg < 3eV
V .B .

Intrinsic ne = nn = ni ne = free electron density

in conduction band.

nn = the hole density in

valence band.

ni = the instinsic cassier

concentration

Extrinsic

n-type ne  ND >> nn

p-type nh NA > ne

nenn = ni2

Mobility µ = /E µ = drift velocity acquired

by a charge carrier.

E = Electric field.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

p-n junction diode

Transistors

n–p–n

p–n–p

Common Emitter Transistor

V BE
Input Resistance ri
IB V CE constant

V CE
Output resistance r0 r0
IC I B constant

Three states of a transistor Cut off state active state

Saturation state

1
Oscullator f f = frequency of
2 LC
osculations in the tank
CKL.

117 XII – Physics

 Gates

Not Input Output

A Y

0 1

1 0

OR Input Output

A B Y

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

And Input Output

A B Y

0 0 0

0 1 0

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN 1

1
0

1
0

C .B .
Eg
Insulator Eg > 3eV
V .B .

2. Types of Semiconductors
2 Types of semiconductors

Elemental Compound

Inorganic Organic, Anthracene

CdS, GaAS, Doped Pthalocyamines etc.
CdSe, InP etc.
3. In intrinsic semiconductors (Pure Si, Ge) carrier (electrons and holes) are generated by breaking
of bonds within the semiconductor itself. In extrinsic semiconductors carriers (e and h) are increased
in numbers by ‘doping’.
4. An intrinsic semiconductor at 0 K temperature behaves as an insulator.
5. Pentavalent (donor) atom (As, Sb, P etc.) when doped to Si or Ge give n-type and trivalent
(acceptor) atom (In, Ga, Al etc.) doped with Si or Ge give p-type semiconductor.

118 XII – Physics

 6. Net charge in p-type or n-type semiconductor remains zero.

7. Diffusion and drift are the two process that occur during formation of p-n junction.

8. Diffusion current is due to concentration gradient and direction is from p to n side drift current is
due to electric field and its direction is from n to p-side.

9. In depletion region movement of electrons and holes depleted it of its free charges.

10. Because of its different behaviours in forward biasing (as conductor for V > Vb) and reverse
biasing (as insulator for V < VB) a p–n junction can be used as Rectifier, LED, photodiode, solar
cell etc.

11. In half wave rectifier frequency output pulse is same as that of input and in full wave rectifier
frequency of output is double of input.

12. When a zener diode is reverse biased, voltage across it remains steady for a range of currents
above zener breakdown. Because of this property, the diode is used as a voltage regulator.

13. In a transistor current goes from low resistances (forward biasing) to high resistance (reverse
biasing).

14. Current relationship in a transistor

Ie = Ib + Ic (Ib is only 2% to 8% of Ie)

15. In common emitter transistor characteristic we study

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Ib versus VBE at constant VCE (Input characteristic)

Ic versus VCE at constant IB (output characteristic)

VBE
Input resistance ri VCE
IB

VCE
Output resistance r0 IB
IC
16. Current amplifications factors

Ic
ac VCE
Ib

dc = Ic/Ib.

ac dc .

Both ac and dc vary with VCE and IB Slightly.

17. Transistor is used (i) as a switch in cut off and saturation state. (ii) as amplifier in active region.

18. In CE configuration, transistor as amplifier output differ in phase them input by .

19. Transistor as an amplifier with positive feedback works as an oscillator.

119 XII – Physics

20. Gates used for performing binary operations in digital electronics mainly consist of diodes and
transistors.

21. NAND gates alone can be used to obtain OR gate and similarly a NOR gates alone cant be used
to obtain AND gate, OR gate.

1. Write the relation between number density of holes and number density of free electrons in an
intrinsic semiconductor.

2. Write the value of resistance offered by an ideal diode when (i) forward based (ii) reverse biased.

3. Write any one use of (i) photodiode (ii) LED.

4. Write the truth table for a two input AND gate.

5. At what temperature does a semiconductor behave as an insulator?

6. Write two uses of logic gates in daily life.

7. If L and C are the inductance and capacitance of the tank circuit of an oscillator, what will be the
frequency of oscillation?

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

8. Semiconductors do not support strong current i.e., a semiconductor is damaged when strong
current passes through it. Why?

9. Draw I–V characteristic of a solar cell.

10. What is the phase difference between input and output waveform in the common emitter transistor
amplifier?

11. What type of feedback is required in an oscillator? Why?

12. What is the direction of diffusion current in a junction diode?

13. Draw a circuit diagram showing the biasing of a photodiode.

14. Name the semiconductor device that can be used to regulate an unregulated dc power supply.

15. Name the p.n. junction diode which emits spontaneous radiation when forward biased.

16. Name any one semiconductor used to make LED.

17. What is meant by ‘regulation’ as applied to a power supply?

18. A semiconductor device is connected in a series circuit with a battery and a resistance. A current
is found to pass through the circuit. When polarity of the battery is reversed, the current drops
to almost zero. Name the semiconductor device.

19. In the following diagram write which of the diode is forward biased and which is reverse biased?

120 XII – Physics

 –10V
–12V

–5V
(i) (ii)

20. How does the energy gap in a semiconductor vary, when doped, with a pentavalent impurity?

21. Name the types in which the electronic circuits have been classified.

22. Name the electrical circuits used to get smooth D.C. output from a rectifier circuit.

23. What is the order of energy gap in a conductor, semiconductor and insulator.

24. The ratio of the number of free electrons to holes ne/nh for two different materials A and B are
1 and < 1 respectively. Name the type of semiconductor to which A and B belong.

1. If the frequency of the input signal is f. What will be the frequency of the pulsating output signal
in case of:

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

2.
(i) half wave rectifier? (ii) full wave rectifier?

Find the equivalent resistance of the network shown in figure between point A and B when the
p-n junction diode is ideal and :

(i) A is at higher potential (ii) B is at higher potential

20

A B
20

3. Potential barrier of p.n. junction cannot be measured by connecting a sensitive voltmeter across
its terminals. Why?

4. Diode is a non linear device. Explain it with the help of a graph.

5. A n-type semiconductor has a large number of free electrons but still it is electrically neutral.
Explain.

6. The diagram shows a piece of pure semiconductor S in series with a variable resistor R and a
source of constant voltage V. Would you increase or decrease the value of R to keep the reading
of ammeter A constant, when semiconductor S is heated? Give reason.

S
A

121 XII – Physics

 7, What is the field ionisation in zener diode? Write its order of magnitude.

8. Power gain of a transistor is high. Does it mean the power is generated by the transistor itself?
Explain.

9. What is the role of feedback in an oscillator circuit?

10. Why is a photo diode used in reverse bias?

11. Give four advantages of LED over incandescent lamp.

12. Explain the amplifying action of a transistor.

13. Draw a labelled circuit diagram of n-p-n transistor amplifier in CE–configuration.

14. The output of a 2 input AND gate is fed as input to a NOT gate. Write the truth table for the final
output of the combination. Name this new logic gate formed.

15. Write the truth table for the combination of gates shown.

y´

A y
B

y´´

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

16. The following figure shows the input waveform ‘A’ and ‘B’ and output wave form Y of a gate. Write
its truth table and identify the gate.
A

Yt t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8
1

17. In the given circuit, D is an ideal diode. What is the voltage across R. When the applied voltage
V makes the diode.

(a) Forward bias?

(b) Reverse bias?

R D

V
18. A transistor is a current operated device. Explain.

122 XII – Physics

19. Given here is a circuit diagram of a transistor as a NOT gate. Here the transistor has been
represented by a circle with the emitter (e), base (b) and collector (c) terminals marked clearly.
Carefully look at the polarity of the voltages applied and answer the following question.

(a) What is the type of transistor pnp or npn?

(b) Is the transistor in saturation or cutoff?

c
b
e

20. Why is photodiode used in reverse bias? Give one use of a photodiode.

21. Which special type of diode can act as a voltage regulator? Give the symbol of this diode and
draw the general shape of its V-I characteristics.

22. In the working of a transistor, emither base junction is forward biased, while the collector base

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

23.
junction is neverse based, why?

In a transistor, base is leghtly doped and is a thin layer, why?

24. Show the donor energy level in energy band diagram of n-type semiconductor.

25. Show the acceptor energy level in energy band diagram of p-type semiconductor.

26. What is the value of knee voltage in

(a) Ge junction diode.

(b) Si junction diode.

27. Which of the input and output circuits of a transistor has a higher resistance and why?

28. Draw the transfer characteristic for a transistor, indicating cut off region, active region and saturation
region.

1. What is depletion region in p-n junction diode. Explain its formation with the help of a suitable
diagram.
2. Explain the working of npn transistor as an amplifier and find an expression for its voltage gain.
3. What is rectification? With the help of a labelled circuit diagram explain half wave rectification
using a junction diode.

123 XII – Physics

 4. Explain the working of a transistor as a switch with the help of a suitable circuit diagram.
5. Using block diagram show the feedback in an oscillator.
6. With the help of a circuit diagram explain the V–I graph of a p-n junction in forward and reverse
biasing.
7. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain the input and output characteristic of a transistor in
common emitter configuration.
8. What is p-n junction? How is p-n junction made? How is potential barrier developed in a p-n
junction?
9. What is a transistor? Draw symbols of npn and pnp transistor. Explain action of transistor.
10. Give three differences between forward bias and reverse bias.
11. What is integrated circuit? Give two advantages of integrated circuit over conventional electronic
circuit.
12. Write three differences between n-type semiconductor and p-type semiconductor.
13. Construct AND gate using NAND gate and give its truth table.
14. Construct NOT gate using NAND gate and give its truth table.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

1.

2.
How does a transistor work as an oscillator? Explain its working with suitable circuit diagram.
Write the expression for frequency of output.

What is the function of base region of a transistor? Why is this region made thin and lightly
doped? Draw a circuit diagram to study the input and output characteristics of npn transistor in
a common emitter configuration. Show these characteristics graphically.

3. What is p-n junction diode? Define the term dynamic resistance for the junction. With the help of
labelled diagram, explain the working of p-n junction as a full wave rectifier.

4. What are logic gates? Why are they so called? Draw the logic symbol and write truth table for
AND, OR and NOT gate.

5. Describe (i) NAND gate (ii) NOR gate and (iii) XOR gate.

6. Two signals A, B as given below are applied as input to (i) AND (ii) NOR and (iii) NAND gates.
Draw the output waveform in each case.

Input A 0
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8

Input B 0
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8

124 XII – Physics

 1. In a p-n junction, width of depletion region is 300 nm and electric field of 7 × 105 V/m exists in it.
(i) Find the height of potential barrier.
(ii) What should be the minimum kinetic energy of a conduction electron which can diffuse
from the n-side to the p-side?
2. In an npn transistor circuit, the collector current is 10mA. If 90% of the electrons emitted reach
the collector, find the base current and emitter current.
3. An LED is constructed from a p-n junction of a certain semiconducting material whose energy gap
is 1.9eV. What is the wavelength of light emitted by this LED?
4. Determine the current I for the network. (Barrier voltage for Si diode is 0.7 volt).

D1
I 2 .2 k (S i)
E 1 = 20V E2 = 4V
D 2 (S i)

5. D eterm ine V 0 and Id for the network.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN 12 V Id

Si Ge

5.6 k
V0

6. A p-n junction is fabricated from a semiconductor with a band gap of 2.8 eV. Can it detect a
wavelength of 600 nm? Justify your answer.

7. Determine V0, Idl and Id2 for the given network. Where D1 and D2 are made of silicon.

I1
Id 1 Id 2 14.09 mA
2
I 1 0 .3 3 k
Id 1 Id 2
10V Si Si V0

8. Two amplifiers with voltage gain 10 and 20 are connected in series. Calculate the output voltage
for an input signal of 0.01 volt. [Ans. : 2 volt]

9. A transistor has a current gain of 30. If the collector resistance is 6kW and input resistance 1k .
Calculate the voltage gain. [Ans. : 180]

10. If the current gain of a CE – Amplifier is 98 and collector current Ic = 4mA, determine the base
current. [Ans. : Ib = 0.040mA]

125 XII – Physics

11. Pure Si at 300 K has equal electron (ne) and hole (nh) concentration of 1.5 × 1016/m3. Doping by
indium increases nh to 4.5 × 1022/m3. Calculate ne in the doped silicon. [Ans. : 5× 109 m–3]
12. The solar radiation spectrum shows that maximum solar intensity is near to energy h = 1.5 eV.
Answer the following :
(i) Why are Si and GaAs are preferred materials for solar cells.
(ii) Why Cd S or CdSe (Eg ~ 2.4 eV) are not preferred.
(iii) Why we do not use materials like PbS (Eg ~ 0.4 eV).
Ans.
(i) For photo-excitation, h > Eg. Si has Eg. ~ 1.1 eV and for GaAs, Eg. ~ 1.53 eV.
GaAs is better than Si because of its relatively higher absorption coefficient.
(ii) If we choose CdS or CdSe, we can use only the high energy component of the solar
energy for photo-conversion and a significant part of energy will be of no use.
(iii) The condition h > Eg. is satisfied, but if we use Pbs, most of solar radiation will be
absorbed on the top-layer of solar cell and will not reach in or near depletion region.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

1. Two semiconductor materials X and Y shown in the given figure, are made by doping germanium
crystal with indium and arsenic respectively. The two are joined end to end and connected to a
battery as shown.
X Y

(i) Will the junction be forward biased or reversed biased?

(ii) Sketch a V–I graph for this arrangement.

2. In only one of the circuits given below the lamp L lights. Which circuits is it? Give reason for your
answer.

L L
R
R 6V 6V

(a) (b)

126 XII – Physics

 3. Following voltage waveform is fed into half wave rectifier that uses a silicon diode with a threshold
voltage of 0.7V. Draw the output voltage. waveform.
2v
1v
t
tim e
–2v
4. Why are Si and GaAs are preferred materials for solar cell.

1. ne = nh.

2. At 0 K semiconductors behave as an insulator.

1
7. Frequency of A.C. f .
2 LC

8. Because bonds break up, crystal breakdown takes place and crystal becomes useless.

9. I – V characteristic of solar cell :

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN O

I
V OC
V

IS C

10. Phase difference between input and output waveform is or 108°.

11. Positive feedback.

12. Direction of diffusion current is from P to N in a semiconductor junction diode.

15. Light emitting diode.

16. GaAs, GaP.

17. p-n junction diode.

20. The energy gap decreases.

22. Filters

23. Conductor – no energy gap

Semi conductor – < 3 eV

Insulator – > 3 eV.

127 XII – Physics

24. ne/nh = 1 ne = nn intrinsic semiconductor.

ne/nn < 1 ne = nn p-type extrinsic semiconductor.

1. Frequency of output in half wave Rectifier is f and in full have rectifier is 2f.

2. Equivalent resistance is

(i) 10 (ii) 20

3. Because there is no free charge carrier in depletion region.

6. On heating S, resistance of semiconductors S is decreased so to compensate the value of

resistance in the circuit R is increased.

10. In this case diode is sensitive and it gives very large amount of current in this situation.

15. A B Y

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN 1 1 1

17. (a) V. (b) Zero

18. Change in Ic is related to Ib and not to the base voltage change ( Vbe).

19. (a) npn (ii) saturation

21. Zever diode

I (MA)

VZ

I (MA)
(i) Reverse Bias (ii) Iosmard Bias

22. To make transistor to act as an amplifier.

24. N.C.E.R.T. pg. 477

25. N.C.E.R.T. pg. 477

26. Ge ~ 0.2V

128 XII – Physics

 Si ~ 0.7 V.

27. Output circuit is reverse biased, which has large resistance.

1. (i) V = E d = 7 × 10 5 × 300 × 10–9 = 0.21V

(ii) Kinetic energy = eV = 0.21 eV

10
2. Emitter current Ie 100 11.11 mA
90
Base current Ib Ie – Ic 11.11 mA

E1 – E 2 – Vd 20 – 4 – 0.7
4. I 6.95 mA
3
R 2.2 10

5. V0 = E – Vsi – VGe = 12 – 0.7 – 1.1 = 12 – 1.8 = 10.2 V

V0 10.2
Id 3
1.82 mA.
R 5.6 10

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

1. (i) Reverse bias

V
(ii)

I (HA)
2. (b)

3. Output waveform is :

2V

V T period of AC imput
T/2 T 3T/2 t

129 XII – Physics

 UNIT X

Weightage Marks : 05

Elements of communication system (block diagram) only, Band width signals (speech, TV and
digital data) band width of transmission medium.
Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propogation, Need
for modulation, production and detection of na amplitude modulated wave.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN




Communication is the faithful transfer of message from one place to another.

A communication system consists of three basic elements.

Channel
Input Information Transmitter Receiver output Information

 Transmitter : An equipment which converts the information data into electrical signal.

 A transmitter consists of

(i) Transducer or Converter (ii) Modulator

(iii) Carrier Oscillator (iv) Transmitting Antenna

 Channel : It is the medium through which the electrical signals from the transmitter pass to reach
the receiver.

 Receiver : An equipment which receives and retrieves information from the electrical signals.

 A Receiver section consists of

(i) Receiver Antenna (ii) Transducer/Converter (iii) Demodulator

 Two important forms of communication system are Analog and Digital. In Analog communication,
the information is in analog form.

 In Digital communication, the information has only discrete or quantised values.

130 XII – Physics

  Modulation is a process by which any electrical signal (called input, baseband or modulating
signal) of low frequency is mounted on to another signal (carrier) of high frequency.

 Need of Modulation :

(i) To avoid interference between different base band signals.

(ii) To have a practical size of antenna.

(iii) To increase power radiated by antenna.

 Demodulation : It is a process by which a base band signal is recovered from a modulated wave.

 Amplitude Modulation : In this type of modulation, the amplitude of carrier wave is varied in
accordance with the information signal, keeping the frequency and phase of carrier wave constant.

 Bandwidth : Bandwidth is the range of frequencies over which an equipment operates.

 Space communication uses free space between transmitter and receiver for transfer of data/
information.

 Ground Wave : These are the waves radiated by antenna that travel at zero or lower angle with
respect to earth surface. They are heavily absorbed by earth surface and not suitable for long
range communication.

 Space Wave : These are the waves that travel directly through space between transmitting and
receiving antennas. The space waves are within the troposphere region of atmosphere and have

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

two Modes of Transmission :

(i) Line of sight communication

(ii) Satellite communication

Physical Quantity Formulae SI Unit

1
Power radiated by an antena 2 W

Sinusoidal carrier wave E EC cos ( ct + ) V

d = 2Rh
The range of tower R radius of earth m
h Height of antena

Bandwidth
The number of channels
Bandwidthper channel

The maximum rang of broadcast d max 2Rh t 2Rh r

between transmitting and receiving where R Radius of earth

tower ht and hr height of transmitting and
receiving towers

131 XII – Physics

 1. What are ground waves?

2. What are the two basic modes of communication?

3. On what factors does the maximum coverage range of ground wave communication depend?

4. What is a base band signal?

5. What is the least size of an antenna required to radiate a signal of wavelength ?

6. Why do we use high frequencies for transmission?

7. Why is ionisation low near the earth and high far away from the earth?

8. Define is modulation index.

9. What should be the length of dipole antenna for a carrier wave of frequency 2 × 106 Hz?

10. Why is the transmission of signals using ground wave communication restricted to a frequency
of 1500 kHz?

11. What is meant by tranducer? Give one example of a transducer.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

12. A T.V. transmitting antenna is 81m tall. How much service area can it cover if the receiving
antenna is at ground level?

13. What is attenuation?

14. Why are repeaters used in communication?

15. What is the significane of modulation index? What is its range?

Ans : Modulation index determines the stenght and quality of the transmitted signal. High modulation
index ensures better quality and better strength. Its range is 0 to 1.

1. Write two differences between point to point communication and broadcast mode of communication.
Give one example of each.

2. An audio signal of amplitude one fourth of the carrier wave, is used in amplitude modulation. What
is the modulation index?

3. What are the essential components of a communication system? Explain with the help of a Block
diagram.

4. Explain by a diagram, how space waves are used for Television broadcast.

5. Long distance radio broadcasts use short wave bands. Why?

132 XII – Physics

 Ans : The short waves are the waves of wavelength less than 200m or frerquency greater than
1.5 MHz. Theya are absorbed by the earth due to their high frequency. These waves are reflected
from ionosphere. These waves after reflection from ionosphere reach the surface of earth only at
a large distance from the place of transmission. It means attenuation is less for short waves. It
is due to this reason; the short waves are used in long distance broadscasts.

6. What is modulation? Why do we need modulation? Give two reasons.

7. Give two reasons for using satellite for long distance T.V. transmission.

8. Explain the propagation of sky wave in ionospheric layers with the help of a neat, labelled
diagram.

9. Derive an expression for maximum range of an antenna of height ‘h’ for LOS communication.

10. Plot amplitude v/s frequency for an amplitude modulated signal.

11. Draw block diagram of simple modulator to obtain amplitude modulated signal.

12. It is necessary to use satellites for long distance TV transmission. Why?

Ans : Yes, TV signals being of high frequency are not reflected by the ionosphere. Therefore, to
reflect these signals, satellites are needed. That is why; satellities are used for long distance TV
transmission.

13. What is the basic difference between an analog communication system and a digital communication
system?

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Ans : An analog communication system makes use of analog signals, which vary continuously
with time. A digital communication system makes use of a digital signal, which has only two valuse
of votage either high or low.

14. What is ground wave? Why short wave communication over long distance is not posible via
ground waves?

Ans : The amplitude modulated radiowaves having frequency 1500 kHz upto 40 MHz (or wavelength
between 7.5 m to 200 m) which are travelling directly following the surface of earth and known
as ground waves. The short wave communication over long distance is not possible via sky waves.
It is not bossible via ground, waves because the ground waves can bend round the corners of
the objects on earth and hence, their intensity falls with distance. Moreover the ground wave
transmission becomes weaker as frequency increases.

1. With the help of Block Diagram show how an amplitude modulated wave can be demodulated.

2. How an amplitude modulated wave can be produced? Give the equation of amplitude modulated
wave.

3. What is amplitude modulation? Derive the equation of an amplitude modulated wave.

4. What are the different ways of propagation of radiowaves? Explain briefly.

133 XII – Physics

5. Draw block diagram for a :

(a) Transmitter

(b) Receiver

6. Write the band width of the following :

(1) Telephonic communication

(2) Video signal

(3) TV signal

7. Explain the following terms :

(1) Ground waves

(2) Space waves

(3) Sky waves

Sol : (i) At low frequencies (v < 2MHz), radio-waves radiated by antenna travel directly following
the surface of earth and are known as ground waves. [*(v < 2MHz) (About this frequency, it
weakens rapidly)]

(ii) Frequencies ranging from 100-200 MHz penetrate ionosphere and hence can only be transmitted

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

by using line-of-sight antenna or satellites, are known as space wave propagation.

(iii) Frequencies between 2-20 MHz are reflected by the ionosphere and known as sky waves (or
ionospheric propagation)

8. What does ‘LOS communciation¹ mean? Name the types of waves that are used for this
communication. Give typical examples, with the help of suitable figure, of communication systems
that use space mode propagation.

Sol : Mode of radiowave propagation by space waves, in which the wave travells in a straight line
from transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna, is called line-of-sight (LOS) communication.
Two types of waves that are used for LOS communication are : Space wave and Ground wave.
At frequencies above 40 MHz, LOS communication is essentially limited to line-of-sight paths.

V a riou s propa gatio n m ode s for E M W

134 XII – Physics

 1. A sinusoidal carrier wave of frequency 1.5 MHz and amplitude 50 volt is amplitude modulated by
sinusoidal wave of frequency 10 kHz producing 50% modulation. Calculate the frequency

(i) amplitude; (ii) frequencies of lower and upper side bands.

Lower side band 1490 k Hz

Upper side band 1510 k Hz
Amplitude 125 volt

2. An amplitude modulator consist of L–C circuit having a coil of inductance 8mH and capacitance
of 5pF. If an audio signal of frequency 10kHz is modulated by the carrier wave generated by the
L–C circuit, find the frequency of upper and lower side bands.
[Ans. fc = 7.96 × 105 Hz; Lower side band = 786 kHz; Upper side band = 806 kHz]

3. A T.V. Tower has height of 70m.

(i) How much population is covered by the T.V. broadcast if the average population density
around the tower is 1000km–2? Radius of earth is 6.4 × 106 m.

(ii) By How much should the height of the tower be increased to double the coverage area?
[Ans. : Population covered = 28.16 lacs; Change in height = 70m]

4. A communication system is operating at wavelength = 750 nm. If only 1% of the frequency is

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

used as channel bandwidth for optical communication then find the number of channels that can
be accommodated for transmission of

(i) an Audio signal requiring a bandwidth of 8 kHz.

(ii) an Video T.V. signal requiring a bandwidth of 4.5 KHz.

5. Calculate the percentage increase in the range of signal reception, if the height of TV tower is
increased by 44%. [Ans. : 20% increase]

6. A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height 32m and the hight of the receiving
antenna is 50m. What is the maximum distance between them for satisfactory communication in
LOS mode? Given radius of earth 6.4 X 106m.

dm 2 64 105 32 2 64 10 5 50m

Sol : 64 102 10 8 10 3 10 m
2
144 10 10 m 45.5km

7. A message singnal of frequency 10 kHz and peak voltage of 10 volts is used to modulate a carrier
of frequency 1 MHz and peak voltage of 20 volts. Determine (a) modululation index, (b) the side
bands produced.
Am
Sol : (a) Modulation index = 10/20 = 0.5
Ac
(b) The side bands are at (1000 + 10) kHz = 1010 kHz and (1000 – 10) kHz = 990
kHz.

135 XII – Physics

 8. A carrier wave of peak voltage 12v is used to transmit a message signal. What should be the peak
voltage of the modulating signal in order to have a modulation index of 75%?

Am
Sol : 0.75
Ac

Hence, Am = 0.75 Ac = 0.75 x 12 V = 9 V

9. A modulating signal is a square wave, as shown in figure.

The carrier wave is given by c(t) = 2 sin (8 t) volts.

(i) Sketch the amplitude modulated waveform

(ii) What is the modulation index?

1
m(t)
in volts 1 2 t in
seconds

Sol : (i)

(ii) = 0.5
3

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN 2

0
–1

–2
–3
0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

10. For an amplitude modulated wave, the maximum amplitude is found to be 10 V while the minimum
amplitude is found to be 2 V. Determine the modulation index, .

What would be the value of if the minimum amplitude is zero volt?

Sol : The AM wave is given by (Ac + Am + Sin mt) cos ct,

The maximum amplitude is M 1 = A c + A m while the minimum amplitude is

M2 = Ac – Am

Hence the modulation index is

Am M1 – M2 8 2
A c M1 – M2 12 3

136 XII – Physics

Time Allowed : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 70

Note : Attempt All questions. Marks allotted to each question are indicated against it.

1. The magnetic field lines form closed curves. Why? 1

2. Light is incident at 60° on glass slab. If reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each
other then what is the refractive index of glass. 1

3. What is band pass filter. 1

4. How does magnifying power of a microscope change on decreasing the aperture of its objective?
1

5. Name the part of Electimagnetic spectrum which is suitable for (i) Physical therapy (ii) TV

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

6.
communication.

Why is energy distribution of ray continuous?

1

7. A point source of light is at the focus of a convex lens. What is the type of refracted wavefront? 1

8. Drawn a graph showing variation of de Broglie wavelength of an electron with the variation of its
momentum 1

9. All the cells are identical each of emf E and internal resistance ‘r’. What is the current passing
through R. 2

E r

R
E r E

r r
E E

10. What is a repeater? Explain with the help of a diagram. How does it increase the communication
range. 2

11. In a wire connected across a source, drift speed and electric field are v and E respectively. The
wire is stretched uniformly of double the length, what will be new (i) drift speed (ii) electric field.
2

137 XII – Physics

12. Sketch the output wave form from an OR gate. The input A and B are shown in the figure. If the
output of above OR gate is fed to a Not gate, name the gate so formed. 2

B
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

13. A charged particle of charge q and mass m is accelerated through potential different V befor
entering a magnetic field B, perpendicular to the direction of motion. What will be the radius of
circular path 2

OR

A circular coil of radius r is carrying current I. at what distance from the centre of loop on the axis
magnetic field is one eight the magnetic field at the centre.

r
14. P and Q are long straight conductors r distance apart. N is a point in the plane of wires
4
distance away from P carrying current I. What is the magnitude and direction of current in the wire

Q, so that net magnetic field at N is zero.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN r .N

P

15. In an electiomagnetic wave propagating along + x-axis electric field vector is Ey = 4 x 103 Cos
(3 x 108 t – 1.5 x) V/m. What is (i) the frequency of emwave (ii) amplitude of magnetic field.

16. A and B are two concentric metallic spherical shell of radii a and b having charge q and Q
respectively. How much work will be done in moving a test charge q0 from A to B (a < b).
2

17. What is the SI unit of radioactivity. Express curie in SI unit. The mean life of radio active substance
is 2400 yrs. What is its half life 2

18. What is meant by term modulation? Draw a block diagram of a simple modulator for obtaining an
AM signal 2

19. In interference pattern obtained in young’s double slit experiment, explain how will the angular
width of fringe be affected if

(i) Slits seperation is increased

(ii) Screen is moved away

(iii) Experiment is performed in a denser medium 1+½+½+1

20. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. Find (i) net electric flux and (ii) charge enclosed by the cube

of side ‘a’. Given E E0 x i

138 XII – Physics

 y

x
z

–13.6 Z 2
21. In an atom energy of electron in nth orbit is En ev , where Z is atomic number..
n2
What is the shortest and longest wave length of emitted radiation in singly ionized He+. 3

22. With the helps of a schematic diagram explain the principle and working of a cyclotron. 3
A bar magnet of magnetic moment Mv held in magnetic field of strength B. What is

(i) maximum torque on the magnet

(ii) work done in turning it from stable equilibrium to unstable equilibrium.

23. A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance 4.8 F has been charged by a battery of 6 V. After
disconnecting the battery dielectric medium of dielectric contant 5 in introduced between its plates

(i) Find new capacitance.

(ii) What is the ratio of electrostatic energy stored before and after.

(iii) calculate new potential difference across the plates. 3

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

24. Define mutual inductance. Write its SI Unit. Derive an expression for mutual inductance of a
system of two concentric and coplaner circular loop P and Q of radii a and b and number of turn
N1 or N2 respectively (a << b).

25. State the principle of a potentiometer. In the following figure find the length PJ where J si null
deflection position. Given PQ = 400cm, Resistance of PQ is 20 , Driver cell emf E = 4V and
E1 = 40 mV.

26. What is photo electric efect. Two monochromatic radiations, blue and violet, of the same intensity,
are incident on a photo sensitive surface and cause photo electric emission. Would (i) the number
of electrons emitted per second and (ii) the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons, be equal
in the two cases? Justify your answer. 3

27. When white light is passed through prism it gets dispersed. Give reason for dispersion.

The following table given the value of the angle of deviation for different values of the angle of
incidence, for a triangular prism :

Angle of incidence 33°, 38°, 42°, 52°, 60°, 71°

Angle of deviation 60°, 50°, 46°, 40°, 43°, 50°

(a) For what value of the angle of incidence, is the angle of emergence likely to be equal to
the angle of incidence itself

(b) Draw ray diagram, showing the path of a ray of light throuph this prism when the angle
of incidence has the above value. 3

139 XII – Physics

28. Derive lens makers formula for a double convex lens of radii R1 and R2 and refraction index n2
of the material of lens kept in a medium of refractive index n1. How will this lens behave if n1 >
n2, trace the required ray diagram.

OR

Draw a labelled diagram of compound microscope for the formation of image.

Derive an expression for the magnifying power of a compound microscope.

29. Derive an expression for impedence of a series LCR circuit connected to an ac source. When
does its value become minimum.

Sketch graph (i) XL Vs v (ii) XC Vs v (iii) Z Vs v.

OR

Derive the relationship between the peak and rms value of current in an ac circuit. For circuits
used for transmission of electric power a low power factor implies large power loss in the
transmission explain. 5

30. With the help of circuit diagram of an npn transister in common emitter mode, explain its use as
an amplifier.

Drawn the output versus input voltage curve and mark region in which the transister is used a
(i) switch, and (ii) amplifier.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN OR

Draw forward and reverse characterestic curves of a pn junction diode. Explain briefly with the
help of a circuit diagram, how a pn junction diode works as a full wave rectifier. If frequency of
input ac signal is ‘f’ what is the frequency of output.

140 XII – Physics

 1. Because magnetic monopole does not exist.

2. Angle of polarization = 60°, = tan ip = 3

3. A device that allows the passage of a number of frequencies (Wc ± Wm) along with carrier
frequency Wc

4. Magnifying power is independent of aperture.

5. (i) IR radiation (ii) Radiowaves

6. Because emission is followed by antiparticles and .

7. Plane Wavefront.

8.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

9.

10. A device consisting of a transmitter and a receiver. This is used to increase communication Range
as

1,2,3 and 4 etc are the repeaters arranged between source of information and the use of information.

eV
11. Drift speed Vd a
m

Relaxation time

V potential diff. across the conductor

1
Vd

(i) Drift speed is halved.

V´ V E
(ii) E´ Electric field is halved.
l´ 2 2

141 XII – Physics

12. B B Y

0 0 0

1 0 1

0 1 1

1 1 1

OR + NOT NOR

Bcentre
13. Baxial
8
r

x P

2
0 .Ir r0I
2 32 8 2r
2 r2 x

x 3r .

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

14. BN = BP – BQ

BP = BQ

oI p o IQ
2 r 4 2 3r 4

IQ = 3IP.

15. Ey = Eoy cos (wt – kx)

2
2

3 108
Hz
2

3 108
(i) Speed of em waves V 2 108 m / s
1.5

Eo 4 103
(ii) Bo 2 10 –2T .
V 2 108

142 XII – Physics

16. WAB = qo V = qo (VB – VA)

kq kQ
VA
a b

kq kQ
VB
b b

1 1
WAB qo kq .
b a

B
A
Q
q

17. In S.I. system the unit of radioactivity is becquerel.

1 becquerel = 1 disintegration/second.

1 curie = 3.7 × 1010 bq.

T½ = mean life × ln 2

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN mean life

1.44

2400
1.44

= 1667 years

18. Definition of modulation N.C.E.R.T. Pg. 517 Vol-II.

D
19. Linear fringe width
d

Angular fringe width,

D d

in some medium
d

1
(i) decreases
d

(ii) is undependent of D, no effect.

143 XII – Physics

 (iii) angular width increases

(iv) 1/M angular width decreases.

20. Statement of Gauss’s law

 
E E dA

= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6

 
E d A1 0 0 0 0 0

E 0ai a 2 i

= E0a3

(ii) E = q/E0 q = E E0 = E0a3 E0

hc
21.
E 2 E1

hc
2 1 1

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

13.6 z
n12 n22

For shortest n1 = 1, n2 =

6.624 10 –34 3 108

shortest 2.25 10 8 m
1 1
13.6 4
1

For longest n1 1,n2 2

For 4
longest shortest
3
4
2.25 10 –8 m
3
3 × 10–8m

t ® Re

22. Principle, working 1, 2

OR

(i) = MB Sin

144 XII – Physics

 max = MB sun 90° = MB

(ii) W = U2 – U1 U = MB Cos

MB – (–MB) U = – MB (stable equilib)

= 2 MB U = + MB (Unstable equilib)

23. (i) C = k Co = 5 x 4.8 = 24.0 f

q 2 / 2Co C
(ii) 2
5
q / 2C Co

V0 6
(iii) V 1.2volt .
k1 5

24. NCERT (Part I) Solved Example

25. Principle of potentiometer when a steady current is passed through a potentiometer wire AB of
length L, and V is the potential difference across wire AB, then

V
Potentialgradient k
L

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

I=
E
R +RPQ
4
480 20
8×10 –3 A

VPQ = I RPQ = 8 × 10–3 × 20 = 0.16 Volt.

VPQ 0.16
Potential gradient k L V / cm
PQ 400

40×10 –3
AJ= 400 100 cm.
0.16

26. Define photoelectric effect

(i) Since Intensity is same, number of electrons emitted per second remain same

(ii) K. Emax a ha

violet > blue

(E.Emax)violet > (K. Emax)blue

27. (a) angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence, for minimum deviation position

(b) r e i = e for = m

145 XII – Physics

28. Refer NCERT

OR

29. Refer NCERT

P = Vrms Irms Cos

P
Cos =
IrmsVrms

Ploss = I2rms R. R Þ resistance of transmission line.

Ploss a I2rms

Low power factor (cos ) high

high power loss.

30. Refer NCERT

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

146 XII – Physics

Time Allowed : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 70

Note : Attempt All questions. Marks allotted to each question are indicated against it.

1. Name the physical quantity given by the slope of the graph shown below. What is its S.I. Unit?

XL

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

2.

3.
Define the term ’dielectric constant’ of a medium in terms of capacitance of a capacitor.

A proton and a deutron having equal momenta enter a uniform magnetic field B perpendicular to
1

its direction. Compare radii of their trajectories. 1

4. Name the device used for producing microwaves. 1

5. A double concave lens of refractive index µ1 has been immersed in a liquid of refractive index µ2
(µ2 > µ1). What change, if any, would occur in its nature? 1

6. Kinetic energies of an -particle and of a proton are equal. Which of them has higher value of
de-Broglie wavelength? 1

1 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6

1
0

7. Input waveforms in an OR gate is as shown in Fig. above. What is the output waveform? 1

8. What is the direction of (i) diffusion current (ii) drift current in a p-n junction? 1

9. Charge versus potential difference graphs for two capacitors A and B are as shown : 1

147 XII – Physics

 (i) Which of the them has larger capacitance and

A
B
q

(ii) for a given P.D. which of them would store larger amount of electrostatic potential energy?
1,1

10. Calculate temperature at which resistance of a conductor becomes 10% more of its resistance
at 27°C. The value of temperature coefficient of resistance of the conductor is 2 × 10–3 K–1. 2

11. Which one of the two, an ammeter or a milliammeter has a higher resistance and why? 2

12. A rectangular conducting loop of N turns, each of area. A and total resistance R is rotated in
uniform magnetic field about an axis passing through centre and parallel to longer side. If the
number of rotations made per seconds is n, find maximum value of (i) induced emf. and (ii)
induced current in the loop. 1, 1

13. Define EMF of a cell. When is the terminal voltage across a source (i) greater than EMF (ii) zero.
1, 1

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN OR

What will be reading in an ideal voltmeter across :

(i) ab (ii) cd

a E r b

c r d r
14. Name the radiations used :

(i) to kill germs in impure water (ii) in the study of crystal structure

(iii) in T.V. communication ½ × 2

Which of these radiations has highest frequency?

15. What is an ideal diode? Frequency of a.c. input for rectification is 48 Hz. What is the frequency
of output if rectifier is (i) Half wave (ii) Full wave? 2

16. A bulb B, a capacitance C and a.c. source of rms voltage V have been connected in series. How
will brightness of bulb be affected if (i) frequency of a.c. is increased (ii) dielectric slab is introduced
between plates of capacitor? 2

148 XII – Physics

 B

~
C a.c. source

17. A message signal of frequency 10 kHz and peak voltage 10 volt is used to modulate a carrier
of frequency 1 MHz and peak voltage of 20 volt. Determine (i) the modulation index (ii) the side
band produced. 2

18. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 560 nm is incident on a slit of width 1mm. Find (i) angular
width and (ii) linear width of principal maxima in the resulting diffraction pattern on screen kept
1.4 m away. 2

19. Define resolving power of an optical device. How will the R.P. of a telescope be changed if (i)
diameter of objective is increased (ii) yellow light is replaced by green light? 3

20. Photons of certain frequency and intensity are incident on a surface of work function W0. Kinetic
energy of emitted electrons and photoelectric current are Ek and I respectively. For photons of
50% higher frequency, find (i) kinetic energy of emitted electrons (ii) photoelectric current. 3

21. State Huygen’s Postulates. Draw diagrams to show the refracted wavefront from a convex lens
if point source is (i) at 2F (ii) at F. 3

22. When a circuit element X is connected across a.c. source, current of 2A flows in phase with the

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

a.c. voltage. For another element Y same current of 2A lags in phase by /2 with the voltage.

(i) Name the element X and Y.

(ii) What is the current in the circuit if X and Y are in series across the same a.c. source?

(iii) What is the phase by which voltage V differs current I? 3

23. In the given figure balancing length AJ is 55 cm. When a resistance of 20 is connected in parallel
to Y, balancing length shifts by 5cm towards B. If 20 resistance is connected in series with Y
what will be the balancing length? AB = 100 cm.
X Y

A B
J

OR

State the principle of potentiometer. Two cells of EMF E1 and E2 are connected in the manner (a)
and (b). Balancing points for (a) and (b) on potentiometer wire are at 356 cm, and 71.2 cm
respectively. Calculate the ratio of EMF of two cells.

E1 E2 E1 E2

(a) (b)
149 XII – Physics
24. Define the decay constant of a radioactive substance. Half life of radioactive substance is T, initial
concentration N 0 and at instants t1 and t2 concentrations are N 1 and N2 respectively. Find
concentration at time (t1 + t2) 3

25. What is meant by ‘detection’? Draw the block diagram of a detector for AM signal. 3

26. State Bohr’s postulates for the permitted state of electron in hydrogen atom. Energy of an electron
54.4
in a hydrogen like atom is – eV. Calculate kinetic and potential energies of electron in first
2
n
excited state of the atom. 3

27. (a) From the output characteristics shown, calculate the values of current amplification factor of
the transistor when VCE is 2V.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

28.
(b) Calculate the input resistance of the transistor operating at VCE = 4 V in CE configuration
having its input characteristic as shown. 3

Obtain an expression for electrostatic energy stored in a capacitor of capacitance C charged to

a potential difference V.

Calculate charge and energy in equivalent capacitor across AB. 5

200pF 200pF

100pF

A B
50V

OR

State Gauss’ Law in electrostatics. Obtain an expression for electric field intensity E due to this
charged sheet of large dimensions at a point near it. Given electric field in the region E 2 x i .
Find (i) net electric flux through the cube (ii) charge enclosed by it. Side of the cube is ‘a’.

150 XII – Physics

 Y

Z C u b e o f s id e ‘a ’

29. Draw a diagram to depict the behaviour of magnetic field lines near a bar of (i) Aluminium
(ii) Niobium lead at 90K.
1
At a place, horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field is times the vertical component
3
and total intensity of earth’s field is 4G. Find (iii) angle of dip (iv) vertical component of earth’s
magnetic field. 5

OR

Draw a labelled diagram of moving coil galvanometer. What is the significance of radial magnetic
field used in it?

A galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter to measure upto a current I by connecting

resistance S1 in parallel and upto 2I by connecting resistance S2 in parallel of the galvanometer.
Find resistance S in terms of S1 and S2 that should be connected in parallel of galvanometer to

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

30.
convert it into ammeter to read current upto I/2.

Complete the path of light in the adjoining figure. Give the required mathematical explanation.
Given refracting index of material of prism is 2. In an equiangular prism, angle of incidence
equals angle of emergence and are 45° each. Find (i) angle of deviation (ii) refractive index of
material of prism. 5

60°

OR

With the help of a labelled diagram show image formed by a compound microscope. Derive
expression for its magnifying power when final images is at near point. How is magnifying power
changed on increasing (i) diameter of objective lens (ii) the focal length of the objective lens?

151 XII – Physics

1. Physical quantity is ‘Self Inductance’. S.I. unit Henery.

2. Dielectric constant of a medium is defined as the ratio of capacitance of the capacitor

Cm
when filled with the medium to that when it is filled with air. Mathematically, K C
0

m 1
3. Radius of circulator trajectory in a magnetic field r r
Bq q

rproton qd e
1
rdeubon qp c Given bproton = bdeuton.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

4.

5.
Klystron valve or magnetron valve.

Nature of lens in the medium will change from concave to convex. (µ2 > µ1).

h h
6. de-Broglie wavelength
m 2mE x

Given E k E k proton

m proton m 1
.
m 4m 2

t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
1
7.
0

8. Diffusion current due to concentration gradient is p to n and driff current due to electric field from
n to p side across the junction.

9. (i) Capacitance C = q/V = slope of q · v graph which is greater for B

CB > C A

(ii) Electrostatic potential energy

1 2
UE CV
2
152 XII – Physics
 UE C for given P.D.

 CB > CA UB > UA.

10. Resistance of a conductor as a function of temperature R2 = R1 (1 + t) (1)

where t = t2 – t1 tem. difference.

Given R2 = R1 + 10% R1 = 1.1 R1

From (1) 1.1 R1 = R1 (1 + t)

1 .1
t . –3
50
2 10
t2 – 27 = 50

t2 = 77°C.

11. Milliammeter.

In order to produce large deflection due to small current, we need large number of turns in the
armature coil; hence the resistance across the milliameter will be higher.

12. Maximum induced emf in the loop

emax = NBA (loop is parallel to B momentarily)

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Maximum current Imax max
R
NBA
R
.

13. Correct definition of emf.

Terminal voltge (i) V > during charging

(ii) Zero during short circuiting.

OR

Current in the circuit

I
r r r 3r

(i) Vab Ir .r 23
3r

(ii) Vcd Ir .r 3.
3r
14. (i) UV radiations

(ii) X-rays.

153 XII – Physics

 (iii) Microwaves.

Highest frequency of X-rays.

15. Diode that has zero resistance in forward biasing and infinite resistance in reverse biasing.

(i) Frequency of output in half wave rectifier = = 48 Hz

(ii) In full wave rectifier frequency of output = 2 = 96 Hz.

16. Brightness of bulb depends on current (I) in it (P I2)

V
where I
Z
Z impedance of circuit

2 2
Z XC Rb Rb resistence of bulb.

1 1
XC
C 2 C
17. (i) At higher frequency XC is small Z is also small and current is large.

brightness of bulb is more.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

(ii) Also X C
1
C
C
K
d
0A
.

When dielectric is introduced XC decreases, Z decreases current I increases brightness

in the bulb also increases.

Am 10
18. (i) Modulation inxed µ .5
Ac 20

Am amplitude of modulating wave

Ac amplitude of carrier wave.

(ii) Side band produced = Vc ± Vm.

= 1 MHz ± 10 kHz

= 1 MHz ± 0.1 MHz

= 1.01MHz and 0.99 MHz.

19. (i) Angular width of principle maxima in single slit diffraction pattern

–9
2 2 560 10
B0 –3
a 1 10

154 XII – Physics

 = 1.12 × 10–3 radian.

(ii) Linear width = y1 + y1 = 1

2 D
2y 1
a
= .12 × 10–3 × 1.4

= 1.568 × 10–3m

= 1.568 mm.

20. Resolving power of a device is the ability of the device to resolve two nearby objects.

1
R.P. of a telescope . where angular limit of resolution.

1.22
a
a diameter of objective lens

l wavelength object used.

(i) R.P. a

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN R.P. increases

1
(ii) Also R .P . green < yellow

In green light R.P. is more than that in yellow light.

21. (i) Kinetic energy of photoelectrons

EK = E – W0 = h – W0 (1)

EK + W0 = h (2) frequency of incident photon.

EK´ = h ´ – W0 (3) where ´ = + 50% of

= 1.5

EK = h (1.5 n) – W0

= 1.5 (EK + W0) – W0 = 1.5 EK + 0.5 W0

(ii) As Photoelectric current is independent of frequency

I´ = I

22. Huygens Postulates – Two statements.

Refracted wave front when point source is (i) at 2F. (ii) at F.,

155 XII – Physics

 2F F F 2F 2F F F 2F

Refrated wavefront : Converging at 2F Refracted wavefront is a plane wavefront.

(i) V and I is phase in resistive circuit × is resistor, and I lags by /2 is inductive circuit.

y is inductor

V V
(ii) R ; Inductive reactance of y ;
I 2

V V
XL .
I 2

2 2 V
Impedance of circuit Z R XL 2
2

V V
Current I 2A
V

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

(iii) Phase by which V differ current I
Z
2
2

XL
tan 1
R

= /4.

X l 55 11
23.
Y 100 – l 100 – 55 9

when 20 resistor is connected is parallel of y.

X 20 4 60
32 (2)
20 y 100 – 60

and when 20 is in series with y.

X l
(3)
Y 20 100 – l
Solving (3) using (1) and (2) balancing length l = 18.5 cm.

OR

156 XII – Physics

 On a uniform unit voltage drop is proportional to length of the wave.

In (a) (E1 + E2) l1 1 + 2 = kl1

In (b) ( 1 – 2) l2 ( 1 – 2) = kl1

1 2 l1 1 l1 l2
1.54
1 – 2 l2 2 l1 – l 2

where l1 = 356 cm, l2 = 71.2 cm.

24. Decay constant is the reciprocal of time in which concentration of a radioactive substance
decreases to 1/e times the initial concentration.

A m ount of radioactive substance left undecayed at tim e t is N = N0 e– t (1)

At instants t1 and t2 amounts are

t1
N1 N0 e (2)

– t2
N2 N0 e (3)

Amount of the substances at time (t1 + t2)

t1 t 2
N N0 e (4)

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

(2) × (3) gives N1N 2

= N0 N
N0 e
2 – t1 t 2

N1N 2
N
N0

25. ‘Detection’ is the process of recovering the modulating signal from the modulated carrier wave.

AM wave Rectifier Envelop Detector Output

(a) (b) (c)

time time time

AM input wave Rectified wave Output
(without RF component)
Quantity on y-axis is voltage or current.

26. Bohr’s Postulates – 1, 2 and 3.

54.4
Energy of electron is H–like atom E4 – 2
eV
n

157 XII – Physics

 In first excited state n = 2.

–54.4
Kinetic energy EK –E – 2
2
= 13.6 eV.

Potential Energy Ep = 2E = – 2EK = – 27.2 eV.

27. For Solution Refer NCERT Q.NO. 28 UNIT – IX

28. Derive expression for electrostatic potential energy in capacitor as follows

q V or q = CV (1)

q0

V0
V
Area under qV graph gives

Work done in charging the capacitor = change in electrostatic potential energy.

1
Uf – U i base × height

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN 2

1
2
V0 . q 0
1
2
q 0 V0 (2)

1
From (1) in (2) Uf – Ui CV . V
2
1 2
Ui 0 U – 0 CV
2

1 2
Uf U U CV
2

Equivalent capacitance across AB.

C1 = 200pF C2 = 200pF C = 100pF

C = 200 pF

C3 = 100pF 100pF
50V
A B 50V 50V

C1 and C2 in series which equals C´.

158 XII – Physics

C´ is in parallel of C3.

Charge on equivalent capacitors

q = C1V = 200 × 50 = 10–8 coulomb

1 2 1 –12
Energy U CV 200 10 50 50
2 2
= 2.5 × 10–7 J.

OR

Statement of Gauss Law.

Field intensity due to chain charged sheet of large dimensions

Surface Charge Density

1
3 2

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Charge enclosed by Gaussian surface

q = A. (1)

Electric flux linked with the surface

       

E 1 2 3 4 E d A1 E d A2 E d A3 E d A4

EdA1 0 0 EdA4 = EA + EA = 2EA (2)

According to Gauss Law

 
e  E .dA q 0

A
2EA
0


E E n
2 0 2 0

159 XII – Physics

 Y
A2

2 A6
6 1 A1
A3 3 5
A5 X
9

Z A4

Electric flux linked with the cube

       
e 1 2 3 4 5 6 E 1d A1 E 2d A 2 E 3d A 3 E 4d A 4
   
E 5d A 5 E 6d A 6

2a i . a i
2 3
0 0 0 0 0 2a

Charge enclosed by the cube

q= = 3
0 e 02a .

29.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Aliminiumics paramaphetic Niobium lead is super
µs > 1 conductor at 90K.
Super conductors
exhibit dismagnetism
(i) (ii)

1
Given horizontal component BH BV
3
BV vertical component

–1 BV –1
Angle of dip tan tan 3 60
BH

.2 3 .35 G

OR

Labelled diagram of moving coil galvanometer. Then

In radial magnetic field torque on the loop remain maximum and hence the relation between
current in the loop and deflection in it remains linear I .

160 XII – Physics

 I

S1 S2 S

G G G

(i) Ammeter of range 0 I (ii) Range 0 2I; (iii) Range 0 I/2

If Ig be the current in (G) for full scale deflection then

Ig
S1 G.
I – Ig (1)

Ig
S2 G.
(2)

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN 2I – I g

Ig
S .G
I (3)
– Ig
2

G resistances of (G)

from (1) Ig G = S1 (I – Ig) (4)

Also solving (1) and (2) for Ig

2S2 – S1
Ig I (5)
S2 – S1

Using (4) and (3)

S1 I – I g
S
I 2 – Ig

2S1 I – I g
Solving
I – 2I g

161 XII – Physics

 2S2 – S1
2S1 I –
S2 – S1
2S2 – S1
I – 2I
S2 – S1

2
2S2
S .
3S2 – S1

30.

Normal
60°
60°
60°

45°
Normal

Given refractive index of material of prism µ 2

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

Critical angle i c n
–1 1
µ
n
–1 1
2
45

On the face AB angle of incidence is greater than ic. total internal reflects will occur on AB.
Where as on the face OB angle of incidence is 30° (< ic); there will refractions on OB.
Angle of refractions r is given below

sin i
1µ (refraction is from denses to cases)
n r

n 0 1
ni r 2

r = 45°
In equiangular prism angle of prism is 60°
(i) Also i = e = 45° (Given)

Deviation is given by

i + e = A +

45 + 45 = 60 +

162 XII – Physics

 = 30° = m.

(ii) Refractive in dix of material of prism

A m 60 30
sin sin
µ 2 2 2.
sin A 2 sin 60 2

Eyepiece
Objective
B
A´´ A´
A
F0 O FE B E

B´

B´´ D C
A D

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN (i) (ii)

angle formed at the eye by the object AB held at distance D.

angle formed at the eye by the final image at near point.

Magnifying power M = (1)

A´´B´´
(2)
A´´E

AB
(3)
D

Using (2) and (3) in (1)

A´´ B´´ A´´ B´´

M 4  A´´E D
A´´ E AB
AB
D

A´´ B´´ A´ B´
A´ B´ AB

163 XII – Physics

 M = me m0 (5)

m0 = v0/u0 (6) Me = 1 + D/fe (7)

(Simple Microscope)

(6) and (7) is (5) given

M v 0 u0 1 D fe (8)

For the maximum magnifying power u0 f0 and v0 L (length of Microscope tube)

L
M 1 D fe
f0 (9)

(i) No effect on magnifying power of change of diameter of objective lens.

(ii) Magnifying power decreases with the increases in focal length of objects lens.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

164 XII – Physics

Time : 3 hours Max. Marks : 70

General Instructions

All questions are compulsory.

1. Draw the equipotential surfaces for two point charges each of magnitude q > 0 placed at some
finite distance? 1

2. A bar magnet of dipole moment M is cut into two equal parts along its axis. What is the new pole
strength of each part. 1

3. A rod of length L, along East-West direction is dropped from a height H. if B be the magnetic field
due to earth at that place and angle of dip is , then what is the magnitude of induced emf across

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

4.
two ends of the rod when the rod reaches the earth?

Which characteristic of the following electromagnetic waves (i) increases (ii) remains same as we
move along -radiation, ultraviolet rays, microwaves and radio waves? 1
1

5. Two polaroids are placed with their optic axis perpendicular to each other. One of them is rotated
through 45° what is the intensity of light emerging from the second polaroid if I0 is the intensity
of unpolarised light? 1
6. Sketch the graph showing the variation of applied voltage and photo electric current for (i) same
frequency and two different intensities, and (ii) same intensity and two different frequencies. 1
7. A heavy nucleus splits into two lighter nuclei. Which one of the two – parent nucleus or the
daughter nuclei have more binding energy per nucleon? 1
8. What happens to the width of depletion layer of a p-n junction diode when it is (i) forward biased
(ii) reverse biased. 1
9. Four equal charges +q, –q and +q are placed at the vertices P, Q and R of an equilateral triangle
of side ‘a’. What is the electric potential at the centre of the triangle? How will your answer change
if position of charges at P and Q are interchanged? 2
10. What are ohmic and non-ohmic conductors? Give one example of each. Why can one not measure
the resistance of a p-n junction is measured by using a voltmeter? 2
11. A charged particle enters a magnetic field perpendicular to it. The particle follows a zigzag path
and comes out of it. What happens to its velocity and kinetic energy of the particle? Justify your
answer. 2

165 XII – Physics

12. Two solenoids each of length L are wound over each other. A1 and A2 are the areas of the outer
and inner solenoids and N1 and N2 are the no. of turns per unit length of the two solenoids. Write
the expressions for the self inductances of the two solenoids and their mutual inductance. Hence
show that square of the mutual inductance of the two solenoids is less than the product of the
self inductances of the two solenoids. 2

13. Why two equipotential surfaces do not intersect each other? A charge q0 is placed at the centre
of a conducting sphere of radius R, what is the work done in moving a charge q from one point
to other diametrically opposite along the surface of the sphere?

14. In and LCR circuit if frequency of the supply is made 4 time, how should the values of C and L
be changed so that there is no change in the current in the circuit. 2

OR

The series LCR circuit shown in figure is in resonance state. What is the voltage across the
inductor?

L C R

(V, v)

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

15. Arrange the following in ascending order of frequency X-rays, green light, red light, microwaves,
-radiation. Which characteristic of the above waves is same for all? 2

16. A ray of light travels through an equilateral triangular prism at an angle of incidence i and emerges
out at and angle of emergence e write the expression for the angle of deviation relating i, e and
A (angle of the prism). If the ray undergoes a minimum deviation of 30° then what is the refractive
index of the material of the prism? 2

17. A radio active material after 10 days reduces to 6.25%. If 40 g sample is taken then in how many
days only 5g of the material is left? 2

18. What is ground wave communication? Why can it not be used for long distance using high
frequency? 2

19. In young’s double slig experiment the intensities of two interfering waves are I and 4I. What are
the maximum and minimum intensities in the interference pattern? 2

20. An electric dipole of moment p is placed in a uniform electric field E. Derive the expression for
the potential energy of the dipole and show diagrammatically the orientation of the dipole in the
field for which the potential energy is (i) maximum (ii) minimum. 3

OR

Two capacitors C1 and C2 are charged to potential V1 and V2 respectively and then connected in
parallel. Calculate (i) common potential, (ii) charge on each capacitor, (iii) electrostatic energy in
the system after connection.

166 XII – Physics

21. Produced the truth table for the combination of gates shown in the figure. 3

A
A B

Y
B

(A ) (B )

22. What are the characteristics of the objectives lens of an objective lens of and astronomical
telescope? Derive the expression for the magnifying power of astronomical telescope in normal
adjustment. 3

23. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of (i) an electron accelerated by a potential difference of
100V and (ii) a particle of mass 0.03 kg moving with a speed of 100ms–1. Hence show that
wavelength of the particle is not relevant. 3

24. In a plane electromagnetic waves progressing towards –x-axis, the electric field oscillates
sinusoidally at a frequency of 2.0 x 1010 Hz and amplitude 48 Vm–1 along –z-axis. Write the
expression for the electric field and the magnetic field. 3

25. Name the series of hydrogen which does not lie in visible region?

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

26.
The wavelength of first member of Lyman series is 1216 Å. Calculate the wavelength of third
member of Lyman series. 3

The height of a transmission antenna is 600m find the area covered by the antenna in which the
signal from the antenna can be received. 3

27. Draw the circuit diagram to draw the characteristics of common emitter npn transistor. Also draw
the input and output characteristics of the transistor. 3

28. Derive the formula for the equivalent emf and internal resistance of the parallel combination of the
cells of emf E1 and E2 and internal resistance r1 and r2 respectively. Two cells of emf 1V and 2V
and internal resistance 2 and 1 respectively connected in (i) series (ii) parallel. What should
be the value of external resistance in the circuit so that the current through the resistance be the
same in the two cases? In which case more heat is generated in the cells?

OR

Two cells of emf 1.5V and 2.0V and internal resistance 1 and 2 respectively are connected
in parallel so as to send current in the same direction through an external resistance of 5 . (a)
Draw the circuit diagram. (b) Using Kirchhoff’s laws, calculate current through each branch of the
circuit and potential across the 5 resistance.

29. Write the principle, working of moving coil galvanometer with the help of neat labelled diagram.
What is the importance of radial field and phospher bronze used in the construction of moving
coil galvanometer?

OR

167 XII – Physics

 (i) A beam of alpha particular and of protons, enter a uniform magnetic field at right angles
to the field lines. The particles describe circular paths. Calculate the ratio of the radii two
paths if they have same (a) velocity, (b) same momentum, (c) same kinetic energy.

(ii) A beam of -particles and of protons of the same velocity u enters a uniform magnetic
field at right angles to the fields lines. The particles describe circular paths. What is the
ratio of the radii of the two circles?

30. (i) Using the relation for the refraction at a single spherical refracting surface, derive lens
maker’s formula for a thin convex lens.

(ii) The radius of curvature of either face of a convex lens is equal to its focal length. What
is the refractive index of its material?

OR

(i) Deduce the relationship between the object distance, image distance and the focal length
for a mirror. What is the corresponding formula for a thin lens?

(ii) Two lenses of powers +15D and –5D are in contact with each other forming a combination
lens. (a) What is the focal length of this combination? (b) An object of size 3cm is placed
at 30cm from this combination of lenses. Calculate the position and size of the image
formed.

BHARAT VIDYA DAAN

168 XII – Physics