Probability Concepts Chapter 11

Basic Counting Method:

 M x N rule
 Permutation
 Combination
M x N Rule: To determine total outcomes
 Two Coins are tossed 2x2=4
 Two Dice are rolled 6 x 6 = 36
 Three Coins are tossed 2x2x2=8
 Two Coins and 1 dice 2 x 2 x 6 = 24
Example: For how many days different dressing is possible if a person has 4 different shirts, 3 pants, 2
shoes pair and 4 ties.
Sol. (4 x 3 x 2 x 4 = 96)

Permutation:
An arrangement of finite number of distinct objects in a definite order
 Order matter
 Different Objects

( )

Permutation in Numbers:
Example 1: In how many ways 3 digit numbers can be formed using 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9

Sol. R.N.A 5 x 4 x 3 = 60 ways

R.A 5 x 5 x 5 = 125 ways By Default R.N.A

Example 2: In how many ways 3 digit numbers can be formed using 3, 2, 0, 5 and 7

Sol. R.N.A 4 x 4 x 3 = 48 ways

R.A 4 x 5 x 5 = 100 ways

Example 3: In how many ways 3 digit numbers can be formed using 3, 3, 2, 5 and 7
Sol. R.N.A = 30 ways
R.A = 62.5 ways

Example 4: In how many ways 4 digit numbers can be formed from 5, 8, 4, 3 and 1 if number start from
3 and end at 5

Example 5: In how many ways 3 digit odd numbers can be formed from 5, 7, 3, 2, and 9.

Example 6: In how many ways 3 digit even numbers can be formed from 5, 7, 3, 2 and 9.

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Permutation in Words:
 Non repeated letters
 Repeated letters
 Vowels together
 Vowels not together
Non Repeated letters:
Example: In how many ways “KITE” can be rearranged?
Sol. 4! = 24
Repeated letters:
Example: In how many ways “SCHOOL” can be rearranged?
Sol. 360 ways
Example: In how many ways “LAPTOP” can be rearranged?
Sol. 360 ways
Example: In how many ways “MISSISSIPPI” can be rearranged?
Sol. 34650 ways

Vowels Together:
Example: In how many ways “SCHOOL” can be rearranged having vowels together?
Sol. 120 ways

Example: In how many ways “LAPTOP” can be rearranged having vowels together?
Sol. 120 ways

Example: In how many ways “MISSISSIPPI” can be rearranged having vowels together?
Sol. 840 ways

Vowels Not Together:

Example: In how many ways “SCHOOL” can be rearranged having vowels not together?
360 – 120 = 240 ways

Example: In how many ways “LAPTOP” can be rearranged having vowels not together?
360 – 120 = 240 ways

Example: In how many ways “MISSISSIPPI” can be rearranged having vowels not together?
34650 – 840 = 33810 ways

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Combination:
 Repetition not allowed
 Order does not matter
 Same/identical objects.

( )
Example 1: In how many ways 4 apples can be selected from 12.
(12C4 = 495 ways)
Example 2: In how many ways 3 players can be selected from 7.
Example 3: In how many ways a team of 3 players consisting of 2 boys and 1 girl can be selected from 5
boys and 5 girls? (5C2 x 5C1 = 50 ways)
Example 4: In how many ways 5 fruits can be selected from 3 apples, 2 melons, 4 mangoes and 1
pineapple. (10P5 = 30240 ways)

Order matters
Different Objects

Try it!

In a class of 10 students 4 are girls. 3 students are selected at random. Find

number of ways that.
2 girls are selected:
6C1 x 4C2 = 36 ways
Atleast 2 boys are selected:
(6C2 x 4C1) + (6C3 x 4C0) = 80 ways
Atmost 2 girls are selected:

No girl is selected: Contingency Table

All boys are selected:

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 Probability Concepts Chapter 11

Probability:
 Chances of occurrence or non-occurrence of an uncertain event is numerically known
as probability.
 It ranges from 0 to 1
 0 means impossible event
 1 means sure event
 ( )
Probability of Coins:
Question 1: A coin is tossed, find the probability that
 A head appears
 A tail appears
 Two heads appears
 Two tails appear
Question 2: Two coins are tossed, find the probability that
 Both are head All Possible
 One is head outcomes are called
 Atleast one tail
“sample space”.
 Atmost one tail
 All tails
Question 3: Three coins are tossed, find the probability that
 All are head
 Two tails
 One is head
 Atmost 3 heads
 Atleast 2 tails
 Atmost 1 head
 All tails

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 Probability Concepts Chapter 11

Probability of Dice:
Question 1: A dice is rolled, find the probability that
 4 appears
 6 appears 6
 Atleast 2 appears
 Zero appears
 Prime number appears
 Even appears
 Odd appears
Question 2: Two dice are rolled, Find the probability that
 Sum of both is 7
 Their sum is 12 6 x 6 = 36
 Their sum is 14
 Their sum is even number
 Their Sum is odd
 Their sum is 4
 Their product is 2
 Their product is 12
 Their product is 24
 Duplet numbers What about rolling 3
 Duplet even numbers or more dices?
 Duplet odd numbers

Play!

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 Probability Concepts Chapter 11

Probability of Cards:

Black Red

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 Probability Concepts Chapter 11

Example: A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that

 Card is a number card

 Card is a club card
 Card is a king card
 Queen card
 Face card
 Red number card
 Black number card
Danger!
 Black ace card
Do Not Try At Home!
 An ace card
 Diamond King Card
 Red queen card
 Black heart card
 Red club card
 Card of number 5
 Black jack card

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 Probability Concepts Chapter 11

Laws of Probability:
1) Addition Law
2) Multiplication Law

1) Addition Law
 Occurrence of only one event
 or, atleast, atmost, neither, nor

Mutually Exclusive Event (MEE):

 Event not occur together
 Nothing Common
 P (AUB) = P (A) + P(B)

Not Mutually Exclusive Event (NMEE):

 Events occur together
 Common
 P (AUB) = P (A) + P(B) – P (A B)

Example 1: From a pack of 52 cards a card is drawn, find the probability of drawing
i) An ace or face card (MEE)
4/52 + 12/52 = 16/52

ii) Ace or black card (NMEE)

4/52 + 26/52 – 2/52 = 28/52

iii) Face or red card:

iv) Queen or diamond card

v) King or spade card

vi) Queen or number card

vii) Jack or king card

Example 2: A class contains 10 men and 20 women out of which half of the men and half of the women
have brown eyes. Find probability that
i) A person chosen at random is a man or has brown eyes.

10/30 + 15/30 – 5/30 = 20/30

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Men Women Total

ii) A person chosen at random is women or other eyes
iii) A person chosen at random is a man or other eyes. Brown 5 10 15
iv) A person chosen at random is women or brown eyes. eyes
V) A person selected from men has brown eyes. Other 5 10 15
(5/10) eyes
Total 10 20 30

2) Multiplication Law
 Probability of both events
 and, both
Independent Event:
P (A B) = P (A) x P (B)
Dependent Event:
P (A B) = P (A) x P (A/B)
P (A B) = P (A) x P (B/A)

Example 1: From a pack of 52 cards, two cards are drawn one after another with replacement.
Find probability that
i) Both are King: (KK)
4/52 x 4/52 = 1/169
Independent
ii) One is Ace other is Queen.
AQ + QA
(4/52 x 4/52) + (4/52 x 4/52) = 2/169

iii) 1st is Ace and 2nd is Queen.

AQ = 1/169

Example 2: A bag contains 5 Red and 3 Green balls. Two balls are selected one after another with
replacement. Find probability that
i) Both are Green
GG
ii) One is Red other is Green
RG + GR Independent
iii) Both are Red:
RR
iv) Atleast one is red
RG + GR + RR
v) No one is Red
GG
vi) Atmost both are Red
RR + RG + GR + GG

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Example 3:
From a pack of 52 cards 2 cards are drawn without replacement. Find Probability that
i) Both are King
4/52 x 3/51 = 1/221

ii) One is Ace other is Queen Dependent

AQ + QA
(4/52 x 4/51) + (4/52 x 4/51) = 8/663

iii) 1st is Ace 2nd is Queen

AQ = 4/52 x 4/51
iv) Both are Queen

Practice Now

Question 1: One integer is chosen from 1, 2, 3, ….. 50. What is the probability that
i) It is divisible by 7
ii) It is divisible by 9 or 14
iii) It is divisible by 6 or 8.

Question 2: In a group of 22 persons, 4 out of 7 women and 6 out of 15 men wear glasses. What is the
probability that a person chosen at random is a
i) Women or someone who not wear glasses.
7/22 + 12/22 – 3/22 = 16/22
ii) Man or someone who wear glasses
iii) Women who wear glasses,
4/22
iv) Person selected from men who not wear glasses.
9/15
Question 3:
If 75% people use cell phones. 15% use PTCL and 10% use both of them. Find probability that a
person chosen at random
i) Not use both of them
20% Use Not use Total
ii) Use both of them PTCL PTCL
10% Use Cell 10% 65% 75%
iii) Use PTCL only
5% Not use 5% 20% 25%
iv) Use Cell only. Cell
65% Total 15% 85% 100%

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Question 4.
A Committee is to be formed of 4 members from a total of 13 people. 5 from Punjab, 2 from
Balochistan, 4 from Sindh and 2 from KPk. What is the probability that committee contain
i) All members from Balochistan:
Balochistan Others Total
ii) None from Punjab: 2 11 13
2 2 4
iii) Atmost 2 from Sindh:

iv) Atleast 1 from KPK:

v) All from Punjab

Question 5:
The Probability that A will alive after 15 years to come is 4/5 and for B it is 6/9. Find Probability
that
i) Both of them will alive:
AxB
ii) Both will die: A=4/5
̅ ̅ ̅ 𝟏/𝟓
𝑨
iii) A alive B dead:
A ̅ B= 6/9
iv) Atleast one will alive: ̅ 3/9
𝑩
A̅ ̅
v) Atmost one will alive:
A̅ ̅ ̅̅

Question 6:
A and B plays four games of Chess. A’s chances of winning the game is 7/10. What is the
probability that A wins three games consecutively only and lose the remaining one?

̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅ G Won

̅ Lost (0.2058)

Question 7:
Three students appeared in the examination with the following probability to pass the exam
Student Passing probability
A 9/10
B 8/10
C 7/10

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i) What is the probability that none of the student pass the exam?
̅ ̅ ̅ (0.006)

ii) Only A and B will pass the exam.

(0.216)

iii) All three students will pass the exam.

Question 8:
The Probability of Rain on first three days of August is as follows

Days Probability of Rain

Day 1 3/10
Day 2 If rain on day 1 : 5/10
If no rain on day 1: 2/10
Day 3 If rain on day 1 and day 2: 9/10
If rain on day 1 only : 5/10
If rain on day 2 only : 3/10
If no rain on both days: 5/10

i) What is the probability of rain on all three days:

3/10 x 5/10 x 9/10 (0.135)

ii) What is the probability of rain on second day only?

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
7/10 x 2/10 x 7/10 (0.098)

iii) What is the probability of rain on first and third day?

( ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ) ( )
(3/10 x 5/10 x 5/10 ) + ( 3/10 x 5/10 x 9/10)
(0.210)
iv) What is the probability of rain on first and third day only?
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3/10 x 5/10 x 5/10 (0.075)
v) What is the probability of rain on atleast 2 out of 3 days?

( ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅) ( ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ) (̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ) (

)

(0.267)

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