Poly-Phase System

Part 04

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan

Department of EEE, Faculty of Engineering
American International University – Bangladesh (AIUB)
 Some Example Related
Some Example Related toto
Power of Calculation of
Unbalanced Poly-Phase System
Balanced Poly-Phase System
Example 3.1.9: The three-phase line voltages of 230 volts are impressed on a balanced wye
load having 16 ohm resistance and 12 ohm capacitive reactance in series in each phase. (a)
Find the line current and total power. (b) If the three impedances are reconnected in delta and
placed across the same line voltage, what are the line and phase currents and the total power?

Solution: Given, VL  230 V ZY  Z an  Z bn  Z cn  16  j12  20  53.13 

The phase voltage: The phase current and line current:
VL 230 V p 132.79
Vp    132.79 V I p  IL    6.64 A
3 3 Zp 20
P  3  230  6.64 cos 53.13  1587.1 W

When load is reconnected as delta connection

Z   Z ab  Z bc  Z ca  16  j12  20  53.13 
V p 230
V p  VL  230 V Ip    11.5 A I L  3I p  19.92 A
Zp 20
P  3  230 19.92 cos 53.13  4761.3 W 3
Example 3.1.10: A balanced Y-connected load is connected in parallel with a balanced delta-
connected load. The impedance of Y-load is ZY = 4 + j3 and the impedance of -load is Z =
6 + j8. Find the total average, reactive, and apparent power. In addition, find the power factor
of the load.

Solution: Z   6  j8  10  53.13 

ZY  4  j 3  536.87 

ZY   3 ZY  12  j 9  1536.87 

Z P 
10  53.131536.87
10  53.13  1536.87
 8.3  19.44  7.85  j 2.77 

4
VL  V p  200 V Ip 
200
 24.1 A I L  3  24.1  42.74 A
8.3

P  3I 2p R  3  24.12  7.85  13.68 kW

Q  3I 2p X  3  24.12  2.77  4.84 kVar (Capacitive)

S  P 2  Q 2  (13.68) 2  (4.84) 2  14.51 kVA

P 13.68
pf    0.94
S 14.51

5
Example 3.1.11: A balanced three-phase delta-connected load takes 5 kW and 20 kVar at
440 line voltage. Calculate the apparent power, power factor, reactive factor, the line current,
the per-phase impedance.

Solution: Given, VL  440 V P  5000 W Q  20000 Var

1  Q  1  20000 
We know that: Q  P tan     tan    tan    78.7
P  5000 
pf  cos  cos78.7  0.2 rf  sin   sin 78.7  0.98
P 5000
S   25000 VA  25 kVA
cos 0.2
P 5000
We know that: P  3VL I L cos  IL    32.8 A
3VL cos 3  440  0.2
Vp 440
Here, V p  VL  440 V Zp    23.23 
1 Ip 18.84
Ip  I L  18.84 A
3 Z  23.2378.7  6
Example 3.1.12: A balanced three-phase Y-connected motor has 2300 V impressed at it
terminals and takes 120 kVA at 0.6 leading power factor. Calculate the line current, and per-
phase impedance.

Solution: Given, VL  2300 V S  120000 VA pf  cos  0.6

S 120000
We know that: S  3VL I L  IL    30.12 A
3VL 3  2300

1
Here, I p  I L  30.12 A Vp  VL 1327.9 V
3
Vp 1327.9
Zp    44.08    cos 1 (0.6)  53.13
Ip 30.12
Z  44.0853.13 
7
Example 3.1.13: A three-phase motor takes 10 kVA to 0.6 power factor lagging from a
source of 220 volts. It is in parallel with a balanced delta load having 16 ohms resistance and
12 ohms capacitive reactance in series in each phase. (a) Find the total volt-amperes, power,
line current and power factor of the combination. (b) Calculate the resistance, reactance of
motor considering the motor (i) Y-connected, and (ii) delta-connected.
Solution: For Motor S m  10 kVA cos m  0.6 sin  m  1  0.6 2  0.8
Pm  S m cos m  10  0.6  6 kW Qm  S m sin  m  10  0.8  8 kVar
220
For Delta Load Z   162  122  20  I p   11 A
20
P  3 112 16  5.81 kW Q  3 112 12  4.36 kVar
Total PT  Pm  P  6  5.81  11.81 kW QT  Qm  Q  8  4.36  3.64 kVar
ST  PT2  QT2  (11.81) 2  (3.64) 2  12.37 kVA

8
 P 11.81 ST 12.37 103
pf  T   0.955 (lagging) I LT    32.5 A
ST 12.37 3VL 3  220
(b)(i) Calculate the resistance, reactance of motor considering the motor Y-connected.
220 Sm 10 103
V pm   127 V I Lm  I pm    26.25 A
3 3VL 3  220
V pm 127
Z pm    4.84  R pm  Z pm cos m  2.904 
I pm 26.25
X pm  Z pm sin  m  3.872  Z pm  4.84  j 3.872 

(b)(ii) Calculate the resistance, reactance of motor considering the motor -connected.
V pm  VLm  220 V Sm 10 103
I Lm    26.25 A I 
26.25
 15.16 A
3VL 3  220 pm
3
V pm 220
Z pm    14.51  R pm  Z pm cos m  8.71 
I pm 15.16
X pm  Z pm sin  m  11.61  Z pm  8.71  j11.61 
9
Example 3.1.14: A balanced three-phase Y-connected load requires 480 kW at a lagging
power factor of 0.8. The load is fed from a line having an impedance of 0.005 + j0.025 ohm
per-phase. The line voltage at the terminals of the load is 600 V. (a) Calculate the magnitude
of line current. (b) Construct a single-phase equivalent circuit of the system. (c) Calculate the
magnitude of the line voltage at the sending end of the line. (d) Calculate the power factor at
the sending end of the line.
V 600
Solution: Vp  L   346.41 V   cos 1 (0.8)  36.87 sin   sin(36.87)  0.6
3 3
(a) The magnitude of line current.
P (b)
IL  I p 
3VL cos
480,000
  577.35 A
3  600  0.8

I Aa  577.35  36.87 A

10
(c) The magnitude of the line voltage at the sending end of the line.
E AN  346.15  (0.005  j 0.025) I Aa  357.511.57 V

VL  3  357.51  619.23 V

(d) The power factor at the sending end of the line.

The power factor at the sending end of the line is the cosine of the phase angle between
EAN and IAa. pf  cos1.57   36.87  0.783

11
Example 3.1.15: If the phase voltage and phase current of a delta-connected load are
202.7229.04o V and 1.39-6.87o A, respectively. (a) Calculate the total complex power. (b)
Find the total real power, total reactive power, total apparent power.

Given, Vab  202.7229.04 V; I ab  1.39  6.87 A

*
ST  3Vab I ab  202.7229.041.396.87  682.56  j 494.208 VA
 842.2435.9 VA

P  682.56 W

Q  494.208 Var
S  842.24 VA

12
 Example 3.1.16: A balanced three-phase delta-connected generator with abc sequence has
an internal per-phase voltage 210 V. The generator feeds a balanced three-phase wye-
connected load having resistance of 40 ohm and inductive reactance of 25 ohm. Use EAB is a
reference.
(a) Construct the overall circuit diagram.
(b) Calculate the phase voltage of load, the phase and line currents of load.
(c) Find the phase voltages at the terminal of source (EAN, EBN, ECN) and load (Van, Vbn, Vcn).
(d) Find the line voltages at the terminal of load (Vab, Vbc, Vca).
(e) Find the phase current (Ian, Ibn, and Icn) and line current (IAa, IBb, and IBb) of load in polar
form.
Given, EAB= 2100o V, R = 40 ohm, XL = 25 ohm,
(a) so the per-phase impedance is:
ZY  40  j 25  47.1732 

(b) VLs  V ps  210 V

VLs 210
For load: pV    121.2 V
3 3 13
 Vp 121.2
I p  IL    2.57 A
Z p 47.17
(c) The phase voltages at the terminal of source (EAN, EBN, ECN) and load (Van, Vbn, Vcn).
E AN     30  E AB  121.2  30 V
 1
 3 
E BN  Vbn  121.2  90 V
ECN  Vcn  121.2150 V
Now, we know the phase voltages of source, so the circuit can be redrawn as follows:
Finally, The circuit becomes Wye-source with Wye-Load.

(d) line voltages at the terminal of load (Vab,

Vbc, Vca).
Vab  E AB  2100 V
Vbc  E BC  210  120 V
Vca  ECA  210120 V
14
(e) The phase current (Ian, Ibn, and Icn) and line current (IAa, IBb, and IBb) of load in polar form.
Van 121.2  30
I Aa  I an    2.57  62
ZY 47.1732
V
I Bb  I bn  bn  2.57  182 A
ZY
V
I Cc  I cn  cn  2.5758 A
ZY

15
 Alternative Way
Convert wye-connected load to delta-connected load.
Z   3 ZY  340  j 25  120  j 75  141.5132 

Now, the circuit can be redrawn as follows:

So, The circuit becomes Delta-source with Delta-Load.

(e) I ab  Vab  2100  1.48  32 A
Z  141.5132

I bc 
Vbc
 1.48  152 A (e) I Aa  I ab  I ca   3  30I an  2.57  62 A
ZY I Bb  I bc  I ab  2.57  182 A
V I Cc  I ca  I bc  2.5758 A
I ca  cn  1.4888 A
Z
16
Example: An industry supplied by a balanced three-phase source. The industry has the
following balanced three-phase load plants:
Load 1: 150 kVA at 0.8 pf leading Load 2: 100 kW at unity pf
Load 3: 160 kVAR at 0.6 pf lagging Load 4: 80 kW and 95 kVAR (inductive)
If the line impedance is 0.02 + j0.05 ohm per phase and the line voltage at the load is 480,
(a) Show the whole system in a block diagram.
(b) Find the magnitude of the line voltage at the source.
Solution: Let, all loads are Y-connected,
and the a-phase voltage of load as a
reference.
For Load 1: Given, VL = 480 V,
S1 = 150 kVA, pf1 =cosz1=0.8 leading
1   z1   cos 1 (0.8)  36.87
S1 150,000
I P1  I L1    180.42 A
3VL 3  480
I P1  I L1  180.4236.87 A 17
For Load 2: Given, P2 = 100 kW, pf2=cosz2=1 For Load 4: Given, P4 = 80 kVar, Q4
 2   z 2  cos 1 (1)  0 = 95 kVar, inductive

I P2  I L2 
P2

100,000  4   z 4  tan 1[Q4 / P4 ]  50.21
3VL cos z 2 3  480 1 P4 80,000
I L4  
 120.28 A 3VL cos z 4 3  480  cos(50.21)
I P 2  I L 2  120.280 A  149.39 A
For Load 3: Given, Q3 = 160 kVar,
I P 4  I L 4  149.39  50.21 A
pf2=cosz3=0.6 lagging
3   z 3  cos 1 (0.6)  53.13
sin  z 3  sin[53.13]  0.8 Total Line Current:
Q3 160,000
I P 3  I L3   I P  I L  I P1  I P 2  I P3  I P 4
3VL sin  z 3 3  480  0.8
 542.39A  21.52
 240.56 A
 504.57  j198.99 A
I P3  I L3  240.56  53.13 A
18
 VL 480
Phase voltage of load side: VP    277.13 V
3 3

The per-phase circuit diagram is shown in the following Figure.

From above Figure we have:

E AN  Van  Z line I P  277.130  (504.57  j198.99)(0.02  j 0.05) V
 297.17  j 21.25  297.934.09 V

Finally, the magnitude of line voltage will be: E L  3  297.93  516.03 V

19
 Some Example Related to
Unbalanced Poly-Phase System
Example 3.2.1: An unbalanced Y-connected load has supplied from a balanced source of
320 V and abc sequence as shown in the following figure. (a) Calculate the line currents and
the neutral current. (b) Calculate the total power and reactive power consumed by load. (c)
Calculate the total power supplied by source.
Solution: For abc sequence:
V AN  3200 V; VBN  320  120 V; VCN  320  120 V
Z an  3  j 4  553.13  Z bn  j 5  590  Z cn   j 6  6  90 
V AN V V
(a) I a  I b  BN I c  CN I n  I a  Ib  I c
Z an Z bn Z cn
(b) PT  I a2 R AN  I b2 RBN  I c2 RCN ; QT  I a2 X AN  I b2 X BN  I c2 X CN


(c ) PT  V AN I a cos V
AN
  
  I  VBN I b cos VB   I  VCN I C cos V
a b CN

 I
c

QT  V AN I a sin V   I   VBN I b sin VB   I  VCN I C sin V  I 
AN a b CN c
Example 3.2.2: A balanced three-phase
source of 440 V is connected with an
unbalanced –connected load as shown
in the following figure. Calculate (i) the
phase voltages of load (Vab, Vbc, Vca),
(ii) the phase currents (Iab, Ibc, Ica), (iii)
the line currents (IAa, IBb, ICc), (iv) the
power factor of each phase (pfab, pfbc,
pfca), (v) the reactive factor of each E AB  Vab  4400 V
Phase Voltages
phase (rfab, rfbc, rfca), (vi) the apparent of Load: E BC  Vbc  440  120 V
power of each phase (Sab, Sbc, Sca), (vii)
ECA  Vca  440120 V
the phase powers (Pab, Pbc, Pca), (viii)
the phase reactive powers (Qab, Qbc, Z ab  2  j 2 
Qca), (ix) the overall power, reactive Impedance
power, apparent power. of Load: Z bc  3  j 4 
Z ca   j10  10  90 
Phase Currents of Load: Line Currents: Phase difference between phase
voltage and phase current:
V
I ab  ab I bc 
Vbc I Aa  I ab  I ca
Z ab Z bc V
I
ab  
Vab   I ab   Z ab
I Bb  I bc  I ab ab
V
I ca  ca I Cc  I ca  I bc V
I
bc  
Vbc   I bc   Zbc
Z ca bc

V
I
ca  
Vca   I ca   Z ca
ca

Power factor of each phase: Reactive factor of each Apparent Power

V phase: rf  sin  Vab of each phase:
pf ab  cos I ab ab I ab
ab
V S ab  Vab I ab
pfbc  cos I
Vbc rfbc  sin  I bc
bc bc Sbc  Vbc I bc
V
V rf ca  sin  I ca Sca  Vca I ca
pf ca  cos I ca ca
ca
Real power of each phase: Reactive power of each phase:
V
Pab  Vab I ab cos I ab  S ab pf ab V
Qab  Vab I ab sin  I ab  S ab rf ab
ab ab
V
V
Pbc  Vbc I bc cos I bc  Sbc pfbc Qbc  Vbc I bc sin  I bc  Sbc rfbc
bc bc
V
V Qca  Vca I ca sin  I ca  Sca rf ca
Pca  Vca I ca cos I ca  Sca pf ca ca
ca
2
2 Qab  I ab X ab
Pab  I ab Rab 2
Qbc  I bc X bc
2
Pbc  I bc Rbc 2
Qca  I ca X ca
2
Pca  I ca Rca

Total Power, Reactive Power and Apparent Power:

PT  Pab  Pbc  Pca QT  Qab  Qbc  Qca

ST  PT2  QT2
 Balanced Source and Unbalanced Y–Connected Load
Example: A balanced three-phase
source of 400 V is connected with an
unbalanced Y–connected load as shown
in the following figure. Calculate the
line currents (IAa, IBb, ICc).

The following methods are used to tackle unbalanced star-connected loads having
isolated neutral points.
1. By star-delta conversion
2. By using mesh or loop current method
 Line Voltages of Load: Impedance of Load:
E AB  4000 V Z an  j 40  4090 
E BC  400  120 V Z bn  j 2  290 
ECA  400120 V Z cn   j 2  2  90 

By Star-Delta Conversion
Z abc  Z an Z bn  Z bn Z cn  Z cn Z an
  j 40 j 2    j 2  j 2    j 2  j 40  4.0 
Z abc 4.0
Z ab    j 2  290 
Z cn  j2
Z 4.0
Z bc  abc    j 0.1  0.1  90 
Z an j 40
Z abc 4.0
Z ca     j 2  2  90 
Z bn j2
Phase Currents:
Vab 4000
I ab    200  90   j 200 A
Z ab 290
V 400  120
I bc  bc   4000  30  3464.1  j 2000 A
Z bc 0.1  90
Vca 400120
I ca    200  150  173.21  j100 A
Z ca 2  90

Line Currents:
I Aa  I ab  I ca
  j 200  173.21  j100  200  30 A
I Bb  I bc  I ab
 3464.1  j 2000   j 200  3904  27.46 A
I Cc  I ca  I bc
 173.21  j100  3464.1  j 2000  4104152.42 A
 Balanced Source and Unbalanced Y–Connected Load
By using mesh or loop current method

E AB   Z an  Z bn I1  Z bn I 2

E BC   Z bn I1   Z bn  Z cn I 2

Let, Z11  Z an  Z bn Z 22  Z bn  Z cn

 Z11 Z12   I1   E AB 
Z12   Z bn 
Z
 12 Z 22   I 2   E BC 
  

Z11 Z12 E AB Z12 Z11 E AB

D D1  D2 
Z12 Z 22 E BC Z 22 Z12 E BC
D D2
I1  1 I2  I a  I1 I b  I 2  I1 Ic   I2
D D
Example 3.2.3: The generator of following figure is capable of maintaining a balanced
three phase system of voltages. The magnitude of each phase voltage is 1350 V. The
internal per phase impedance of generator is 0.1+j1.5 ohm, the impedance of each line is
0.9+j0.5 ohm and the phase impedance of an unbalanced load are Zab= 40+j60 ohm, Zbc=
100 ohm, and Zca= 50-j20 ohm. Find the line currents IAa, IBb, and ICc.

E AN  13500  1350  j 0 V
E BN  1350  120  675  j1170 V
ECN  1350120  675  j1170 V

E AB  E AN  E BN  2025  j1170
E BC   j 2340
ECA  ECN  E AN  2025  j1170
 Z Z
Z abcY  Z ab  Zbc  Z ca  190  j 40  Z an  ab ca  18.5  j 7.69 
Z abcY
Z Z Z Z
Zbn  bc ab  26.53  j 26  Z cn  bc ca  23.1  j15.37 
Z abcY Z abcY
E AN  E BN  (19.5  j 9.69) I Aa  (27.53  j 28) I Bb  2025  j1170
E BN  ECN  (27.53  j 28) I Bb  (24.1  j13.37) I Cc   j 2340

I Aa  I Bb  I Cc  0

By solving the above three equation, we have

I Aa  70.6  20.4 A
I Bb  28.5  161.7 A
I Cc  51.5139.4 A
 Some Example Related to
Power Measure Poly-Phase System
Example 3.3.1: For the balanced wye-connected load of following figures with two properly
connected wattmeters: (i) Determine the power reading of each wattmeter. (ii) Calculate the
total power absorbed by the load. (iii) Compare the result of part (ii) with the total power
calculated using the phase currents and the resistive elements.
Solution: V p  VL / 3  440 / 3  254.03 V
Z an  Z bn  Z cn  12  j16  20  53.13 
I p  I L  V p / Z p  254.03 / 20  12.7 A

Van  254.03  30 V; Vbn  254.03  150 V

Vcn  254.0390 V

I an  12.7 30  53.13  12.723.13 A

I bn  12.723.13  120  12.7  96.87 A
I cn  12.723.13  120  12.7143.13 A 33
 vba  0  180  180

Wb  V AB I b cos vba  ib   440 12.7 cos 180  (96.87)  668.42 W

Wc  VCA I c cos vca  ic   440 12.7 cos120  143.13  5138.81 W

P  Wb  Wc  668.42  5138.81  5807.23 W

2 2 2
P  I an Ran  I bn Rbn  I cn Rcn
 12.7 2 12  12.7 2 12  12.7 2 12  5806.44 W

The slight difference is due to the level of accuracy

carried through the calculations. 34
Example 3.3.2: A balanced Y-connected source Having EAN= 4000o V is connected with an
unbalanced Y-connected load having Zan= 4 + j3 ohm, Zbn= j12 ohm and Zcn= 6  j8 ohm.
The two wattmeters are connected as shown in the following figure: (i) Determine the power
reading of each wattmeter. (ii) Calculate the total power absorbed by the load. (iii) Compare
the result of part (ii) with the total power calculated using the phase currents and the resistive
elements.
Solution: Here both source and load are Y-
connected. At first Y-connected source and
load are convert to Delta-connected source
and load, respectively.
Source Phase Voltages:
Given, EAN = 4000o; EBN = 400120o;
ECN = 400120o;
Source conversion:
EAB = EAN – EBN = 692.8230o V; EBC = EBN – ECN = 692.8290o V
ECA = ECN – EAN = 692.82150o V 35
 Load conversion: Let, Zabc = ZanZbn + ZbnZcn + ZcnZan = 108+j106= 151.3344.46o ;
Zab = Zabc /Zcn = 2+j15 =15.1397.59o ;
Zbc = Zabc /Zan = 30+j4 = 30.237.59o ; Zca = Zabc /Zbn = 8.83j9 = 12.6145.55o ;

After conversion of source and load the circuit is shown in the following figure.

Phase Current:
Iab = Eab /Zab = 17.45j42.33 =45.7967.6o A;
Ibc = Ebc /Zbc = 3.03j22.69 = 22.8997.61o A;
Ica = Eca /Zca = 52.93j14.71 = 54.94164.47o A;

Line Currents:
Ia = Iab  Ica = 70.38j27.62 =75.6121.43o A;
Ib = Ibc  Iab = 20.48+j19.64 = 28.38136.2o A;
Ic = Ica  Ibc = 49.9+j7.98 = 50.53170.91o A;
36
In wattmeter Wa: “pc” coil is connected between terminals a and c so it measure voltage Vac
and “cc” coil is connected in series in phase a so it measure current Ia. The reading of this
wattmeter is: Wa  E AC I a cos EAC  ia    150  180  30
EAC
Wa  692.82  75.61cos 30  (21.43)  51799.23 W

In wattmeter Wb: “pc” coil is connected between terminals b and c so it measure voltage Vbc
and “cc” coil is connected in series in phase b so it measure current Ib. The reading of this
wattmeter is: Wb  E BC I b cos EBC  ib 
Wb  692.82  28.38 cos 120  136.2)  13609.1 W

Total power: P = Wa + Wb= 38190.15 W

P  I a2 Ran  I b2 Rbn  I c2 Rcn

 75.612  4  28.382  0  50.532  6
 22867.49  0  15319.69  38187.18 W
37
Example 3.3.3: A balanced Y-connected source Having EAN= 2000o V is connected with a
Y-connected load having Zan=Zbn=Zcn= 16 + j12 ohm. The two wattmeters are connected by
keeping cphase is common: (i) Draw the circuit diagram. (ii) Determine the power reading
of each wattmeter. (iii) Calculate the total power absorbed by the load. (iv) Compare the
result of part (iii) with the total power calculated using the phase currents and the resistive
elements.
Solution: V p  200 V VL  3V p  3  200  346.1 V
Z an  Z bn  Z cn  16  j12  2036.87 
I p  I L  V p / Z p  200 / 20  10 A
Vab  346.130 V; Vbc  346.1  90 V
Vca  346.1150 V
I an  100  36.87  10  36.87 A
I bn  10 36.87  120  10  156.87 A
I cn  10 36.87  120  1083.13 A 38
 vca  150  180  30

Wa  VCA I a cos vca  ia   346.110 cos 30  (36.87)  3439.23 W

Wb  VBC I b cos vbc  ib   346.110 cos 90   156.87  1360.76 W

P  Wa  Wb  3439.23  1360.76  4799.99 W

2 2 2
P  I an Ran  I bn Rbn  I cn Rcn
 102 16  102 16  102 16  4800 W

The slight difference is due to the level of accuracy

carried through the calculations. 39
Example 3.3.4: For the unbalanced delta-connected load of following figure with two
properly connected wattmeters: (i) Determine the magnitude and angle of the phase
currents. (ii) Calculate the magnitude and angle of the line currents. (iii) Determine the
power reading of each wattmeter. (iv) Calculate the total power absorbed by the load. (v)
Compare the result of part (vi) with the total power calculated using the phase currents and
the resistive elements.

Solution: Let, Z ab  100 

Zbc  15  j 20  2553.13 
Z cc  12  j12  16.97  45 
V 2080
I ab  AB   20.80 A
Z ab 100

VBC 208  120 V 208120

I bc    8.32  173.13 A I ca  CA   12.26165 A
Zbc 2553.13 Z ca 16.97  45
40
V AB  2080 V V AB  208 V V AB  0
VBC  208  120 V VCB  208 V VCB  60
VCB  208 120  180  20860 V

I a  32.79 A  I a  5.55
I a  I ab  I ca  32.79  5.55 A
I b  29.08 A  Ib  178.03
I b  I bc  I ab  29.08  178.03 A
I c  I ca  I bc  5.5130.65 A I c  29.08 A  I c  130.65

V AB  0   5.5  5.5 V
I
CB  60  130.65  70.65
Ia c

Wa  V AB I a cos I AB  208  32.79 cos5.5  6788.35 W

V
a
Wc  VCB I c cos I CB  208  5.5 cos 70.65  379.1 W
V
c
41
 P  Wa  Wc  6788.35  379.1  7167.45 W

2 R  I2 R  I2 R
P  I ab ab bc bc ca ca
 20.82 10  8.322 15  12.262 12
 4326.4  103834  1803.69  7168.43 W

The slight difference is due to the level of accuracy

carried through the calculations.

42
Example 3.3.5: For te following Figure and using the calculated values from Example
3.3.4, (i) Determine the power reading of each wattmeter. (ii) Calculate the total power.
Solution: Common terminal is c.
From Example DP01, we have:
Vab  208V0
Vbc  208V  120
Vca  208V120
I a  I ab  I ca  32.79A  5.55 A
I b  I bc  I ab  29.08A  178.03 A
I c  I ca  I bc  5.5A130.65 A
Wa  Vac I a cos vac  ia   208  32.79 cos[120  180   5.55]  3965.42 W
Wb  Vbc I b cos vbc  ib   208  29.08 cos[120   178.03]  3202.6 W
P  Wa  Wb  3965.42  3202.6  7168.02 W 43
Example 3.3.6: For the following Figure and using the calculated values from Example
3.3.4, (i) Determine the power reading of each wattmeter. (ii) Calculate the total power.
Solution: Common terminal is a.
From Example 3.3.4, we have:
Vab  208V0
Vbc  208V  120
Vca  208V120
I a  I ab  I ca  32.79A  5.55 A
I b  I bc  I ab  29.08A  178.03 A
I c  I ca  I bc  5.5A130.65 A
Wb  Vba I b cos vba  ib   208  29.08 cos[0  180   178.03]  6045.07 W
Wc  Vca I c cos vca  ic   208  5.5 cos[120  130.65]  1124.29 W
P  Wb  Wc  6045.07  1124.29  7169.36 W 44
 Self-Practice Related to
Balanced Poly-Phase System
Self-Practice 3.1.1: Determine the phase sequence of the set of voltages: (a) Ean=12050o
V; Ebn=120290o V; and Ecn=120170o V; (b) Ean=22060o V; Ebn=220300o V; and
Ecn=220180o V; (c) Iab = 10 49o A; Ibc = 10 289o A; and Ica = 10 191o A; (d) Ian =
576o A; Ibn = 5316o A; and Ica = 5164o A; (e) van(t)= 294cos377t V; vbn(t)=
294cos(377t+120o) V; and vcn(t)= 294cos(377t+240o) V;

Self-Practice 3.1.2: (a) If Ean=12050o V; write the equation of Ebn and Ecn for (i) abc
sequence, and (ii) acb sequence.
(b) If Ebn=26060o V; write the equation of Ean and Ecn for (i) abc sequence, and (ii) acb
sequence.
(c) If Ecn=15030o V; write the equation of Ean and Ebn for (i) abc sequence, and (ii) acb
sequence.

46
Self-Practice 3.1.3: (a) The phase voltage and phase current of a five-phase system are 600
V and 30 A. Calculate the line voltage and line current for (i) star-connection, and (ii) mesh-
connection.
(b) The line voltage and line current of a five-phase system are 1000 V and 90 A. Calculate
the phase voltage and phase current for (i) star-connection, and (ii) mesh-connection.

Self-Practice 3.1.4: (a) The phase voltage and phase current of a three-phase system are 380
V and 15 A. Calculate the line voltage and line current for (i) Wye-connection, and (ii) delta-
connection.
(b) The line voltage and line current of a three-phase system are 600 V and 80 A. Calculate
the phase voltage and phase current for (i) Wye-connection, and (ii) delta-connection.

Self-Practice 3.1.5: (a) The b-phase voltage of a balanced, three-phase, Y-connected system
is 55080o V. What is the value of line voltage between terminal c and a if the phase
sequence is abc.
(b) The voltage between c and a terminals of a balanced, three-phase, Y-connected system is
26060o V. What is the value of a-phase voltage if the phase sequence is acb sequence.
47
Self-Practice 3.1.6: For the following Self-Practice 3.1.7: For the following
balanced Y-connected load: (a) if circuit: (a) if Iab = 2030o A; find the
Van=12050o V; find the phase voltages phase currents Ibc; Ica; and the line currents
Vbn, Vcn, and the line voltages of Vab, Vbc, IAa, IBb and Icc for (i) abc sequence, and (ii)
and Vca for (i) abc sequence, and (ii) acb acb sequece.. (b) if IAa = 8060o A; find the
sequece. (b) if Vab = 60020o V; find the line currents IBb; and ICc; and the phase
line voltages Vbc, Vca, and the phase currents Iab, Ibc and Ica for (i) abc sequence,
voltages of Van, Vbn, and Vcn for (i) abc and (ii) acb sequece.
sequence, and (ii) acb sequece.

48
Self-Practice 3.1.8.1: A 480 volts three-phase supply is connected with a Y-connected per
phase load having R = 12.8 Ω and XL = 15.4 Ω in series. (a) (i) Find the magnitude of (i)
phase voltage and line voltage, (ii) the phase current and line current. (b) Calculate (i) the
power factor, (ii) the reactive factor, (iii) the total real power, (iv) the total reactive power,
and (v) the total apparent power. (c) Considering abc sequence (i) Write the phase voltages
in phasor form, (ii) Write the line voltages in phasor form, (iii) Write the phase or line
currents in phasor form, and (iii) draw the vector diagram. (d) Considering acb sequence (i)
Write the phase voltages in phasor form, (ii) Write the line voltages in phasor form, (iii)
Write the phase or line currents in phasor form, and (iii) draw the vector diagram.
Self-Practice 3.1.8.2: Repeat the Self-Practice 4.8.1 if per phase load having R = 6.8 Ω and
XC = 18.8 Ω in series.
Self-Practice 3.1.8.3: Repeat the Self-Practice 4. 8.1 if per phase load having R = 20 Ω and
XL = 40 Ω in parallel.
Self-Practice 3.1.8.4: Repeat the Self-Practice 4. 8.1 if per phase load having R = 40 Ω and
XC = 20 Ω in parallel.
Self-Practice 3.1.9.1: A 400 volts three-phase supply is connected with a -connected
per phase load having R = 18.8 Ω and XL = 6.8 Ω in series.
(a) (i) Find the magnitude of (i) phase voltage and line voltage, (ii) the phase current
and line current.
(b) Calculate (i) the power factor, (ii) the reactive factor, (iii) the total real power, (iv)
the total reactive power, and (v) the total apparent power.
(c) Considering abc sequence (i) Write the phase voltages in phasor form, (ii) Write the
line voltages in phasor form, (iii) Write the phase or line currents in phasor form, and
(iii) draw the vector diagram.
(d) Considering acb sequence (i) Write the phase voltages in phasor form, (ii) Write the
line voltages in phasor form, (iii) Write the phase or line currents in phasor form, and
(iii) draw the vector diagram.
Self-Practice 3.1.9.2: Repeat the Self-Practice 4.9.1 if per phase load having R = 12.8 Ω
and XC = 15.4 Ω in series.
Self-Practice 3.1.9.3: Repeat the Self-Practice 4.9.1 if per phase load having R = 15 Ω
and XL = 45 Ω in parallel.
Self-Practice 3.1.9.4: Repeat the Self-Practice 4.9.1 if per phase load having R = 50 Ω
and XC = 25 Ω in parallel.
Self-Practice 3.1.10: (a) A balanced three-phase Y-connected motor has 2300 V impressed
at it terminals and takes 120 kW at 0.6 leading power factor. Calculate the line current, and
per-phase impedance.
(b) A balanced three-phase delta-connected motor has 400 V impressed at it terminals and
takes 20 kW at 0.866 lagging power factor. Calculate the line current, and per-phase
impedance.
(c) A balanced three-phase Y-connected motor has 1000 V impressed at it terminals and
takes 90 kVA at 0.5 lagging power factor. Calculate the line current, and per-phase
impedance.
(d) A balanced three-phase delta-connected load has 800 V impressed at it terminals and
takes 80 kW and 120 kVar. Calculate the line current, and per-phase impedance.
Self-Practice 3.1.11: A balanced three-phase Y-connected generator with acb sequence has
an internal per-phase voltage 120 V. The generator feeds a balanced three-phase Y-
connected load having resistance of 6 ohm and capacitive reactance of 8 ohm. The a-phase
internal voltage of the generator is specified as the reference phasor.
(a) Construct the overall circuit diagram. (b) Calculate the line voltage, the phase current,
the line current of load, the real power, the reactive power and the apparent power. (c) Find
the phase voltages at the terminal of load (Van, Vbn, Vcn). (d) Find the line voltages at the
terminals of load (Vab, Vbc, Vca). (e) Find the phase current of load in polar form (Ian, Ibn, and
Icn). (f) Find the line currents in polar form (IAa, IBb, and IBb).

Self-Practice 3.1.12: A three-phase -connected balanced source with abc sequence is

connected with a -connected balanced load. In each phase, a 10 ohm resistance is
connected in parallel with a capacitor having 10 ohm reactance. The phase voltage of source
is given by EAB=4400o V. (a) Construct the overall circuit diagram. (b) Calculate the line
voltage, the phase current, the line current of load, the real power, the reactive power and the
apparent power. (c) Find the line voltages at the terminals of load (Vab, Vbc, Vca). (d) Find the
phase current of load in polar form (Iab, Ibc, and Ica). (e) Find the line currents in polar form
(IAa, IBb, and IBb). 53
Self-Practice 3.1.13: A balanced three-phase Y-connected generator with abc sequence has
an internal per-phase voltage 120 V. The generator feeds a balanced three-phase delta-
connected load having resistance of 18 ohm and inductive reactance of 24 ohm. The a-
phase internal voltage of the generator is specified as the reference phasor. (a) Construct the
overall circuit diagram. (b) Calculate the line voltage of source, the phase and line currents
of load, the real power, the reactive power and the apparent power. (c) Find the line voltages
at the terminal of generator (EAB, EBC, ECA). (d) Find the phase voltages at the terminal of
load (Vab, Vbc, Vca). (e) Find the phase current of load in polar form (Iab, Ibc, and Ica). (f)
Find the line currents in polar form (IAa, IBb, and IBb).

Self-Practice 3.1.14: A balanced three-phase delta-connected generator with abc sequence

has an internal per-phase voltage 210 V. The generator feeds a balanced three-phase wye-
connected load having resistance of 40 ohm and inductive reactance of 25 ohm. Use EAB is
a reference. (a) Construct the overall circuit diagram. (b) Calculate the phase voltage of
load, the phase and line currents of load, the real power, the reactive power and the apparent
power. (c) Find the phase voltages at the terminal of source (EAN, EBN, ECN) and load (Van,
Vbn, Vcn). (d) Find the line voltages at the terminal of load (Vab, Vbc, Vca). (e) Find the phase
current (Ian, Ibn, and Icn) and line current (IAa, IBb, and IBb) of load in polar form. 54
Self-Practice 3.1.15: For the Y-Y system of following figure: (a) Find the magnitude and
angle associated with the voltages EAN, EBN, and ECN. (b) Determine the magnitude and angle
associated with each phase current of the load: Ian, Ibn, and Ica. (c) c. Find the magnitude and
phase angle of each line current: IAa, IBb, and ICc. (d) Determine the magnitude and phase
angle of the voltage across each phase of the load: Van, Vbn, and Vcn.

55
Self-Practice 3.1.16: For the Delta-
connected load of following figure: (a)
Find the magnitude and angle of each
phase current Iab, Ibc, and Ica. (b)
Calculate the magnitude and angle of
each line current IAa, IBb, and ICc. (c)
Determine the magnitude and angle of
the voltages EAB, EBC, and ECA.

Self-Practice 3.1.17: (a) A balanced wye inductive load takes 5.4 kW at 0.6 power factor at
a line voltage of 200 volts. It is in parallel with a pure resistive, balanced wye load taking 5
kW. Find the resultant line current supplied the combination.
(b) The total power supplied two balanced three-phase loads in parallel is 12 kW at 0.8
power factor lagging. One of the loads takes 10 kVA at 0.8 power-factor lead. The second
load is a delta-connected balanced load. Find the resistance and reactance per phase of the
delta load if the line voltage is 230 volts. If the unknown load were wye-connected, what
would be the resistance and reactance per phase?
56
Self-Practice 3.1.18: A 440 volts three-phase supply is connected with a Y-connected per
phase load having 24 Ω resistor and 18 Ω inductor in series. (a) Calculate the line current, the
per phase real power, the per phase reactive power, the per phase apparent, the total real
power, the total reactive power and the total apparent power. (b) Repeat part (a) if the load is
delta-connected.
Self-Practice 3.1.19: A balanced three-phase Y-connected motor has 1200 V impressed a it
terminals and takes 10 kVA at 0.6 lagging power factor. (a) Calculate the phase current, the
line current, and the per-phase impedance. (b) Repeat part (a) if the load is delta-connected.
Self-Practice 3.1.20: A balanced three-phase delta-connected motor has 2000 V impressed a
it terminals and draws 12 kW at 0.8 leading power factor. (a) Calculate the phase current, the
line current, and the per-phase impedance. (b) Repeat part (a) if the load is wye-connected.
Self-Practice 3.1.21: A balanced three-phase Y-connected motor has 1500 V impressed a it
terminals and takes 15 kVar at 0.866 leading power factor. (a) Calculate the phase current, the
line current, and the per-phase impedance. (b) Repeat part (a) if the load is delta-connected.
57
Self-Practice Related to
Unbalanced Poly-Phase
System
Self-Practice 3.2.1: For the following unbalanced –connected loads: calculate (i) the
phase voltages of load (Vab, Vbc, Vca), (ii) the phase currents (Iab, Ibc, Ica), (iii) the line
currents (IAa, IBb, ICc), (iv) the overall power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor
and reactive factor.
Self-Practice 3.2.2: For the following unbalanced Y–connected loads: calculate (i) the
phase voltages of load (Vab, Vbc, Vca), (ii) the phase currents (Iab, Ibc, Ica), (iii) the line
currents (IAa, IBb, ICc), (iv) the overall power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor
and reactive factor.
Self-Practice 3.2.3: A balanced three-phase source of 100 V is connected with an
unbalanced –connected load as shown in the following figure. Calculate (i) the phase
voltages of load (Vab, Vbc, Vca), (ii) the phase currents (Iab, Ibc, Ica), (iii) the line currents
(IAa, IBb, ICc), (iv) the overall power, reactive power, apparent power.

61
Self-Practice 3.2.4: A balanced three-phase source of 100 V is connected with an
unbalanced –connected load as shown in the following figure. Calculate (i) the phase
currents (IAB, IBC, ICA), (ii) the line currents (IaA, IbB, IcC).

62
Self-Practice 3.2.5: Refer to the following figure, EAN, EBN, and ECN are balanced three-
phase voltages with magnitude of 115.4 volts and a phase sequence the sequence of ABC.
Calculate (i) the phase voltages of load (Vab, Vbc, Vca), (ii) the phase currents of load (Iab,
Ibc, Ica), (iii) the line currents (IAa, IBb, ICc). (iv) the total power, reactive power, and
apparent power.

63
Self-Practice Related to Power
Measure Poly-Phase System
Self-Practice 3.3.1: (a) In a three phase circuit, the wattmeter Wa reads 1200 watts and Wb
reads 500 watts. When the potential coil of Wb is disconnected at c and connected at a, the
needle goes against the down-scale stop. Calculate (i) the total power, (ii) the watt ratio, (iii)
the reactive power, (iv) the apparent power and (v) the power factor.
(b) A three-phase, 600 V motor load has a power factor of 0.866. Two wattmeters connected
to measure the power show the input to be 30 kW. Find the reading on each instrument.
(c) Two wattmeters are used to measure power input to a 2 kV, 60 Hz, three-phase motor
running on full-load at an efficiency of 90%. Their readings are 300 kW and 150 kW,
respectively. Calculate (i) the input power, (ii) the power factor, (iii) the line current, and (iv)
the output power.
(d) Two wattmeters connected to read the total power in a three-phase system supplying a
balanced load read 12 kW and -3 kW, respectively. Calculate (i) the total power and (ii)
power factor. Also, explain the significance of (iii) equal wattmeter readings and (iv) a zero
reading on one wattmeter.
(e) Let the line voltage 208 V and the wattmeter readings of the balanced system are -560 W
and 800 W. Determine (i) the total power, (ii) the total reactive power, (iii) the power factor,
(iv) the phase impedance, and (v) Is the impedance inductive or capacitive. 65
Self-Practice 3.3.2: A balanced Y-connected source
Having EAN= 32030o V is connected with a Y-
connected load having Zan=Zbn=Zcn= 30  j40 ohm. The
two wattmeters are connnected as shown in the
following figure: (i) Determine the power reading of
each wattmeter. (ii) Calculate the total power absorbed
by the load. (iii) Compare the result of part (ii) with the
total power calculated using the phase currents and the
resistive elements.
Self-Practice 3.3.3: For the balanced wye-connected
load of following figures with two properly connected
wattmeters: (i) Determine the power reading of each
wattmeter. (ii) Calculate the total power absorbed by
the load. (iii) Compare the result of part (ii) with the
total power calculated using the phase currents and the
resistive elements.
66
Self-Practice 3.3.4: A balanced delta-connected load is connected in the following figure
having the phase impedance 30-j40 ohm. If the source line voltage is 440 V, (i) Determine
the power reading of each wattmeter. (ii) Calculate the total power absorbed by the load.
(iii) Compare the result of part (ii) with the total power calculated using the phase currents
and the resistive elements. (iv) Calculate the total reactive power using the wattmeter
readings.

67
Self-Practice 3.3.5: For the unbalanced delta-connected load of following figures with
two properly connected wattmeters: (i) Determine the magnitude and angle of the phase
currents. (ii) Calculate the magnitude and angle of the line currents. (iii) Determine the
power reading of each wattmeter. (iv) Calculate the total power absorbed by the load. (v)
Compare the result of part (iv) with the total power calculated using the phase currents
and the resistive elements.

(a) (b) 68
Self-Practice 3.3.6: A balanced Y-connected source is connected with an unbalanced Y-
connected load. The two wattmeters are connected as shown in the following figure: (i)
Determine the power reading of each wattmeter. (ii) Calculate the total power absorbed by the
load. (iii) Compare the result of part (ii) with the total power calculated using the phase
currents and the resistive elements.
(a) EAN= 3600o V is connected with an unbalanced Y-connected load having Zan= 9 + j12
ohm, Zbn=12 + j12 ohm and Zcn=  j10 ohm.
(b) EAN= 6000o V is connected with an unbalanced Y-connected load having Zan= 9 + j12
ohm, Zbn=12 + j12 ohm and Zcn=  j10 ohm.

(a) (b) 69