science - 02 cells

2.1 microscopes
devices that allow you to magnify things to see what the human eye cannot.

objective lens
total magification: eyepiece lens magnification x red band —— 4x
objective lens magnification
yellow band —— 10x
blue band —— 40x

types of microscopes:

light microscopes (the ones we use)

compound - light is shone from below

stero / dissecting - light is shone from above

electron microscopes (more powerful, up to a million x manification)

scanning

transmission

resolution is the ability to clearly distinguish two separate structures which are close together.

magnification: length / width of drawing

. length / width of specimen

Eyepiece magnification:×10
Objective lens magnification:×20
Total magnification=10×20=× 200

summary:
Microscopes magnify small objects for detailed observation and
are used to study cells, tiny organisms, and everyday objects.
The compound light microscope is commonly used in schools and
utilizes light and lenses to form a magnified image of the
specimen. Specimens are placed on microscope slides and covered
with a coverslip. Some microscopes have one eyepiece, while
others have two. Illumination can be provided by built-in
lights.

Microscopes and Their Functions

Microscopes magnify small objects for detailed observation.

They are used to study cells, tiny organisms, and everyday objects.

The most common type of microscope in schools is the compound light microscope.

It uses light and lenses to form a magnified image of the specimen.

Specimens are placed on microscope slides and covered with a thin piece of glass called a coverslip.

Some microscopes have one eyepiece (monocular) while others have two (binocular).

Illumination can be provided by built-in lights instead of a mirror.

Keywords and Definitions

Keyword Definition

Microscope Instrument to magnify small objects for observation.

Microscope using light and lenses to magnify specimen

Compound Light Microscope
images.

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 Specimen Object being observed under the microscope.

Microscope Slide Rectangular piece of glass where the specimen is placed.

Thin glass placed on top of the specimen on a microscope

Coverslip
slide.

Objective Lens Lens that magnifies the image of the specimen.

Monocular Microscope Microscope with one eyepiece.

Binocular Microscope Microscope with two eyepieces.

Illumination Providing light for viewing the specimen.

2.2 cells

The cell theory: Main principles

1. They are the basic building blocks of living organisms. These are the basic unit of life and structure.

2. All cells are similar in their basic structure and function but are not identical.

3. New cells are created from existing cells (due to division in old cells)

What cells are:

Living organisms are made up of small building units of life call “cells”

Cells come in different shapes and sizes

Unicellular organisms are made up of one cell

Multicellular organisms are made of many cells.

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
pro - before eu - true

karyose - kernel, which represents the NUCLEUS karyose - kernel, which represents the NUCLEUS
→ cells with no nucleus → cells with a true nucleus

Animal cells

Nucleus (kind of like the brain)

usually the largest structure in the cell

spherical in shape

responsible for cell reproduction

controls cell activities including repair of worn out parts

needed for cells to stay alive (not all though like red blood cells)

contains chromosomes which are genetic material

Cell membrane (like the skin of the cell)

partially permeable / semi permeable

thin membrane surrounding the cell

serves as a boundary between the cell and the external environment

controls substances entering / leaving the cell

Cytoplasm (like the flesh of a cell)

jelly-like substance

contains chemicals and other things that carry out functions (like mitochondria or lysosomes)

many chemical reactions take place here

Vacuoles (specifically in animal cells are like air bubbles)

fluid-filled spaces within the cytoplasm, surrounded by membranes

many tiny vacuoles (temporary)

Plant cells

Nucleus is the same as animal cell

Cell membrane is also the same

Cytoplasm is also the same

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 Vacuoles (NOT the same as the ones in animal cells)

a single large space surrounded by a membrane

contains cell sap (like glucose kind of), it consists of water and dissolved materials like sugars and mineral salts

Chloroplast (this one is kind of important)

contains the green pigment chlorophyll, which is needed for the plant to absorb energy from the sun to make food through
photosynthesis

not all plants have it, only the leaves (like onion cells won’t have it)

Cell wall (ONLY PLANTS AND ALL PLANTS)

a thick layer surrounding the cell membrane

made up of cellulose

supports the cell and gives it that boxy / regular shape

ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

Summary: (basic) cell theory and cell structures

Cells are the basic units of life and make up all living
organisms.

Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell, while

multicellular organisms are made up of many cells.

Prokaryotes are cells without a true nucleus, while

eukaryotes have a true nucleus.

Animal cells have a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and

vacuoles.

this is a diagram of your average animal cell and plant cell but there Plant cells have the same structures as animal cells but
many other “specialised” cells, some of which we have to cover in s1 too also have a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell
(like red blood cells with no nucleus or onion cells with no chloroplast) wall.

2.3 specialised cells

Red blood cells

structure

large surface area

contains haemoglobin which picks up oxygen

has no nucleus to make room for more oxygen, because if the surface area is larger it will be able to transport the
maximum about of oxygen to all parts of the body

shape: bi-concave

functions

carries oxygen from the lugs to the body and carbon dioxide from the body back to the lungs

I skipped white blood cells because they aren’t tested

Root hair cells

structure

large surface area again to absorb lots of water

thin cell wall to allow water to pass through easily

doesn’t contain any chloroplasts unlike all other plant cells (the root does not make food, it absorbs water)

function

absorbs minerals and water from soil

2.4 other stuff

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 Mitochondria Palisade cell

the powerhouse of the cell found in the top of the leaf

aerobic respiration tall and has a large surface area to catch as much sunlight as possible

glucose = c6Hh12o6 help make food (photosythesis)

cells → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

Tissue

a group of cells of similar structure and functions that work together to perform a specific job ?/ function

Organ

several tissues are grouped together to form an organ, a specific structure with a special function

Organ System

a group of organs with closely related functions

Specialisation

different cells carry different functions

cells have special features that allow them to carry out their jobs

YAY DONE FINALLYYY

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