NH4Cl

Physical Test
State – Crystalline
Colour – White
Odour – Ammoniacal smell

Anion Analysis
Preliminary Test for Anions:-

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt + dil. HCl No brisk effervescence Absence of CO3 2-
Salt + conc. H2SO4 Colourless gas with pungent Presence of Cl-
smell is evolved. White dense
fumes evolved when a glass rod
dipped in ammonium hydroxide
solution is shown on the mouth
of the test tube.

Confirmatory Test for Anion:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Silver nitrate test: White precipitate formed which Presence of Cl- is confirmed.
Salt solution + dil. nitric acid + is soluble in ammonium
silver nitrate solution hydroxide.
Chromyl chloride test: Yellow precipitate obtained. Presence of Cl- is confirmed.
Salt solution + solid potassium
dichromate + conc H2SO4 heat.
Red vapours are obtained which
is passed through NaOH
solution. To the yellow solution
obtained add dil. acetic acid and
lead acetate solution.

Cation Analysis
Preliminary Test for Cation:-
Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + dil. NaOH and heat. Show Evolution of colourless gas with Presence of group zero (NH4+)
moist red litmus paper on the ammoniacal smell and red litmus
mouth of the test tube. turns blue.

Confirmation Test for Cation:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + dil. NaOH and heat, show a Evolution of dense white fumes Presence of NH4+ is confirmed.
glass rod dipped in conc. HCl on of ammonium chloride.
the mouth of the test tube.
Salt solution + Nessler’s reagent Reddish brown precipitate. Presence of NH4+ is confirmed.

NH4+ is confirmed as the cation and Cl- is confirmed as the anion hence the salt is NH4Cl.

Al2(SO4)3

Physical Test
State – Crystalline
Colour – White
Odour – No smell

Anion Analysis
Preliminary Test for Anion:-

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt + dil. HCl No brisk effervescence Absence of CO32-
Salt + conc. H2SO4 No evolution of gas with pungent Absence of Cl-
smell
Salt solution + BaCl2 solution White precipitate Presence of SO42-

Confirmatory Test for Anion:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Salt solution + BaCl2 solution White precipitate is formed Presence of SO42- is confirmed
which is insoluble in dil. HCl
Salt solution + lead acetate White precipitate is formed Presence of SO42- is confirmed
solution which is soluble in excess of hot
ammonium acetate solution.

Cation Analysis
Preliminary Test for Cation:-

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt + dil. NaOH and heat, shoe No evolution of gas with Absence of group zero (NH4+)
moist red litmus paper on the ammoniacal smell
mouth of the test tube.
Salt solution + dil. HCl No white precipitate Absence of group I (Pb2+)
Salt solution + dil. HCl + No black precipitate Absence of group II (Cu2+)
ammonium sulphide solution
Salt solution + Solid ammonium White gelatinous precipitate Presence of group III (Al3+)
chloride + excess of ammonium
hydroxide solution

Confirmation Test for Cation:-

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt solution + dil. HCl + few Blue lake formation. Presence of Al3+ is confirmed
drops of blue litmus solution +
excess of ammonium hydroxide
solution
Salt solution + conc. nitric acid + Blue ash formation Presence of Al3+ is confirmed
cobalt nitrate solution, dip a
filter paper in the solution and
show it on a Bunsen flame

Al3+ is confirmed as the cation and SO42-is confirmed as the anion. Hence the salt is Al2(SO4)3.

BaCl2

Physical Test
State – Crystalline
Colour – White
Odour – No smell

Anion Analysis
Preliminary Test for Anion:-

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt + dil. HCl No brisk effervescence Absence of CO32-
Salt + conc. H2SO4 Colourless gas with pungent Presence of Cl-
smell is evolved. White dense
fumes evolved when a glass rod
dipped in ammonium hydroxide
solution is shown on the mouth
of the test tube.

Confirmatory Test for Anion:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Silver nitrate test: White precipitate formed which Presence of Cl- is confirmed.
Salt solution + dil. nitric acid + is soluble in ammonium
silver nitrate solution hydroxide.
Chromyl chloride test: Yellow precipitate obtained. Presence of Cl- is confirmed.
Salt solution + solid potassium
dichromate + conc H2SO4 heat.
Red vapours are obtained which
is passed through NaOH
solution. To the yellow solution
obtained add dil. acetic acid and
lead acetate solution.

Cation Analysis
Preliminary Test for Cation:-

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt + dil. NaOH and heat, shoe No evolution of gas with Absence of group zero (NH4+)
moist red litmus paper on the ammoniacal smell
mouth of the test tube.
Salt solution + dil. HCl No white precipitate Absence of group I (Pb2+)
Salt solution + dil. HCl + No black precipitate Absence of group II (Cu2+)
ammonium sulphide solution
Salt solution + Solid ammonium White gelatinous precipitate Presence of group III (Al3+)
chloride + excess of ammonium
hydroxide solution
Salt solution + dil. HCl + excess No black, flesh coloured or dirty Absence of group IV
ammonium hydroxide solution + white precipitate
3 drops of ammonium sulphide
solution
Salt solution + solid ammonium White precipitate Presence of group V (Ba2+ or
chloride + excess ammonium Ca2+)
hydroxide solution + (NH4)2CO3
solution

Confirmatory Test for Cation:-

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt solution + few drops of Yellow precipitate Presence of Ba2+ is confirmed
potassium chromate solution
Flame test ( salt + conc. HCl Grassy green flame Presence of Ba2+ is confirmed
paste is taken in a glass rod and
shown on the flame)

Ba2+ is confirmed as the cation and Cl- is confirmed as the anion. Hence the salt is BaCl2.

CaCO3

Physical Test
State – Amorphous
Colour – White
Odour – No smell

Anion Analysis
Preliminary Test for Anion:-

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt + dil. HCl Colourless and odourless gas Presence of CO32-
with brisk effervescence, turns
lime water milky

Confirmatory Test for Anion:-

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt + dil. HCl Brisk effervescence of CO2 turns Presence of CO32- is confirmed
lime water milky
Salt solution + magnesium White precipitate Presence of CO32- is confirmed
sulphate solution + ammonium
hydroxide

Cation Analysis
Preliminary Test for Cation:-

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt + dil. NaOH and heat, shoe No evolution of gas with Absence of group zero (NH4+)
moist red litmus paper on the ammoniacal smell
mouth of the test tube.
Salt solution + dil. HCl No white precipitate Absence of group I (Pb2+)
Salt solution + dil. HCl + No black precipitate Absence of group II (Cu2+)
ammonium sulphide solution
Salt solution + Solid ammonium White gelatinous precipitate Presence of group III (Al3+)
chloride + excess of ammonium
hydroxide solution
Salt solution + dil. HCl + excess No black, flesh coloured or dirty Absence of group IV
ammonium hydroxide solution + white precipitate
3 drops of ammonium sulphide
solution
Salt solution + solid ammonium White precipitate Presence of group V (Ba2+ or
chloride + excess ammonium Ca2+)
hydroxide solution + (NH4)2CO3
solution

Confirmatory Test for Cation:-

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt solution + ammonium oxalic White precipitate Presence of Ca2+ is confirmed
solution + few drops of
ammonium hydroxide solution
Flame test ( salt + conc. HCl Brick red flame that is not Presence of Ca2+ is confirmed
paste is taken in a glass rod and persistent
shown on the flame)

Ca2+ is confirmed as the cation and CO32-is confirmed as the anion. Hence the salt is CaCO3.