Mr AbhTeet Shinde SYr.

18/

Unit 3: Diode Application

Rectifiers:
Definition: -
- Rectification is the process of converting the
alternating voltage or current into the corresponding direct (dc) quantity
(direct voltage or current)."
- The input to a rectifier isan alternating (ac) voltage whereas its output is
which carries out rectification is called ac rectifier. unidirectional or do voltage. The electronic circuit

Polarities of transformer voltages:

one ycle of the AC Bupply volage

Vorage a
Lwn dlo N

Poelt hal

Negathe

POofpmy
and oondaryvoltno n

To understand the operation ofa rectifier circuit we must know the polarities of voltages associated with the transformer.
Single phase AC supply voltage: The primary of a transformer is connected to the single-phase ac supply available from
MSEB. This supply voltage has two terminals namely Live (+) and Neutral. And the voltage at the live terminal with respect
to neutral is sinusoidal as shown in Fig. 3.2.2.
The positive half cycle 'extend from wt = 0 to radians. In this half cycle live (L) is positive with respect to "neutral (N) and
the secondary voltage VAB is positive.
The negative half cycle extends from wt= 0to 2 I radians. "L* is negative with respect to "N" and the secondary voltage
VAB, is negative, as shown in fig. above

Types of Rectifiers:
Rectuñer

full wave
Hatf wave
rctifier
Conter Tpped Ful Bridge
Wave Rectifier Ractifer
 1.Half Wave Rectifier:

- In half wave rectifier, the rectifier is ON only during one half cycle of the ac supply.
-So output is produced only in that half cycle. The output is suppressed (zero) in the other half cycle.
- The conduction takes place only in one half cycle of supply; hence the name of this circuit is
half wave rectife

Waveform:

D ON Dooe OFF

odo
Lod

Avéng ond vo

Votage

0.7 Voe

Diode OF

ADON
 Small
size. 3.
Advantages HWR: of the -bence VAB
- Operation - Fig. in -The - Operation The
Applications
2.Full HWR: of 5.
4.Low Disadvantages
3. 2.HWR:1. of
construction.
Simple2. 1. the Refer The voltage The
- B. -
A Larger Low LowRipple Less Hence In
HWR diode 0S Load the operation
load load equivalent
DC
rectification
TUF number Degative.the to
Wave is filter factor is the VAB positive the
output equals
is diode in current voltage in
used (only disconnected the appears diode the of
cOmponents
equivalent-circuit
in is of isi.e. circuit posittve HWR
Rectifier voltage 28 high components toreverse negative bas is ishalf
the efficiency A almost forward
%) instantaneous is the thus cycle circuit
eliminators (1.21) of
andwhich negative
frombiased same
positive haf
are half HWR
as (0-n)
with required.current (40%). are itbiased cycle is
indicates the shown cycle shape is as
for required secondary and with andacross for of follows:
Center secondary the and the
pocket offer of as of
Becanse
respect in ac almost
that ac
that fg. positive
the starts supply ac
to a supply supply.
tapped radios the be voltagehence very 33.2(6). to of load
equal
th e conducting.
transformer
of used high B (n resistance half (0-n):
or these the voltage to the
VAB.
resistance, In toinstantaneous secondary_voltage cycle
transformer:eliminators
disadvantages, load the 2n):
since
is voltage negative (as is
shown
not the
for hence the
being
Walk1man and half secondary
load voltage in
half used we Fig
load cycle is
wave can purely drop (a). VAB
effectively. current
replace of voltage
or across the As is
in rectifier the resistive. positive.
the both it ac V. diode
low-cost assupply conducting a
is are open The starts i.e.
very
zero. (n
power rarely circuit to waveform conducting. isA
and 2n), diode positive
supplies. used switch.
the secondary
HWR is
in voltage very the with
practice. are secondary
small). respect
across voftage shown
to
 transformer half the D1,loadcurrent It open cycle,
the on otheT. negative. 3.5,3(b).
load.
both induced load an half
et; through as common
tapped to
in
flows voltagesrespect is the Fig.acts negative
VBo resistive,
center A, in DI V.
the
it with and from Fig. shownSo the to
rectifier biased. equal feed
step-down the positive in
about phase flowingpurely in
as even and
other. shown almost
wave are forward independently
conceptsof is is voltages meansand
a out VAOeachstarts loadas supply.
of full are
is Thatpositive
voage
consiststhe 180° thatto current
opposite
the waveforms D2
us As induced
in always shows and cycle. ac
the work
Npply
but let VAO.
oydledhNC It load biased isVL
Fig. supplyrectifier, It and secondary half of which
are Fig. The to current voltage cycles
in equal equal reverse positive
RoomthM
same. windings supply.
One
shownthe wave in rectifiers,
shown biased. and half
of the always approximately of load
voltage is the ac
as cvcle full D1 in instantaneousthethe
polarities
cye
hal
for secondary
is as are reverse both wave
configurationthe Fig.
half are Hence that
current. of
VBo
one Refer supply:voltages
analyze The
the as in cycles
half
is rectifier:
positive
andD2 Fig. andvoltage.
Pimery
volgo
RL. the positive.same
only supply, load two
load we transformer.
of ac VAO and in
positive The half
rectifierin halves of induced shown is
entire
of
are theconsists
resistive Before biased load cycle: ac VBO is IL positive.
flows cycle secondary, current wave both
two is the the both
the
wave currenttransformer: tapped half secondaryas voltage half of and fall current
in circuit
purely the forward
O of loadbe
carries
the
that negativecycle available
full in positive tappedpoint negative to
center
voltages
load of continues about load rectifier
load the is to as
tapped anda
supply. shape half D2 direction
the a the of center D1 backinstantaneous the is
and and is
diodes tapped side negative points voltage
Center HWR ac induced in polarities diode RL same in
VAOswitch current voltagewave
the the
two of secondaryOperation resistance Operationthat Important full
The thecycles to Hence
Center the that
circuited Output
The TheDue Thehas the shows
load Load
T1. In In Note The
- - - - - - it - the 1. 2. 3.
Waveform:

Conducthg
diodos D,
Diode

Olodes
unert o2
Ourren

R.
Load
vollage

Vorage
across D,

(&101) Fig. 3.5.4:Yoltage and cnel wvdorslor a fal

wave retifier

Advantages:
I Lowipple factor as compared to HWR.
2. Better rectification efficiency.
3. Better TUF.
4. Higher values of average load voltage and average load current.
5. No possibilityof transformer core saturation because transforner curent flows equally in both the half cycles.
Disadvantages:
1.Since PIV of the diode is 2VM, Size of thediodes larger and they are more costly
2.Cost of the center tapped transformer is high

Applications:
1. Laboratory power supply
2. Battery chargers
3. High current power supplies

3.Full Wave Bridge Rectifier:

O0v, AC
 The disadvantages of the full wave
rectifier such as high and compulsory use of center tapped
bridge rectifier. The circuit configuration
-It consists of four diodes of bridge rectifier is as shown Fig. transforner overcome in the
- The center tapped input connected to form bridge.
transformer
-Bridge rectifier offers full is not required. The input transformer T, is a step-down
either D1 D2or D3 D4 will be wave rectifcation. The diodes conduct in pairs i.e., at any given transformer.
instant of time, one pair diode
conducting.

R,

(a) Current ow during positive half cy cle

(b)Current low during negative halr cyce

Operation in the positive hall cycle:
- In the positive half cycle of the ac
biased whereas D3 and D4, are reverse supply the secondary voltage VAB 0s positive.
biased. Therefore, diodes Dl and D2 are forward
- The equivalent circuit for
this interval is as shown in Fig. Note that
switches. the reverse biased diodes D3 and D4,
act as open
The load current and load voltage
both are positive as shown in the
Operation in the negative hall cycle: waveforms in Fig.
- In the negative halfcycle of theac
biased and start conducting. supply the secondary voltage Via becomes negative.
Diodes D3 and D4, are forward
- D1, and D2, are reverse
biased hence do not conduct. The
equivalent circuit for this interval is as shown in Fig.
Waveforms:

D, oN

Advantages:
1. The input transformer is nota must. It is
3. Core saturation does not take place. possible to operate the bridge rectifier diroctly on the 230 V ac
and opposite currents flow through the
Therefore, transforoer losses are reduced. Core saturation is avoidedsupply.
because equal
3. The PV is only VM. Volts which is transformer each cycle.
in
half the PIV of full wave rectifier with center tap.
4. High average output voltage
 s Rectifier
& efficiencyqis high
Transformer utilization factor TUF is high.
Disadvantages
1.
of Bridge Rectifer:
The number of diodes used is
2. As twO diodes conduct
four instead oftwo for FWR.
simultaneously, the voltage dron across therm increases and the output voltage
reduees.
Applications of Bridge Rectifier:
1. Laboratory de power
3. Battery charger. supplies.
2. High current power
supplies.
4. DCpower supplies for various
electronic circuits.
Rectifiers Difference:

00 Hz

ROUr

qUred

0ssible

V
2R, +R)

Rcig Roor Fig. 3.6.1

 FILTERS:circuit
Aflter is a devicc
output but allows the DC which removes the AC component of
" Afilter component to reach the load.
circuit should be installed rectifier
A apacitor passes AC between the rectifier and the load.
Component at all. component to the ground bt does not pass DC
On the oher hand, an
pass through it.
inducor opposes AC but allows DC component to
Need offlters:
" Filters are the electronic circuits used along with
pure ripple free DC voltage. rectifiers in order to get a
" Til nØw we have seen that
from allthe rectifiersS weget a pulsating DC
voltage.
. But this is not what we want; we
want a pure DC waveform.
" Inorder to obtain it we use filters.
. A fller is connected at the output of therectifier as
shown below.
Inductor (L) is connected in series
Capacitor (C) is connected in parallel.

(ArERAGE YOLIAGE
(PEAK TOPEAK) (PUSATNG DCI MIH AC APPLE)

:TRANSFORMER FLTER

BROCE

Types of filters:
Filtersare classificd depending upon the type of component used.
1.Capacior input filter (shunt capacitor flter)
2. Choke input flter (series inductor filter)
3. LC flter
 output is intervalsfour
filter capacitor in
the the explained
various
in the
contentsload,
the filter: car
Fher with for be
circuits can
voltage
ripple with) capacitor flter
shunt loadequivalent
the capacitor
ilter).reduce (in
voltage. shunt the
across of the with
to
capacitor with wavefom: D waveform
usedDC connectcd waveforms
filter. Rectifier stepdown
tap transtormer
Center rectifier
is pure
(shuntfiltera capacitor and N,
N the
obtain
is showsthe wave
capacitorcapacitor tappedOperation
filter to beenfull different
with shown.
have intervals.
shunt below
filter input recifier Centeriagram, Along of
S.RC
ilter
shunt filter as AC
230V, Operation
type called phase fig
Il
Capacitor
Thea The
of
wave The filler.
Circuit
4. " Full 1
 ooCoroed votoo

Pi
D oN D, D,OFF ON D, D, OFF ON?
L

Operation in the interval 0to A:

" The initial voltage in capacitor "C" is assumed to be zero. In the first
positive half cycle of the supply. DI is forward biascd and starts conducting.
D2 is reverse biased and acts as an open switch. Diode Dl supplies for the
charging current of the capacitor and the oad current.
at
Capacitor slarts charging through Dland at the end of this interval i.e.
"A"it charges to the peak value if secondary voltage i.e. "Vm"
After point "A" the instantaneous secondary voltage starts reducing as
the
shown by the dotted waveform of rectifier output. This will reverse bias
diode DI, hence at A" diode Dl is turned of. The equivalent circuit is
shown above.

Operation in the interval Ato B:

" During the interval, voltage on the capacitor is higher than rectifier output
(shown by the dottcd ines). Hence Dl and D2both remainoft. The
capacitor discharges exponentially through the load resistance RL
 The capacitor discharges slowly.
Operation in the interval Bto C:
" At B" the instantaneous rectified
voltage is equal to the voltage on
capacitor and after B" it is greater than Vc.
" Therefore the iode D2 starts
conducting instantB. Thecapacitor charges
at
through D2 and at the end of this interval i.e. at point "C", the voltage on the
capacitor is again cqual to +Vm.
Due to this D2 is reverse biased and stops
above. conducting at point "C" as shown
Operation in the interval Cto D:
The operation in this interval is identical to that in the
interval A to B.

HWR with shunt capacitor filter:

The circuit diagram of a HWR with capacitor filter is as
shown in the fig below.
Operation and Waveforms:
" For the intervals 0to A, B to C the diode is
forward biased and the capacitor
charges through the diode almost instantly.
For the intervals A to B, C andD etc. the capacitor voltage is higher
than the
instantaneous secondary voltage. Hence the diode is off and the capacitor
discharges through R. slowly.
Note that the discharging time with HWR is longer than that with the FWR.
Hence the capacitor discharges to a lower voltage (point B and D) HeDce
the ripple increased.
So the ripple factor of this circuit is higher than that of the capacitor filter
with FWR.
 LC Filter:
The circuit diagram for an LCilter used with a full wave rectifier is shown
below.
Thisis the combination of ibductor filter and acapacitor input filter.
The LC filter can give low ripple factor irespective if the load as it is a
combination of the two filters.
The series connected inductor offers a high reactance to the harmonic
Componeots (ripple) in the output and attenuates them and the parallel
capacitor provides a low reactance by pass path for them. This willreduce
the ripple further.

Transformer Rectifier Filter

L
D

Rectifier
D Output

Role of bleeder Resistor:

calledas bleeder
The resistance Rb connected across the capacitor is
theflter
resistance. It is used to maintainacontinuous current through
inductance L.
interrupted then a large
If the curent through L is not continuous i.e. if it is
back emf will be developed across the inductor.
damage
C Thisvoltage may excoed the PIV rating of the rectifier diodes and
capacitor
them. This voltage may exceed the maximum rated votage of the
as well.
Hence the induccd back emf is dangerous for diodes as well as the capacitor.
Rb will
This back emf will not appear if the cuent through L is continuous
maintain a contimous current through L.
 capacitor.
capacitor
large damage will
Rb
filter a
bleeder then continuous
the
and the the
interrupted of
diodes as
as through voltage well
called is
Filter rectifier as L
L is
current
is rated diodes through
Rectifier capacitor it inductor.
Output if the maximum
continuous
i.e. for
of current
continuous dangerousthroughL.
Rectifier the rating
the
across the
a across the
PIV
D, D, maintain exceed if
is appear
connected not developed
the emf current
is exceed back
to L may not continuous
Transformer used through will
Resistor:
Rb be may voltage induced
is emf HWR:
resistance
It will
inductance
L. current voltage
resistance. This the back a (done
in
lecture)
bleeder emf maintain
with
well.
as
the back This them. Hence This
The filter
of If
Role " LC
II type filter
(CLC ilter):
The Il type ilter is the
below. It consists of twocombination
capacitors
of capacitor input filter
and
Cl and C2 along with the LC filter as shown
Generally both the capacitors are of same value. inductance L.
T DË L

C1

" A full wave rectifier drives the II type filter as shown above.
As Cl comes first, looking from the rectifier side, the II type ilter behaves
in avery similar way as the capacitor input filter. Althe advantages and
disadvantages of capacitor input filter are all applicable to the II type filter
as well.
" AIltype flter can be considered as acombination of shunt capacitor filter
and LC filter as shown.
This improves the effectiveness of the II type filter as far as filtering of
ripple is concerned.
" Due to the use of three filtering elements (C1, Land C2), the ripple factor of
the II-type filter is very low as compared to the other filter.
" The capacitors Cl and C2 provide alow reactance path for the ipple
whereas the series inductor Lprovides ahigh reactance to the ACripple.
The combination effect of this is the reduction in ripple, and improvement in
the output waveform.
 Wavefom:

Voltage

aoross

C
orload

voltage
 Bridge
ultaneously
capacitor Notthteathe The
bridgeRectifier
filer.
voltage rectifier with
instead The
Shunt
only
waveform with
of
onechange capacitor
capacitor
in
is is
FWR. exactly
that filter filter:
here
same is
two shown
diodes thatas
below
conduct for ttOcte
FWR a
with
Do