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2lesson Calculus

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13 views4 pages

2lesson Calculus

Uploaded by

jrmiguelms
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

1 Logarithmic Functions

The integral of 1/x is the natural logarithm function:

∫ (1/x) dx = ln|x| + C

For other logarithmic functions, we often use integration by parts or substitution methods.

Example 5:
∫ ln(x) dx = x ln(x) - x + C

1.2 Exponential Functions


The exponential function ex is its own derivative, which makes its integration
straightforward:

∫ ex dx = ex + C

For other exponential bases, we can use the change of base formula:

∫ ax dx = (ax / ln(a)) + C, for a > 0 and a ≠ 1

Example 6:
∫ 2x dx = (2x / ln(2)) + C

1.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Integration of inverse trigonometric functions often involves substitution or partial fractions.


Here are some common integrals:

1. ∫ (1 / √(1-x²)) dx = arcsin(x) + C
2. ∫ (1 / (1+x²)) dx = arctan(x) + C
3. ∫ (1 / (x√(x²-1))) dx = arcsec(x) + C

Example 7:
∫ (1 / (1+x²)) dx = arctan(x) + C
1.4 Hyperbolic Functions

Hyperbolic functions are analogous to trigonometric functions but are based on


exponential functions. Their integrals are:

1. ∫ sinh(x) dx = cosh(x) + C
2. ∫ cosh(x) dx = sinh(x) + C
3. ∫ tanh(x) dx = ln(cosh(x)) + C
4. ∫ coth(x) dx = ln|sinh(x)| + C

Example 8:
∫ sinh(2x) dx = (1/2)cosh(2x) + C

1.5 General Power Formula

The general power formula extends the simple power formula to include more complex
expressions:

∫ (ax + b)n dx = (1 / (a(n+1))) (ax + b)n+1 + C, for n ≠ -1

When n = -1, we use:

∫ (1 / (ax + b)) dx = (1/a) ln|ax + b| + C

Example 9:
∫ (2x + 3)4 dx = (1 / (2(4+1))) (2x + 3)5 + C = (1/10) (2x + 3)5 + C

Summary

Exercises
Fill in the Blank: Fill in the blank with the correct words.

1. The process of finding the original function from its derivative is called __.
2. An integral that does not specify the limits of integration is known as an __ integral.
3. The integral of xⁿ, where n ≠ -1, is given by the formula ∫xⁿ dx = __.
4. The integral of sin(x) dx is __.
5. The integral of eˣ dx is __.

Word bank: indefinite, anti-differentiation, (xⁿ⁺¹)/(n+1) + C, -cos(x) + C, eˣ + C

Multiple Choice Questions: Choose the correct answer from the choices for each question.

1. What is the integral of cos(x) dx?


a) sin(x) + C
b) -sin(x) + C
c) cos(x) + C
d) -cos(x) + C
2. Which of the following represents the indefinite integral of 1/x dx?
a) ln|x| + C
b) eˣ + C
c) 1/x + C
d) ln(x) + C
3. The integral of sec²(x) dx is:
a) tan(x) + C
b) sec(x) + C
c) -tan(x) + C
d) csc(x) + C
4. The integral of sinh(x) dx is:
a) cosh(x) + C
b) sinh(x) + C
c) -cosh(x) + C
d) eˣ + C
5. What is the integral of ln(x) dx?
a) xln(x) - x + C
b) ln(x) + C
c) xln(x) + C
d) 1/x + C

Open Ended Questions: Answer the following questions in complete sentences:

1. Explain the difference between definite and indefinite integrals.

2. Describe the general power formula for integration and provide an example.

3. How are inverse trigonometric functions integrated? Provide an example with your
explanation.
Exercise 2.1

Solve the following problems:

1. ∫ (x³ - 2x + 5) dx
2. ∫ sin(3x) cos(3x) dx
3. ∫ (ex + 2x) dx
4. ∫ (1 / (x²+1)) dx
5. ∫ x ln(x) dx
6. ∫ (x² / √(1-x²)) dx
7. ∫ cosh(2x) dx
8. ∫ (1 / (3x - 2)3) dx

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