Acknowledgement

This Project would not have been possible without the support
and guidance of my physics teacher to whom I’m deeply indebted
,the facilities provided by the physics lab and the patience and
cooperation of many.
I also thank my parents and friends for their vital support and also
for Encouragement and motivation given to me for the
completion of the project.

Date of Submission: 4.Nov.2024 Shehraj singh

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Shehraj singh of class 12th has Worked on
the Physics Project entitled “ To investigate the relation between
the ratio of (i) Input and Output voltage of a self made
transformer (ii) Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self made transformer ’’. He has put on his
sincere efforts to collect the reading materials and has devoted
sufficient periods of Practical Laboratory work to complete this
project . This project may be considered as Practical fulfillment
of All India Senior School Certificate Exam (AISSCE) 2024-2025
conducted by CBSE.

Teachers’ signature Principal’s Signature

External Examiner’s Signature

 Index
 Aim
 Introduction
 Types of Transformer
 Theory and Mathematical Derivations
 Simple Circuit Diagram
 Circuit Diagrams of Step-up ad Step-Down Transformers
 Apparatus Required to make our Own Transformer
 Uses of Transformers
 AIM
To investigate the relation between the ratio of
1. Input and output voltage .
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil
of a self made transformer.
 Introduction

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating

voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing
the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are built
in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic measurement and
control circuits transformer size may be so small that it weight
only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power circuits
it may weight hundred of tones.
 Types of Transformers
Step up Transformer: A transformer which increases the voltages.

Step down Transformer: A transformer which decreases the A.C.

voltages.
Theory and mathematical derivations
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil plp2, an
alternating current starts falling in it . The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltages in the primary well as in the secondary in a
good- transformer , whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary and then the induced
e.m.f. induced
in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each
turn of the primary . Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous
values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns are the no . of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and
dp/dt= rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this
instant we have
ep=-np ddp/dt………………………….(1)
and
Es=-Ns ddp/dt…………………………………………(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant so by dividing 2
by 1,we get
Es/Ep=-Ns/Np…………………………(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil pl, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due
to the difference (E-Ep) in the instantaneous values of the applied
and back
e.m.f. further if R is the resistance o,plp2 coil,
then the instantaneous current ip in the primary coil is given by
ip=e-ep/rpe
-ep=ip rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f hense
Equation 3 can be written as es/ep=es/e
O output e.m.f / input e.m.f
O ns/np=K
Where k is constant turn on trans formation ratio.

Simple Circuit Diagram

Circuit Diagrams
For step up transformer
Working:
In a step down transformer there are many turn on the secondary
winding than in the primary winding in the step up transformer
thus the voltage supplied in the secondary transformer is greater
than the one supplied across the primary winding. Because of
the principle of conserviation of engery . the transformer
converts low voltage ,high –current to high voltage –low
current .in other words , the voltage has been stepped up.
You can find step –uptransformers located near power plants
that are designed to operate megawatts og power .Apart form
the power plants ,step-up transformer can also be used for local
and smaller application such as a x-ray machine which requires
about 50,000 volts to work .Evan a micro –wave oven requires
step-up treansformer to oprate

FOR STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER .

Working:
. In a step –down transformer is one who secondary windings are the
fewer than the primery windings .in other words , transforme ‘s
secondary voltags is less than primary voltags .so, the transformer is
designed to convert high –voltags , low –courrent power into a low-
voltags , power into a low –voltags , high courrent power and it is mainly
used in domestic consumption .
A common case if step –down application is in the case of door
bells.Normally ,door bells use 16 volts , but most household power
circuits carry 110-120 voltas Therefore , the doorbeel ‘s step-down
transformer receives the 110 voltas and reduse it to lower voltage before
supplying it to the doorbell .
Step-down transformer are mostly used to convert the 220 voltas
Electricity to the 110 voltas required in most demostic requiment.
Appratus required to make our own Transformer.
. iron
.Copper wire
.Hot wire Ammeter
.Hot wire Volmeter

PRODCEDURE ;
.Take thick iron rod and cover it with it thick paper and wind a large
number of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60) This constitutes primary
coil of transformer .
.Cover the primary coil which a sheet of paper amd wound relatively
smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on ti. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer .
.connect p1,p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current
using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively
.Similarly , p1,p2 to A.C main measure the input voltags and current
using A.C voltmer and ammeter respectively .
.Similary , measure the output voltags and current through s1 and s2 .
.Now connect sland s2 to.A.C main and again measure voltags and
current through primery and secondary coil of step uptransfomer.
.Repeat all steps for other self made transformer by changing number
of turns in primery and secondary coil.
Uses of Transformer
In voltage regulator for t.v. refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc.
A step down transformer is used for Welding purposes
A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current
A step up transformer is used for the proudction of X-Rays and NEON
supplies
Transformer ar5e used in voltage regulators and stabilized power
supplies
Transformer are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances:
Small transformers are used in radio sets , telephones, loud speakers and
electric etc