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 History of Electronics
• John Ambrose Fleming made the first diode in 1904 which is called the radio tube.
• Robert Ban Lieben and Lady Forest independently constructed the triode in 1906. Electron tubes
were first used in radio communication.
• Thomas Alva Edison did an experiment and observed that electrons can flow from a metal conductor
to another conductor even in a vacuum. Further, in 1883 vacuum diodes, and triodes were made on
this principle.
• Nikolai Tesla demonstrated radio communication in 1893.
• William Schalke invented the transistor in 1947 at Bell Labs.
• Warner Jack Kilwee made electronics easy by building the Integrated Circuit (IC) in 1958-59.
• Marcion Hoff, working at Intel, built a microprocessor. The first micro processor was the 4004.
• The first-generation ENIAC computer was developed in 1946 using a vacuum tube.

Electronics Components
Resistance Capacitor Switch Fuse Battery
Diode Inductor Integrated Inverter
Circuit
circuit
Rectifier Multimeter microcontroller
circuit Logic gates

▪ Resistor - It is an electrical component. In electronic circuits, it is used to stop or reduce the flow of
current.

▪ Diode - It is a semiconductor (Symbol) device that allows current to pass in only one direction. It is
used in circuits that convert AC to DC.

▪ Capacitor - It is an electronic component that stores electric charge. It is used in many electronic
circuits like radio, and television.
▪ Inductor - It is an electronic component made of wire, which stores the magnetic field in the form of
charge. It is manufactured in the form of a coil. It is used in making Filters or Chok in the electronic
circuit.
▪ Switch - It is an electronic circuit, which is used to open or close a circuit.

▪ Integrated Circuit - Invented in 1958 by Robert Nys, and Jack Kilby at Bell Labs. It is a chip made
of semiconductor material, to which many transistors are attached. Duethishich the size of the circuit
is reduced and the speed of working increases.

▪ Battery - It is an electrical device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It is used for
electricity in homes and in phones, and laptops.

▪ Multimeter - This is a measuring device, under which you can easily measure voltage, current, and
resistance. It can measure both AC and DC supplies.

▪ Microcontroller - Microcontroller is an integrated circuit (IC), which is used to control other parts of
the electronic system. A microcontroller consists of peripherals such as a processor, memory, serial
ports, etc.
▪ Logic – All operations in a digital computer are executed through signals. These signals are received
from the standard blocks of the circuit inside the computer. These circuits are called Logic Gates.

▪ Semiconductor - A substance that possesses the properties of both a conductor and an insulator.
It is generally a metal and does not allow current to flow at normal temperature, but by increasing the
temperature, the amount of its resistance decreases, and current starts flowing in it. eg- silicon,
germanium, cadmium sulfide.
 ▪ Amplifier - It is an electronic device, which is made from transistors. They are used to increase the
power of the signal. We measure its quantity in Gain. It is used in wireless communication and
broadcasting.
▪ Rectifier - It is an electronic device, which converts AC current to DC current. Diodes are used to
make them. These are of two types - Half Web Rectifier, Full Web Rectifier.

Development of Electronics in India

▪ The beginning of electronics in India started after the
establishment of the Department of Electronics in India in 1970
and MGK Menon (Mambillikalathel Govind Kumar Menon) was
made the Chairman and Secretary of the Department of
Electronics.
▪ In 1970, the use of transistors first started in India. Electronics Data Interchange Council was formed,
and its task is to formulate and direct policy for the development of EDI.
▪ In 1982, the production of color television started in India for the first time.
▪ The 'ISO - 9000' certification scheme for electronics products was launched by STQC in India.
▪ The Central Government established Nano Electronics Centers at IIST Bangalore and IIT Mumbai.
▪ The Technology Development Council was established by the Electronics Commission in October
1973. Its task was to explore the possibilities of research and development in the field of electronics.
▪ The Electronic Hardware Technology Park Scheme (E.H.T.P.) was launched on April 1, 1993. Its
objective was to increase foreign investment in India by tying up with multinational foreign companies.
▪ Electronics and Information Technology Parks were established in Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur,
and Sagar by the Government of Madhya Pradesh, and in which Bhopal, and Jabalpur were selected
among the 7 electronic manufacturing clusters of the country.
▪ C-DAC was established in Pune in 1988 by which a computer with 100 GFLOP peak computing
capacity was manufactured.

Institute established for the development of electronics-

1. Kendriya Electronics Limited - This company is the largest producer of single crystalline silicon
solar cells in the world.
▪ It has successfully developed the equipment of the Indian Railways network to European standards.
2. Standardization Testing and Quality Control Program - STQC 1980) - Under this program a three-
tier system was implemented –
▪ Electronics Regional Testing Laboratories.
▪ Electronics Test & Development Centre.
▪ Primary Standardization Facility Center located at National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi.
3. Center for Electronic Materials Technology (C-MAT) - It was established in March 1990 as a
registered scientific institution under DeitY.
▪ C-MAT works with 3 laboratories. Which are located in Pune (headquarters, Hyderabad and Thrissur
respectively.)
▪ This institution is involved in the development of thick film materials, polymers for electronics,
specialty chemicals and glasses, ultra-high purity and refractory metals, semiconductors, electronic
ceramics, and fine powder processing.
▪ It has made major efforts in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology, especially in the creation
of nanomaterials on a large scale.
4. Institute of Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research (SAMEER) - It is a branch
of the specialized Microwave Products Unit established in 1977 at Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research (TIFR), Mumbai. It was established in 1984 as an autonomous R&D laboratory by the
Department of Electronics in Mumbai.
1. Pillars of Sameer-
▪ Medical Electronics
▪ Photonics
▪ EMI / EMC
▪ Radar instrumentation
▪ High Power Microwave and RF Systems and Components
▪ IT and Communications
▪ Electronics & Antenna
▪ millimeter web
▪ Electronic Packing Design

5. Bharat Electronics Limited - It was established in 1954 in Bangalore by the Government of India
under the Ministry of Defense to meet the special challenging requirements of the military sector.
▪ It provides military radar, communication systems, naval systems, audio-visual transmissions, tank
electronics, optoelectronics, solar photo voltaic systems, and embedded software-based production.
▪ Presently its nine units are working and have got the status of Navratna industry.
 6. Technology Development Council – It was established on 3 October 1973 by the Electronic
Commission. It means finding out the topics requiring research and development in the field of
electronics.
Electronics-related policies in India
1. National Electronics Policy 2012- It was approved on October 25, 2012, with a target of reaching $
400 billion in the electronic hardware market by 2020.
▪ The name of the Department of Information Technology was changed to the Department of
Electronics and Information Technology.
▪ Electronics Manufacturing Cluster Scheme was launched and 50% and 75% of the project cost of
Greenfield EMC and Brownfield EMC were given as subsidy respectively.
2. National Electronics Policy 2019- It was established in place of NPE-2012 by approving the proposal
under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister on February 19, 2019.
Provision-
▪ A favorable environment will be created for the ESDM sector to compete at the global level. Domestic
manufacturing and exports will be promoted across the entire value chain of ESDM.
▪ Incentives and assistance will be provided for the manufacturing of major electronic components.
▪ These also include early-stage start-ups in the areas of basic or grassroots innovation and emerging
technology areas such as SG, IOT/Sailor, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, VR Drones,
Robotics, Photonics, Additive Manufacturing Nano based devices, etc.
▪ Mega projects that are extremely hi-tech. And for those who require heavy investment, a special
package will be given to encourage them, it includes semiconductor facilities, display fabrication etc.
▪ Initiatives related to the trusted electronics value chains will be promoted to improve the national
cyber security system.

1. In which year did British physicist JJ Thomson 4. Those circuits in which voltage has only 2 levels
discover the electron? are called-
(a) 1895 (c) 1897 (a) Analog Electronics (c) Micro Electronics
(b) 1896 (d) 1898 (b) Digital Electronics (d) Power Electronics
2. Who invented the first vacuum tube? 5. The stage between logic design and physical
(a) John Ambrose (c) John Peter design is-
(b) John Marshall (d) John Devitt (a) After design (c) Power design
(b) circuit design (d) nano design
3. In which year MOSFET transistor was invented-
(a) 1956 (c) 1958 6. Amplifier is an example of which electronics?
(b) 1957 (d) 1959 (a) Audio Electronics (c) Power Electronics
(b) Digital Electronics (d) None of these
7. In which year did John Ambrose Fleming make the (b) 1905 (d) 1907
first diode?
(a) 1903 (c) 1905 17. Triode amplifier was patented in the year-
(b) 1904 (d) 1906 (a) 1907 (c) 1911
(b) 1909 (d) 1912
8. In which year did Nikolai Tesla demonstrate radio
communication? 18. In which year the practical demonstration of radio
(a) 1883 (c) 1885 communication was done-
(b) 1884 (d) 1886 (a) 1894 (c) 1898
(b) 1896 (d) 1900
9. In which year did William Schalke invent the
transistor in the Bell Laboratory?
(a) 1945 (c) 1947 19. In which year was the camera tube of TV
(b) 1946 (d) 1948 invented?
(a) 1947 (c) 1931
10. In which year was the ENIAC computer of the 1st (b) 1938 (d) 1923
generation developed?
(a) 1946 (c) 1948 20. An electrical component is-
(b) 1947 (d) 1949 (a) diode (c) rectifier
(b) capacitance (d) resistor
11. Who is the father of Microprocessors-
(a) Jack Kilvey (c) Martian Hoff
21. On the basis of doing work, the resistance is
(b) Leone Kapoor (d) Robert Pattinson divided into how many parts -
(a) 2 (c) 4
12. In which year the microprocessor was invented (b) 3 (d) 5
(a) 1965 (c) 1967
22. How many types of variable resistance are there?
(b) 1966 (d) 1968
(a) two (c) four
13. In which year neutron was discovered (b) three (d) five
(a) 1920 (c) 1930 23. Thick film resistance is an example of-
(b) 1922 (d) 1932 (a) variable resistance (c) Carbon resistance
14. In which year the photon was discovered- (b) Fixed resistance (d) Rheostat resistance
(a) 1918 (c) 1922 24. How many types of capacitors are there?
(b) 1920 (d) 1924 (a) 2 (c) 4
(b) 3 (d) 5
15. Who is credited with the discovery of X rays- 25. In which year was the Zener diode invented?
(a) William Röntgen (c) James Chadwick (a) 1930 (c) 1933
(b) Thomas Edison (d) Goldstein (b) 1931 (d) 1934
26. The first PnPn layer semiconductor diode is-
16. In which year the manufacture of triode was
(a) Zener diode (c) Schottky diode
started-
(a) 1904 (c) 1906 (b) Shockley diode (d) None of these
27. In which year was the tunnel diode invented? 36. In which of the following amplifier register and
(a) 1955 (c) 1957 capacitor are used-
(b) 1956 (d) 1958 (a) Current amplifier (c) Operational amplifier
(b) voltage amplifier (d) power amplifier
28. The full form of LASER is- 37. Where is the National Physical Laboratory
(a) Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation located?
(b) Light amplification by stimulated emission of reflection (a) Bhopal (c) Mumbai
(c) Light amplification by simulated emission of renewal (b) Delhi (d) Patna
(d) Light amplification by simulated emission of remoting 38. Where is the Central Glass and Ceramic Research
Institute located?
29. Which is used to convert alternating current into (a) Bengaluru (c) Hyderabad
direct current? (b) Ahmedabad (d) Kolkata
(a) PN junction diode (c) LED diode
39. In which year the name of the Program
(b) laser diode (d) capacitor
Management Board was changed to National Board
30. Film capacitor is an example of- for Superconductivity and Technology?
(a) polarized capacitor (c) both of the above (a) 1990 (c) 1992
(b) Nonpolar capacitor (d) None of these (b) 1991 (d) 1993
31. Which of the following is manufactured in the 40. Where is the Tata Institute of Fundamental
form of coil- Research located?
(a) Circuit (c) Diode (a) Indore (c) Hyderabad
(b) capacitor (d) inductor (b) Chennai (d) Mumbai
32. Integrated circuit was invented in the year- 41. Bhabha Atomic Research Center is located at-
(a) 1958 (c) 1960 (a) Mumbai (c) Nagpur
(b) 1959 (d) none of these (b) Delhi (d) Kolkata
33. How many types of semiconductors are there- 42. Where is the Central Electronics Engineering
(a) 1 (c) 3 Research Institute located?
(b) 2 (d) 4 (a) Madhya Pradesh (c) Chhattisgarh
(b) Rajasthan (d) Uttar Pradesh
34 What type of semiconductor is LED? 43. In which year was superconductivity first
(a) N-type semiconductor discovered?
(b) p-type semiconductor (a) 1911 (c) 1913
(c) PN-type semiconductor (b) 1912 (d) 1914
(d) none of these
35. The input voltage amplifies the current- 44. In which year was the BCS theory given?
(a) current amplifier (a) 1950 (c) 1957
(b) voltage amplifier (b) 1953 (d) 1960
(c) power amplifier
(d) operational amplifier
45. In which year the Nobel Prize in Physics was 52. In which year was the Technology Development
awarded to John Warden, Leon Kapur and Robert Council established?
Schriefer? (a) 1973 (c) 1976
(a) 1970 (c) 1972 (b) 1974 (d) 1977
(b) 1971 (d) 1973 53. In which year the National Electronic Policy was
approved-
46. In which year black and white TV was invented?
(a) 2010 (c) 2012
(a) 1920 (c) 1925
(b) 2011 (d) 2013
(b) 1922 (d) 1927
54. Full form of LED is-
47. In which year was the first LCD TV with a black
(a) Light Emitting Diode
and white screen introduced?
(c) Light Emergency Diode
(a) 1988 (c) 1990
(b) 1989 (d) none of these (b) Long Emitting Diode
(d) Low Emitting Diode
48. In which country did TV broadcasting start in
55. Normally data is divided into how many parts-
1928?
(a) 2 (c) 4
(a) India (c) Japan
(b) 3 (d) 5
(b) Russia (d) America
56. Password belongs to which data?
49. Which country started the high-definition service (a) numerical data (c) both A and B
in 1936? (b) Iconic data (d) None of these
(a) Britain (c) South Africa
57. Hardware example is-
(b) New York (d) India (a) Operating System (c) Photoshop
50. Where was the C-DAC established in the year (b) Motherboard (d) None of these
1988? 58. How many types of software are there?
(a) Maharashtra (c) Bengaluru (a) 2 (c) 6
(b) Delhi (d) Pune (b) 4 (d) 8
59. Operating system is an example of which
51. In which year was the Sea Mate established?
software?
(a) 1990 (c) 1992
(a) Application software (c) system software
(b) 1991 (d) 1993
(b) Utility software (d) none of these

60. That action on completion of which data takes the

form of information is called-
(a) Processing (c) Database
(b) Information (d) Instruction

01 Ans-C 1897 31 Ans-D inductor

02 Ans-A John Ambrose 32 Ans-A 1958
03 Ans-D 1959 33 Ans-B 2
04 Ans-B digital electronics 34 Ans-B p type semiconductor
05 Ans-B Circuit design 35 Ans-A current amplifier
06 Ans-A audio electronics 36 Ans-C operational amplifier
07 Ans-B 1904 37 Ans-B Delhi
08 Ans-A 1883 38 Ans-D Kolkata
09 Ans-C 1947 39 Ans-B 1991
10 Ans-A 1946 40 Ans-D Mumbai
11 Ans-C marcian hoff 41 Ans-A Mumbai
12 Ans-D 1968 42 Ans-B Rajasthan
13 Ans-D 1932 43 Ans-A 1911
14 Ans-B 1920 44 Ans-C 1957
15 Ans-A william roentgen 45 Ans-C 1972
16 Ans-C 1906 46 Ans-D 1927
17 Ans-A 1907 47 Ans-A 1988
18 Ans-B 1896 48 Ans-D America
19 Ans-D 1923 49 Ans-A Britain
20 Ans-D resistance 50 Ans-D Pune
21 Ans-A 2 51 Ans-A 1990
22 Ans-B Three 52 Ans-A 1973
23 Ans-B fixed resistance 53 Ans-B 2011
24 Ans-A 2 54 Ans-A light emitting diode
25 Ans-D 1934 55 Ans-A 2
26 Ans-B Shockley diode 56 Ans-B token data
27 Ans-C 1957 57 Ans-B motherboard
28 Ans-A Light amplification by simulated emission of radiation 58 Ans-A 2
29 Ans-A PN junction diode 59 Ans-C system software
30 Ans-B nonpolar capacitor 60 Ans-A Processing