VGU EEIT M03 - Electric Circuits 14 October 2020

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VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Study Program

Electric Circuits

Udo Klein

Udo Klein M03VGU – 1.1

Autumn 2020
14/10/2020

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Lecture Topic 1

The Electric Circuit Variables:

Voltage and Current

Electric Circuits
Udo Klein

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Course Contents
• The electric circuit variables: voltage and current
• Linear circuit elements: resistors and sources
• Simple linear circuits
• Linear circuit analysis
• Simple nonlinear elements and circuits
• Alternating voltage and current
• Capacitance and inductance
• Power in ac circuits
• Three-phase electric circuits
• Response of first-order RL and RC circuits
• Response of RLC circuits
• The Laplace transform in circuit analysis
• Frequency selective circuits
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Objectives
After today’s class you will
• understand and be able to use SI units and the standard
prefixes for powers of 10.
• know and be able to use the definitions of voltage and current.
• know and be able to use the definitions of power and energy.
• be able to use the passive sign convention to calculate the
power for an ideal basic circuit element given its voltage and
current.

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The International System of Units

• As electrical engineers, we deal with measurable quantities.
• Measurements must be communicated in a standard language.
→ International System of Units or SI
(adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960)
Quantity Unit Symbol
mass kilogram kg
length metre m
time second s
electric current ampere A
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
amount of substance mole mol
luminous intensity candela cd
The reliability of the SI depends on
• the precise measurement of standards for the base units
• the precise definition of various physical constants of nature
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Derived Units in SI
Quantity Unit Name (Symbol) Formula
plane angle radian (rad) m/m
solid angle steradian (sr) m2/m2
frequency hertz (Hz) s-1
force newton (N) kg∙m/s2
energy, work, amount of heat joule (J) N∙m = kg∙m2/s2
power, radiant flux watt (W) J/s = kg∙m2/s3
pressure, stress pascal (Pa) N/m2
electric charge coulomb (C) A∙s
electric potential difference volt (V) W/A = J/C = kg∙m2/s3/A
(electric) capacitance farad (F) C/V = A2s4/kg/m2
electric resistance ohm (Ω) V/A = kg·m 2/s3/A2
electric conductance siemens (S) A/V = A2s3/kg/m2
magnetic flux weber (W b) V∙s = kg·m 2/s2/A
magnetic flux density tesla (T) Wb/m2 = kg/A/s2
inductance henry (H) Wb/A = kg·m 2/s2/A2
Udo Klein M03VGU – 1.6
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luminous 2020 lumen (lm) cd∙sr = cd·m 2/m2
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Standardized Prefixes to Signify

Powers of 10
Prefix Symbol Power
atto a 10-18
femto f 10-15
pico p 10-12
nano n 10-9
micro μ 10-6
milli m 10-3
centi c 10-2
deci d 10-1
deka da 10
hecto h 102
kilo k 103
mega M 106
giga G 109
tera T 1012

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Definitions of the SI Base Units

kilogram fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h = 6.62607015·10-34 Js
(kg∙m2/s)
meter fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c = 2.99792458·108 m/s
second fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ΔνCs = 9.192631770·109 Hz
(1/s), where ΔνCs is the unperturbed ground state hyperfine transition
frequency of the caesium 133 atom
ampere fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e = 1.602 176 634·10-19 C
(As)
kelvin fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k = 1.380649·10-23 J/K
(kg∙m2/s2/K)
mole fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant NA = 6.02214076·1023 1/mol.
The amount of substance n of a system is a measure of the number of
specified elementary entities.
candela fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of
frequency 540·1012 Hz, Kcd = 683 lm/W (cd sr/W or cd sr/kg/m2∙s3)

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Physical Constants
Quantity Symbol Value Uncertainty
Avogadro constant NA 6.02214076·1023 1/mol 0
Boltzmann constant k 1.380649·10-23 J/K 0
elementary charge e 1.602176634·10-19 C 0
Newtonian constant of gravitation G 6.67430(15)·10-11 m3/kg/s2 2.2·10-5
Planck constant h 6.62607015·10-34 Js 0
speed of light in vacuum c 299792458 m/s 0
vacuum electric permittivity ε0 = 1/(μ0c2) 8.8541878128(13)·10-12 F/m 1.5·10-10
vacuum magnetic permeability μ0 1.25663706212(19)·10-6 N/A2 1.5·10-10
electron mass me 9.1093837015(28)·10-31 kg 3.0·10-10
proton mass mp 1.67262192369(51)·10-27 kg 3.1·10-10
fine-structure constant α= e2/(2ε 0hc) 7.2973525693(11)·10-3 1.5·10-10
Josephson constant KJ = 2e/h 483597.8484…·109 Hz/V 0
molar gas constant R = NA k 8.314462618… J/mol/K 0
Rydberg constant
Udo Klein
R∞ = α2mec/(2h) 10973731.568160(21) 1/m 1.9·10-12
M03VGU – 1.9
Autumn 2020
von Klitzing constant
14/10/2020 RK = h/e2 25812.80745… Ω 0

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The Watt (Kibble) Balance

• weighing experiment: The gravitational force on
the mass m is balanced by an equal and opposite
electromagnetic force on the coil by sending a current I
through it: mg = ILB

• moving experiment: The coil is moved at a vertical

speed v through the magnetic field so that a voltage V
is induced: V = LBv

VI = mgv

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Example 1

If a signal can travel in a cable at 80% of the speed of

light, what length of cable represents 1 ns?

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Electric Circuit Design

Iterative Design Process
• the design begins with a need
• assessment of the need results in design
specifications
• development of a concept
• circuit model consists of ideal circuit
components
• ideal circuit components are mathematical
models
• tools of circuit analysis are applied to the
circuit = mathematical techniques →
refinements
• measurement of actual physical prototype
→ further refinements
• design meets the need
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Electrical Charge
• Electrical charge is bipolar, meaning that electrical effects
are described in terms of positive and negative charges.
• The electric charge exists in discrete quantities, which are
integral multiples of the electronic charge, 1.6022∙10-19 C.
• Electrical effects are attributed to both the separation of
charge and charges in motion.

 separation of charge creates an electric force = voltage

 motion of charge creates an electric fluid = current

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Voltage
• Whenever positive and negative charges are separated,
energy is expended.
• Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the
separation.

• The rate of charge flow is known as the electric current.

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Ideal Basic Circuit Elements

An ideal basic circuit element has three attributes:
1. It has only two terminals, which are points of connection
to other circuit components.
2. It is described mathematically in terms of current and/or
voltage.
3. It cannot be subdivided into other elements.

Reference Directions:
positive v: voltage drop from
terminal 1 to terminal 2
positive i: positive charge flowing
from terminal 1 to terminal 2
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Passive Sign Convention

Whenever the reference direction for the current in an

element is in the direction of the reference voltage drop
across the element, use a positive sign in any expression
that relates the voltage to the current.
Otherwise, use a negative sign.

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Example 2

No charge exists at the upper terminal of an ideal basic

circuit element for t < 0. At t = 0, a 5 A current begins to
flow into the upper terminal.
a) Derive the expression for the charge accumulating
at the upper terminal of the element for t > 0.
b) If the current is stopped after 10 seconds, how much
charge has accumulated at the upper terminal?

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Power and Energy

Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy.

Whether power is being delivered to the pair of terminals or

extracted from it comes from the correct application and
interpretation of the passive sign convention.

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Sign of Power
• The algebraic sign of power is based on charge
movement through voltage drops and rises.
• As positive charges move through a drop in voltage, they
lose energy, and as they move through a rise in voltage,
they gain energy.
• If the power is positive
(p > 0), power is being
delivered to the circuit
inside the box.
• If the power is negative
(p < 0), power is being
extracted from the
circuit inside the box.
Udo Klein M03VGU – 1.19
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Example 3

The current at the terminals of an ideal basic circuit

element is i = 0, for t < 0, and i = 20∙e-5000∙t A for t ≥ 0.
Assume that the voltage at the terminals of the element
is v = 0, for t < 0, and v = 10∙e-5000∙t kV for t ≥ 0.
a) Calculate the power supplied to the element at 1 ms.
b) Calculate the total energy delivered to the circuit
element.

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Summary
• The International System of Units (SI) enables engineers to
communicate in a meaningful way about quantitative results.
• Circuit analysis is based on the variables of voltage and current.
• Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by charge
separation and has the SI unit of volt (v = dw/dq).
• Current is the rate of charge flow and has the SI unit of ampere
(i = dq/dt).
• The ideal basic circuit element is a two-terminal component
that cannot be subdivided; it can be described mathematically in
terms of its terminal voltage and current.

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Summary (cont.)
• The passive sign convention uses a positive sign in the
expression that relates the voltage and current at the terminals
of an element when the reference direction for the current
through the element is in the direction of the reference voltage
drop across the element.
• Power is energy per unit of time and is equal to the product of
the terminal voltage and current; it has the SI unit of watt (p =
dw/dt = vi).
• The algebraic sign of power is interpreted as follows:
– If p > 0, power is being delivered to the circuit or circuit
component.
– If p < 0, power is being extracted from the circuit or circuit
component.

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Exercises
1. The 16 giga-byte (GB = 230 bytes) flash memory chip for an
MP3 player is 11 mm by 15 mm by 1 mm. This memory chip
holds 20,000 photos.
a) How many photos fit into a cube whose sides are 1 mm?
b) How many bytes of memory are stored in a cube whose
sides are 200 μm?
2. A hand-held video player displays 480 x 320 picture elements
(pixels) in each frame of the video. Each pixel requires 2 bytes
of memory. Videos are displayed at a rate of 30 frames per
second. How many hours of video will fit in a 32 gigabyte
memory?

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Exercises

3. A current of 1600 A exists in a rectangular (0.4-by-16 cm) bus

bar. The current is due to free electrons moving through the
wire at an average velocity of v meters/second. If the
concentration of free electrons is 1029 electrons per cubic meter
and if they are uniformly dispersed throughout the wire, then
what is the average velocity of an electron?
4. The current entering the upper terminal of an ideal basic circuit
element is i = 20 cos(5000∙t), where the time t is in s and the
current i in A. Assume the charge at the upper terminal is zero
at the instant the current is passing through its maximum value.
Find the expression for q(t).

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Exercises
5. When a car has a dead battery, it can often be started by
connecting the battery from another car across its terminals.
The positive terminals are connected together as are the
negative terminals. The connection is illustrated in the figure
below. Assume the current I is measured and found to be 30 A.
a) Which car has the dead battery?
b) If this connection is maintained for 1 min, how much energy
is transferred to the dead battery?

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Exercises

6. One 12 V battery supplies 100 mA to a boom box. How much

energy does the battery supply in 4 h?
7. The manufacturer of a 1.5 V D flashlight battery says that the
battery will deliver 9 mA for 40 continuous hours. During that
time the voltage will drop from 1.5 V to 1.0 V. Assume the drop
in voltage is linear with time. How much energy does the
battery deliver in this 40 h interval?

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Exercises
8. Two electric circuits, represented by boxes A and B, are
connected as shown in the figure below. The reference
direction for the current i in the interconnection and the
reference polarity for the voltage v across the interconnection
are as shown in the figure. For each of the following sets of
numerical values, calculate the power in the interconnection
and state whether the power is flowing from A to B or vice
versa.
a) i = 10 A, v = 125 V
b) i = 5 A, v = -240 V
c) i = -12 A, v = 480 V
d) i = -25 A, v = -660 V

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End of Lecture 1

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