PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT TO OBTAIN A LENS COMBINATION WITH THE SPECIFIED FOCAL LENGTH BY USING TWO LENSES DONE BY ARJUN KRISHNA.U XILAACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who helped me complete this project successfully. First and foremost, I would like to thank my Physics teacher, (_Mrs.Mini___), for their constant support, valuable guidance and encouragement throughout the process. I would also like to extend my thanks to our school principal, (_Mrs.Pooja _), for providing all the necessary facilities required for this project. Finally, I would like to thank my family who motivated me and boosted my morale when I was stressed.CONTENTS INTRODUCTION APPLICATION OF COMBINATION CONVEX AND CONCAVE LENS AIM REQUIREMENTS PROCEDURE OBSERVATIONS CALCULATIONS PRECAUTIONS SOURCES OF ERROR CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY-- INTRODUCTION:- Many Optical tasks require several lenses in order to achieve an acceptable level of performance. One such possible approach to lens combination is to consider each image formed by each lens as the object for the next lens and so on. This is a valid approach, but it is time consuming and unnecessary. The various optical instruments, two or more lens are combined to:- i. Increase the magnification of the image. ii. Make the final image erect w.r.t. the object. iii. Reduce certain Aberrations. It is much simpler to calculate the effective (combined) focal length and principle point locations and then use the results in any subsequent paraxial calculations. Two thin lenses of focal length f, and f2 respectively which are in closed contact, then effective focal length of the combination is given by:- IFRI/h + Ife And the total magnification of the lens combination will be given by: M=m:*m2 If the lenses of focal length are separated by a finite distance d, the focal length F of the equivalent lens is given by: 1/F=1/fitt/fo - d/fi-fe> ALL IC A E IONS {at COMBIN AL ION OF One common lens aberration is chromatic aberration. Ordinary light is a mixture of light of many different colours, i.e. wavelengths. Because the refractive index of glass to light differs according to color, creating a blurring of colours. The chromatic aberration can be cancelled out by combining convex and concave lenses of different refractive indices. 2. TELEPHOTO LENSES:- Most optical devices make use of not just one lens, but of a combination of convex and concave lenses. For example, combining a single convex lens with a concave lenses. For example, combining a single convex lens with a single concave lens enables distant objects to be seen in more detail. This is because the light condensed by the convex lens is once more refracted into parallel light by concave lens. This arrangement made possible the Gallilean telescope, named after its 17 century inventor, Gallileo. Adding a second convex lens to this combination produces a simple telephoto lens, with the front convex lens serving to magnify the image while the rear convex lens condenses it. Adding a further two pairs of convex/concave lenses and a mechanism for adjusting the distance between the single convex and concave lenses enables the modification of magnification over a continuous range. This is how zoom lenses work.“TO DETERMINE THE COMBINED FOCAL LENGTH OF ONE CONCAVE AND ONE CONVEX LENSES SEPARATED BY & FINITE DISTANCE.”e An optical bench with three uprights (central upright fixed, two outer uprights with lateral movement). @ One convex lens ¢ One concave lens e Two lens holder ¢ Two optical needles « Half meter scale> PROCEDURE:- Take one concave and convex lens. Find the rough focal length of the two lenses L: (convex) and L2 (concave) individually having focal length of f; and f2 respectively. Keep the lenses in front of the window and obtain a sharp image of the object placed at infinity. Measure the distance between lenses and the image formed with the help of scale. Now find the accurate focal length of the two lenses L; and Lz by using the experimental setup individually and calculate its focal length reading. With left eye closed, see with the right eye open from the other end of the optical bench. An inverted and enlarged image of the object needle will be seen. Tip of the image must lie in the middle of the lenses. Mount the thick optical needle in the fourth upright near the other end of the optical bench. Adjust the height of the object needle so that its tip is Remove the parallax tip to tip as described. seen in line with the tip of the image when seen with the right open eye. Move the eye towards right. The tips will get separated. The image tip and the image needle have parallax. Combine the two lenses together with the help of the two lens holder and find its accurate combine focal length.> OBSERVATIONS:- Convex(Li) Concave(L2) > CALCULA TIONS:- 1/F = 1/f,+ 1/f2 - d/fifs 1/F = 1/10 + 1/(-9) —7.2/(10)(-9) 1/F = -1/90 + 7.2/90 = 6.2/90 F = 90/6.2 cm Therefore, F = 14.516cm1. The combined focal length of one convex and one concave lenses having focal length 10cm and 9cm respectively and separated by a distance of 7.2 cm is 14.516cm. 2. So on combination of the one convex and one concave lens the effective focal length increases and hence its effective power decreases. 3. The effective nature of the combined lens system is converging i.e. convex lens since focal length for the system comes out to be positive.SOURCES OF ERROR:- « If needle and object are not at a similar height then there may be error in observation. - Parallax removal may not be perfect. + The object should may not be placed at a certain distance where real and inverted image is formed.> PRECAUTIONS:- « Tips of the object and image needles should lie at the same height at the centre of the lens. » Parallax should be removed from tip to tip by keeping eye at a distance at least 30cm away from the needle. » The object needle should be placed at such a distance that only real, inverted Image of it is formed.--BIBLIOGRAPH Y:- INKS:- . https://en.m.wikipedia.or: > BOOKS:- e Comprehensive Practical Physics Class XII e NCERT Physics Part-ll e Experimental Physics