SESSION 2024-2025

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TO OBTAIN A LENS COMBINATION WITH THE

SPECIFIED FOCAL LENGTH BY USING TWO LENSES

SUBMITED BY: - GUIDED BY:-

NAME: - ARYAN SACHAN NAME: - Mr. NARESH NANDA

CLASS: - XII SECTION: - A (PGT PHYSICS)

ROLL NO: - 3
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 -: CERTIFICATE:-
This is to be certified that this physics project
on “TO OBTAIN A LENS
COMBINATION WITH THE
SPECIFIED FOCAL LENGTH BY
USING TWO LENSES FROM THE
GIVEN SET OF LENSES” has been
successfully completed by ARYAN
SACHAN of std. XII in partial fulfillment of
curriculum of CBSE leading to award of annual
examination of the year 2024-2025.

Sign of external Sign of teacher in charge

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-: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher MR.NARESH NANDA as well as our head
principal MR.RAKESH UPADHYAY who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
“TO OBTAIN A LENS COMBINATION WITH THE
SPECIFIED FOCAL LENGTH BY USING TWO
LENSES FROM THE GIVEN SET OF LENSES”
which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to
know about so many new things.
I am really thankful to them.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame. I am making this project not only for marks but to also
increase my knowledge.
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.

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 -: DECLARATION:-
I hereby declare this project report entitled
“TO OBTAIN A LENS
COMBINATION WITH THE
SPECIFIED FOCAL LENGTH BY
USING TWO LENSES FROM THE
GIVEN SET OF LENSES” submitted to
PURANCHANDRA
VIDYANIKETAN SCHOOL is a record
of original work done by me under the
guidance of my teacher
MR. NARESH NANDA
The information and the data given in the
report are authentic to the best of my
knowledge.

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-:INDEX:-

Sl.No. CONTENTS PG. NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 1-2
2. APPLICATION OF COMBINATION 2
CONVEX AND CONCAVE LENS
3. AIM 3

4. REQUIREMENTS 4

5. PROCEDURE 4-5
6. OBSERVATIONS 5

7. CALCULATIONS 5
8. PRECAUTIONS 6
9. SOURCES OF ERROR 6

10. CONCLUSION 7

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 8

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-: INTRODUCTION:-
Many Optical tasks require several lenses in order to achieve an
acceptable level of performance. One such possible approach to lens
combination is to consider each image formed by each lens as the
object for the next lens and so on. This is a valid approach, but it is time
consuming and unnecessary.

The various optical instruments, two or more lens are combined to:-

i. Increase the magnification of the image.

ii. Make the final image erect w.r.t. the object.
iii. Reduce certain Aberrations.
It is much simpler to calculate the effective (combined) focal length and
principle point locations and then use the results in any subsequent
paraxial calculations. Two thin lenses of focal length f 1 and f2
respectively which are in closed contact, then effective focal length of
the combination is given by:-
1/F=1/f1 + 1/f2

And the total magnification of the lens combination will be given by:
M=m1*m2

If the lenses of focal length are separated by a finite distance d, the

focal length F of the equivalent lens is given by:
_
1/F=1/f1+1/f2 d/f1.f2

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 APPLICATIONS OF COMBINATION OF
CONVEX AND CONCAVE LENS:-

1. CHROMATIC ABERRATION:-
One common lens aberration is chromatic aberration. Ordinary light is a
mixture of light of many different colours, i.e. wavelengths. Because the
refractive index of glass to light differs according to color, creating a
blurring of colours. The chromatic aberration can be cancelled out by
combining convex and concave lenses of different refractive indices.

2. TELEPHOTO LENSES:-
Most optical devices make use of not just one lens, but of a combination
of convex and concave lenses. For example, combining a single convex
lens with a concave lenses. For example, combining a single convex lens
with a single concave lens enables distant objects to be seen in more
detail. This is because the light condensed by the convex lens is once
more refracted into parallel light by concave lens. This arrangement
made possible the Gallilean telescope, named after its 17 th century
inventor, Gallileo.
Adding a second convex lens to this combination produces a simple
telephoto lens, with the front convex lens serving to magnify the image
while the rear convex lens condenses it. Adding a further two pairs of
convex/concave lenses and a mechanism for adjusting the distance
between the single convex and concave lenses enables the modification
of magnification over a continuous range. This is how zoom lenses work.

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 -: EXPERIMENT:-
 AIM:-

“TO DETERMINE THE COMBINED FOCAL LENGTH OF ONE

CONCAVE AND ONE CONVEX LENSES SEPARATED BY A
FINITE DISTANCE.”

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  REQUIREMENTS:-
 An optical bench with three uprights
(central upright fixed, two outer uprights
with lateral movement).

 One convex lens

 One concave lens

 Two lens holder

 Two optical needles

 Half meter scale

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  PROCEDURE:-
 Take one concave and convex lens.
 Find the rough focal length of the two lenses L1 (convex) and L2
(concave) individually having focal length of f 1 and f2
respectively.
 Keep the lenses in front of the window and obtain a sharp image
of the object placed at infinity.
 Measure the distance between lenses and the image formed
with the help of scale.
 Now find the accurate focal length of the two lenses L 1 and L2 by
using the experimental setup individually and calculate its focal
length reading.
 With left eye closed, see with the right eye open from the other
end of the optical bench. An inverted and enlarged image of the
object needle will be seen. Tip of the image must lie in the
middle of the lenses.
 Mount the thick optical needle in the fourth upright near the
other end of the optical bench.
 Adjust the height of the object needle so that its tip is
 Remove the parallax tip to tip as described. seen in line with the
tip of the image when seen with the right open eye.
 Move the eye towards right. The tips will get separated. The
image tip and the image needle have parallax.
 Combine the two lenses together with the help of the two lens
holder and find its accurate combine focal length.

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 OBSERVATIONS:-
Serial No. Lenses Rough Radius of f=R/2
Focal curvature (cm)
length (R)
(cm)

1. Convex(L1) 9.5 20 10

2. Concave(L2) 8 18 -9

 CALCULATIONS:-
1/F = 1/f1 + 1/f2 – d/f1f2
1/F = 1/10 + 1/(-9) – 7.2/(10)(-9)
1/F = -1/90 + 7.2/90 = 6.2/90
F = 90/6.2 cm

Therefore, F = 14.516cm

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 -: CONCLUSION:-
1. The combined focal length of one convex and one
concave lenses having focal length 10cm and 9cm
respectively and separated by a distance of 7.2 cm is
14.516cm.

2. So on combination of the one convex and one

concave lens the effective focal length increases and
hence its effective power decreases.

3. The effective nature of the combined lens system is

converging i.e. convex lens since focal length for the
system comes out to be positive.

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 SOURCES OF ERROR:-

 If needle and object are not at a similar

height then there may be error in
observation.

 Parallax removal may not be perfect.

 The object should may not be placed at a

certain distance where real and inverted
image is formed.

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  PRECAUTIONS:-

 Tips of the object and image needles

should lie at the same height at the
centre of the lens.

 Parallax should be removed from tip to

tip by keeping eye at a distance at least
30cm away from the needle.

 The object needle should be placed at

such a distance that only real, inverted
Image of it is formed.

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 -:BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
 LINKS:-
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org

 BOOKS:-
 Comprehensive Practical
Physics Class XII
 NCERT Physics Part-II
 Experimental Physics

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