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Physics Investigatry

This document is a physics investigatory project report prepared by Chinmay Upadhyaya for his class 12 exam. The aim of the project was to determine the combined focal length of one concave and one convex lens separated by a finite distance. The report details the materials used, procedure followed, observations recorded, calculations done to find the combined focal length as 14.516 cm, sources of error and conclusions. It has sections for introduction, aim, requirements, procedure, observations, calculations, precautions, sources of errors, bibliography and conclusion. The report was certified by the physics teacher for the project work done under her guidance.

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CHINMAY UPADHYAYA X-D
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89 views12 pages

Physics Investigatry

This document is a physics investigatory project report prepared by Chinmay Upadhyaya for his class 12 exam. The aim of the project was to determine the combined focal length of one concave and one convex lens separated by a finite distance. The report details the materials used, procedure followed, observations recorded, calculations done to find the combined focal length as 14.516 cm, sources of error and conclusions. It has sections for introduction, aim, requirements, procedure, observations, calculations, precautions, sources of errors, bibliography and conclusion. The report was certified by the physics teacher for the project work done under her guidance.

Uploaded by

CHINMAY UPADHYAYA X-D
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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You are on page 1/ 12

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

TOPIC
To Determine The Combined Focal Length Of The
Lens System
PREPARED BY
NAME: CHINMAY UPADHYAYA
CLASS: XII-A
ROLL NO:
SESSON: 2023-24
SUPERVISED BY: RUCHI CHHABRA
AGDAV CENTENARY PUBLIC SCHOOL
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Chinmay Upadhyaya of Class XII


(Stream non-medical) for making physics investigatory
project. The report is the Result of his efforts &
endeavors. The report is found worthy of acceptance
as the final project Report for the subject Chemistry of
Class XII. He has prepared the report undermy guidance.

Mrs. NEETA SIKRI


(SUBJECT TRACHER)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the completion of this project successfully many People
have best owned upon me their blessings and Heart
pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank All
the people who have been considered with this Project.

I would like to thank my chemistry teacher Mrs. Seema


Singhal Valuable guidance has been the ones that helped
me Complete this project and make it a success, her
Suggestions and instructions served as a major
Contribution towards the completion of this project.
ThenI would like to thank my parents and friends who
Have helped me with their valuable suggestion
Table of content
• Aim
• Introduction
• Requirements
• Procedure
• Observations
• Calculations
• Precautions
• Sources Of Errors
• Bibliography
• Conclusion
AIM
To determine the combined focal length of one
Concave and one convex lenses separated by
a finite distance
INTRODUCTION
Many Optical tasks require several lenses in order to achieve an
acceptable level of performance. One such possible approach to
lens combination is to consider each image formed by each lens as
the object for the next lens and so on. This is a valid approach, but
it is time consuming and unnecessary.
In various optical instruments, two or more lenses are combined to
1. Increase the magnification of the image,
2. Make the final image erect w.r.t the object,
3. Reduce certain aberrations.
It is much simpler to calculate the effective (combined) focal length
and principal point locations and then use the results in any
subsequent paraxial calculations. Two thin lenses of focal length f1
and f2 respectively which are in closed contact, then the effective
focal length of the combination will be given by
1/F= 1/f1 + 1/f2
And the total magnification of the lens combination will be given
by
M = m1 * m2

If the lenses of focal length are separated by a finite distance d, the


focal length F of the equivalent lens is given by
1/F= 1/f1 + 1/f2 - d/f1.f2
APPLICATIONS OF COMBINATION OF CONVEX AND CONCAVE LENS

1. CHROMATIC ABBERATION
One common lens aberration is chromatic aberration. Ordinary light is a
mixture of light of many different colours, i.e. wavelengths. Because the
refractive index of glass to light differs according to its colour or wavelength,
the position in which the image is formed differs according to colour, creating
a blurring of colours. This chromatic aberration can be cancelled out by
combining convex and concave lenses of different refractive indices.

2. TELEPHOTO LENSES
Most optical devices make use of not just one lens, but of a combination of
convex and concave lenses. For example, combining a single convex lens
with a single concave lens enables distant objects to be seen in more detail.
This is because the light condensed by the convex lens is once more refracted
into parallel light by the concave lens. This arrangement made possible the
Galilean telescope, named after its 17th century inventor, Galileo.
Adding a second convex lens to this combination produces a simple
telephoto lens, with the front convex and concave lens serving to magnify the
image, while the rear convex lens condenses it. Adding a further two pairs of
convex/concave lenses and a mechanism for adjusting the distance between
the single convex and concave lenses enables the modification of
magnification over a continuous range. This is how zoom lenses work.

REQUIREMENTS
• An optical bench with three uprights (central upright
fixed, two outer uprights with lateral movement)
• One convex lens
• One Concave lens
• Two lens holder
• Two optical needles
• Half meter scale
PROCEDURE
• Take one concave and convex lens.
• Find the rough focal length of the two lenses L1(convex) and
L2(concave) individually having focus length of f1 and f2
respectively.
• Keep the lenses in front of the window and obtain a sharp image
of the object placed at infinity.
• Measure the distance between lenses and the image formed with
the help of scale.
• Now find the accurate focal length of two lenses L1 and L2 by using
the experimental setup individually and calculate its focal length
reading.
• With left eye closed, see with the right open eye from the other end
of the optical bench. An inverted & enlarged image of the object
needle will be seen. Tip of the image must lie in the middle of the
lenses.
• Mount the thick optical needle in the fourth upright near the other
end of the optical bench.
• Adjust the height of the object needle so that its tip is seen in line
with the tip of the image when seen with the right open eye.
• Move the eye towards right. The tips will get separated. The image
tip and the image needle have parallax.
• Remove the parallax tip to tip as described.
• Combine the two lenses together with the help of two lens holder
and find its accurate combine focal length.
OBSERVATIONS

Serial Lenses Rough focal Radius of f=R/2


no. length(cm) curvature(R) (cm)
1. Convex(L1) 9.5 20 10
2. Concave(L2) 8 18 -9

The separation between the two convex lenses = 7.2 cm

CALCULATIONS
1/F = 1/f1 + 1/f2 - d/f1f2
1/F = 1/10 + 1/(-9) - 7.2/(10)(-9)
1/F = -1/90 + 7.2/90 = 6.2/90
F = 90/6.2 cm
Therefore, F = 14.516 cm

SOURCES OF ERROR
• The uprights may not be the vertical.

• Parallax removal may not be perfect.


PRECAUTIONS
• Tips of the object and image needles should lie at the same
height as the centre of the lens.

• Parallax should be removed from tip to tip by keeping eye at a


distance at least 30cm away from the needle.

• The object needle should be placed at such a distance that only


real, inverted image of it is formed.

CONCLUSION
The combined focal length of one convex and one concave lenses
having focal length 10 cm and 9 cm respectively and separated by
a distance of 7.2 cm is 14.516 cm.

So on combination of the one convex and one concave lens the


effective focal length increases and hence its effective power
decreases.

The effective nature of the combined lens system is converging i.e.


convex lens since focal length for the system comes out to be
positive.
BIBLOGRAPHY
• Comprehensive Pratical Physics Class XII
• NCERT Physics Part – II
• Experimental Physics
• www.wikipedia.com

THANKYOU

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