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Phy 12 investigatory project on AC generator

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St.

Columbus
School
Physics Investigatory
Project
2024-25

Transformers

Name- Krishna Singh Rawat


Class- 12th A
Roll.no- _____________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Krishna Singh Rawat of Class 12th Section A St. Columbus School, Faridabad
(Haryana) would Like to express my sincere gratitude to our respected Principal
and Vice Principal for encouragement and help from time to time during my
tenure as a Student of Class 12th Section A.

I also express my Sincere Gratitude towards My Physics Teacher Mr. Ankit Tanwar
for helping me in completing the Project by useful Ideas and Guidelines. I thank
him for encouraging me throughout and helping in all possible ways. I would also
like to express my hearty gratitude to the lab assistant for their support in
completion of the project
.
I also thank my parents and friends for their vital support and also for
Encouragement and Motivation given to me for the completion of the project.
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Krishna Singh Rawat of class 12th Section A has
Worked on the Physics Project entitled “To investigate the relation
between the ratio of (i) Input and output voltage, (ii)Number of
turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made
transformer”. He has put on his sincere efforts to collect the reading
materials and has devoted sufficient periods of Practical laboratory
work to complete this project.

Teachers’ signature Principal’s Signature

External Examiner’s Signature


AIM

To investigate the relation between the ratio of –

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a


self made transformer

****
INDEX

 Aim
 Introduction
 Types Of Transformers
 Theory And Mathematical Derivations
 Simple Circuit Diagram
 Circuit Diagrams Of Step-up and Step-Down Transformers
 Apparatus Required to make our Own Transformer
 Uses of Transformers
 Bibliography

****
INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low


alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing


the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are
built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement
and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it
weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.

****
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

Step-Up Transformer: A transformer which increases the voltages.

Step-Down Transformer: A transformer which decreases the A.C.


voltages
THEORY

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an


alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current
in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In
a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and
the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
secondary coils of the transformer and

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this


instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)
and

Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)


Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the


primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,


then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given
by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio.

****
SIMPLE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

FOR STEP UP TRANSFORMERS

Working

In a step-down transformer, There are many turns on the secondary


winding than in the primary winding in the step-up transformers.
Thus, the voltage supplied in the secondary transformer is greater
than the one supplied across the primary winding. Because of the
principle of conservation of energy, the transformer converts low
voltage, high-current to high voltage- low current. In other words, the
voltage has been stepped up.
You can find step-up transformers located near power plants
that are designed to operate megawatts of power. Apart from the
power plants, step-up transformers can also be used for local
and smaller applications such as x-ray machine which requires
about 50,000 volts to work.
FOR STEP DOWN TRANSFORMERS

Working

In a step-down transformer is one who secondary windings are fewer


than the primary windings. In other words, the transformer’s
secondary voltage is less than the primary voltage. So, the transformer
is designed to convert high-voltage, low-current power into a low-
voltage, high current power and it is mainly used in domestic
consumption.
A common case of step-down application is in the case of door
bells. Normally, door bells use 16 volts, but most household power
circuits carry 110-120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s step-down
transformer receives the 110 volts and reduces it further before
supplying it to the doorbell.
Step Down Transformers are mostly used to convert 220-volts to 110-
voltages in domestic equipments.
Apparatus required to make our own transformer

 Iron Rod
 Copper Wire
 Hot Wire Ammeter
 Hot Wire Voltmeter

PROCEDURE

 Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper
(say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

 Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound


relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer.
Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and

current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
 Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through
s1and s2.
 Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.

Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by


 changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
Uses of Transformers

 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air


conditioner, etc.

 A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large


current.

 A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays


and NEON advertisement.

 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized


power supplies.

 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long


distances:

 Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud


speakers and electric bells etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 Physics NCERT
 Pradeep’s Physics

****

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