Ex. No.

1
Salt Analysis - 1
Aim:
To analyse for the presence of cation and anion in the given simple salt.
Materials Required:
Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, Watch glass, glass rod, filter papers,
reagents

S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
1. Note the colour of the salt. White Indicates the absence of Cu 2+ ,
Co2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+ etc
2. Check solubility of the salt in Soluble The salt solution (original
water. solution- O.S) is prepared in
water.
3. Mix a little of the salt with few No Smell of vinegar Indicates the Absences of acetate
drops of dil. H2SO4 on a watch ion.
glass with the help of a glass rod
and note the odour of the
mixture.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
1. Dilute H2SO4 test: To a little of the No characteristic reaction Absence of CO3 2- and S 2-
salt, dil. H2SO4 is added and
heated (if there is no reaction in
the cold)
2. Conc.H2SO4 Test: To a little of the A colouless pungent smelling gas Presence of chloride ion, Cl-,
3 -
salt, conc.H2SO4 is added and is evolved which turns into dense
heated (if there is no reaction in white fumes when a glassrod
cold). dipped in ammonium hydroxide
is held at the mouth of the test
tube.
Test for Sulphate: To a little of the Absence of sulphate ion, SO4 2-
3. salt solution, add dil. HCl followed No precipitate
by BaCl2 solution.
4. Test for phosphate: To a little of No yellow ppt Absence of phosphate ion
the salt solution add conc.HNO3,
boil, cool and add ammonium
molybdate (solid or solution) and
warm.
III. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS
 Confirmatory Test for Chloride
ion
a) To a little of the salt solution add a) White ppt is formed which Presence of chloride confirmed.
dil. HNO3 followed by AgNO3 dissolves in excess of
solution. ammonium hydroxide.
b) Chromyl Chloride Test: b) A yellow coloured solution is Presence of chloride confirmed.
To a little of the salt add equal formed which gives a yellow ppt
quantity of solid potassium with acetic acid and lead
dichromate and Conc. H2SO4. Heat acetate solution.
the contents gently and pass the
red vapours obtained through a
dilute solution of NaOH.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS
1. Test for zero group: To a little of a) Colourless gas with a pungent Indicates presence of NH4+
the salt, add NaOH and heat the smell of NH3 is evolved. It gives
mixture. dense white fumes when a glass
rod dipped in conc. HCl is held
at the mouth of the test tube.

2. Test for group I: To the salt No white ppt Absence of group I cation
solution, add dil. HCl.

3. Test for group II: To the salt No ppt Absence of group II cations.
solution, add dil. HCl followed by
H2S water.

4. Test for group III: To the salt No ppt Absence of group III cations
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution.
5. Test for group IV: To the salt No ppt Absence of group IV cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by H2S water.
6. Test for group V: To the salt No ppt Absence of group V cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)2CO3
solution.
7. Test for group VI: To the salt No ppt Absences of group VIcation –
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl, Mg2+
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)3PO4 or
Na2HPO4 solution.
V CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

1. To the salt solution, add 2-3 An orange – brown ppt Presence of NH4+ confirmed.
drops of NaOH followed by isformed.
Nessler’s reagent.

Results :
1. The given salt is Ammonium Chloride [ (NH4Cl]
2. The given Salt contain
a. Anion - Chloride (Cl-)
b. Cation - Ammonium ( NH4+)
 Ex. No. 2 Salt Analysis - 2
Aim:
To analyse for the presence of cation and anion in the given simple salt.
Materials Required:
Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, Watch glass, glass rod, filter papers,
reagents
S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
1. Note the colour of the salt. White Indicates the absence of Cu 2+ ,
Co2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+ etc
2. Check solubility of the salt in Soluble The salt solution (original
water. solution- O.S) is prepared in
water.
3. Mix a little of the salt with few Smell of vinegar Indicates the presence of acetate
drops of dil. H2SO4 on a watch ion.
glass with the help of a glass rod
and note the odour of the
mixture.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
1. Dilute H2SO4 test: To a little of the No characteristic reaction Absence of CO3 2- and S 2-
salt, dil. H2SO4 is added and
heated (if there is no reaction in
the cold)
2. Conc.H2SO4 Test: To a little of the a) Colourless gas with a smell of Indicates the presence of
salt, conc.H2SO4 is added and vinegar evolved. acetate ion -
3 -
heated (if there is no reaction in
cold).
Test for Sulphate: To a little of the Absence of sulphate ion
3. salt solution, add dil. HCl followed No precipitate
by BaCl2 solution.

4. Test for phosphate: To a little of No yellow ppt Absence of phosphate ion

the salt solution add conc.HNO3,
boil, cool and add ammonium
molybdate (solid or solution) and
warm.
III. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS
Confirmatory Test for Acetate ion
a) To a little of the salt solution add a) Reddish brown colour Presence of acetate confirmed.
 neutral FeCl3 solution, dilute it, appears with FeCl3 and reddish-
and heat it to boiling point. brown precipitate on boiling.
b) Heat a pinch of salt with few b) Pleasant fruity smell Presence of acetate confirmed.
drops of Conc. H2SO4 and a little
ethyl alcohol.

IV. IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS

1. Test for zero group: To a little of b) Colourless gas with a pungent Indicates presence of NH4+
the salt, add NaOH and heat the smell of NH3 is evolved. It gives
mixture. dense white fumes when a glass
rod dipped in conc. HCl is held
at the mouth of the test tube.

2. Test for group I: To the salt No white ppt Absence of group I cation
solution, add dil. HCl.

3. Test for group II: To the salt No ppt Absence of group II cations.
solution, add dil. HCl followed by
H2S water.

4. Test for group III: To the salt No ppt Absence of group III cations
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution.
5. Test for group IV: To the salt No ppt Absence of group IV cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by H2S water.
6. Test for group V: To the salt No ppt Absence of group V cations.
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl,
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)2CO3
solution.
7. Test for group VI: To the salt No ppt Absences of group VIcation –
solution, add excess solid NH4Cl, Mg2+
dissolve it, then add NH4OH
solution followed by (NH4)3PO4 or
Na2HPO4 solution.
V CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS
1. To the salt solution, add 2-3 An orange – brown ppt Presence of NH4+ confirmed.
drops of NaOH followed by isformed.
Nessler’s reagent.

Results :
3. The given salt is Ammonium Acetate [ (NH4(CH3COO)]
4. The given Salt contain
a. Anion - Acetate ion (CH3COO-)
b. Cation - Ammonium ion ( NH4+)
Ex. No. 3

Determination of strength of a given solution of

Sodium hydroxide by titrating it against standard
solution of Oxalic acid.
Aim
Determination of the concentration (strength) of a given sodium hydroxide
solution by titrating it against a standard solution of oxalic acid.

Theory

Theory In the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, the amount of acid and
base becomes chemically equivalent at the end point and the chemical reaction
is called neutralization reaction. Near the end point there is a sudden change in
the pH of the solution. If after end point even a small amount of base/acid is
added the solution would become slightly alkaline or acidic respectively. In the
titration between oxalic acid (weak acid) and sodium hydroxide (strong base),
following reaction takes place:

In this titration phenolphthalein (HPh) is used as an indicator. The concentration

of unknown solution is calculated in g/L. Normality of the solution can be
calculated by using the formula a1
N1 V1 = N2 V2 ...(4)
where N1, V1 are respectively normality and volume of acid used and N2 and V2
are acidity, Normality and volume respectively of base used in the titration.

Material Required
Burette, pipette, conical flask, funnel, Burette stand, White glazed tile, Measuring

flask Procedure

(A) Preparation of 0.1M Standard Solution of Oxalic Acid

(B) Titration of Sodium Hydroxide and Oxalic Acid Solution
(i) Clean the burette thoroughly, wash it with distilled water and finally rinse it
with sodium hydroxide solution.. Clamp the burette vertically in a burette stand.
(ii) Fill sodium hydroxide solution into the burette through a funnel above the
zero mark.
(iii) Remove the air gap, if any, from the nozzle of the burette by running the
solution forcefully from the burette nozzle.
(iv) Remove the funnel before noting initial reading of the burette. Also while
noting the reading, see that no drop of the liquid is hanging at the nozzle of the
burette.
(v) Note the initial reading by keeping the eye exactly at the same level as the
meniscus of the solution.
(vi) Pipette out 20 mL of oxalic acid solution in a washed and dried conical flask.
Always wash the pipette with water and rinse with the liquid to be measured
before pipetting out the liquid.
(vii) Add 1-2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the conical flask. Place the
flask over the glazed tile as shown in Fig. 6.3 Titrate the acid with sodium
hydroxide solution till a very faint permanent pink colour is obtained. Add sodium
hydroxide solution in small amounts initially and then dropwise

Result
a. Normality of NaOH ------- N

b. Concentration of NaOH solution is ——————— g/L

Calculations
Titration of sodium hydroxide vs oxalic acid Solution

Calculations Normality of NaOH solution can be calculated by using the

equation:
Volumetric Analysis : N1V1 = N2V2
Volume of Oxalic acid : 20 ml
Normality of oxalic acid : 0.1N
Volume of NaOH : ___ ml
Normality of NaOH : N2?

Molar mass of oxalic acid, (COOH)2.2H2O = 126 g mol–1 and Molar

mass/Equivalent mass of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) = 40 g mol –1

Concentration (strength) of sodium hydroxide in g/L = Normality of

NaOH×Equivalent mass of NaOH

Hence, The concentration of Sodium Hydroxide = ___ g/L

Ex. No. 4

Determination of the strength of a given

solution of dilute hydrochloric acid by titrating
it against a standard solution of sodium
carbonate
Aim
Determination of the strength of a given solution of dilute hydrochloric acid by
titrating it against a standard solution of sodium carbonate.

Theory
The strength of hydrochloric acid is determined by titrating it against a standard
solution of sodium carbonate. The following reaction takes place:
Na2CO3 + 2HCl ⎯→ 2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O
In this titration, methyl orange, a weak base (yellow in the unionised form) is
used as an indicator. In this experiment also, the titration follows the usual
course, i.e., the proton furnished by the addition of the acid first neutralises
sodium carbonate solution. When the entire sodium carbonate solution is
neutralised, the last drop of the acid added from the burette produces the pinkish
red colour change, which is the end point. The concentration (strength) of the
unknown solution is calculated in g/L. It is calculated from the molarity of the
solution.

The concentration of unknown solution is calculated in g/L. Normality of the

solution can be calculated by using the formula a1 N1 V1 = N2 V2 ...(4) where N1, V1
are respectively normality and volume of acid used and N2 and V2 are acidity,
Normality and volume respectively of base used in the titration.

Material Required
Burette, pipette, conical flask, funnel, Burette stand, White glazed tile, Measuring
flask

Procedure
A) Preparation of 0.1 M standard solution of sodium carbonate
(B) Titration of hydrochloric acid and standard sodium carbonate
solution. Follow the procedure as given in the Experiment 6.1. In
this case, hydrochloric acid is taken in the burette and sodium
carbonate solution in the conical flask. Methyl orange is used as
an
indicator. The colour change at the end point will be from yellow to
pinkish-red. Record your observations in Table
Calculations
 Titration of Hydrochloric acid with standard sodium carbonate solution

Calculations Normality of HCl solution can be calculated by using the equation:

Volumetric Analysis : N1V1 = N2V2

Volume of sodium carbonate : 20 ml
Normality of sodium carbonate : 0.1N
Volume of HCl : ___ ml
Normality of HCl : N2?

Equivalent mass of hydrochloric acid (HCl) = 36.5 g mol –1

Concentration (strength) of HCl in g/L = Normality of

Na2CO3×Equivalent mass of HCl = x 36.5g

Hence, The concentration of HCl = ___ g/L

Ex. No. 5
Determination of boiling point of a liquid organic compound.
Aim
Determination of boiling point of a liquid organic compound.

Theory
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which vapour pressure of the
liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure, which the surface of the
liquid experiences. At 1.013 bar atmospheric pressure the boiling point of the
liquid is termed as normal boiling point. Different liquids have different boiling
point. The difference in the boiling points of liquids is essentially due to the
difference in the intermolecular forces operating between the molecules of the
liquid.

Material Required

Procedure
(i) Fill Thiele’s tube with the liquid paraffin so that it crosses the bent portion of
the Thiele’s tube.
(ii) Take 1-2 drops of the given liquid in an ignition tube and tie the ignition tube
with the thermometer with a rubber band as shown in Fig. 3.2. Note that the
lower end of the ignition tube and the thermometer bulb are at the same level.
(iii) Seal one end of the capillary tube of approximately 8 cm length by heating in
the flame. (iv) Place the capillary tube with its open end dipped in the liquid
present in the ignition tube. (v) Heat the side arm of Thiele’s tube with a low
flame. (vi) Observe the escape of bubbles at the lower end of the capillary
dipped in the liquid organic compound. Note the temperature at which bubbles
start coming briskly and continuously. This temperature is the boiling point of
Figure .

Result :
The boiling point of the given organic compound ___ C
Ex. No. 6
DETERMINE THE pH OF SOME FRUIT JUICES:

AIM:

THEORY:

MATERIAL REQUIRED:
PROCEDURE:

RESULT: