GE 105:

Purposive Communicationby
Angelika R. Caponpon, LPT, MAEd
 LESSON 1:
Language and Communication
What do you call to the
national language of the
Philippines?
Pre-Colonial Period:
Before the arrival of the
Spanish, the Philippines had
multiple native languages,
including Tagalog, Cebuano,
Ilocano, and others, spoken
by different ethnolinguistic
groups.
Spanish Colonization:
(1565-1898)
Spanish became the official
language of administration,
education, and religion,
although many indigenous
languages remained widely
spoken.
American Colonization:
(1565-1946)
The Americans established
English as the primary language
of education and administration.
English quickly spread, and
Filipino languages, including
Tagalog, absorbed numerous
English words.
Japanese Colonization:
(1941-1945)
During World War II, the
Japanese promoted Nihongo
(Japanese) and attempted to
suppress English. However, they
encouraged the use of Tagalog to
promote nationalism and counter
Western influence.
1935 Constitution:
The Philippine government
recognized the need for a
national language and
selected Tagalog as the
basis for developing a
national language.
In 1946, Pilipino became one of the official
languages of the Philippines alongside
English when the country gained
independence from the United States. This
was a continuation of the 1935 constitutional
mandate, which called for the development
of a national language based on Tagalog.
 1973 Constitution:
Pilipino was renamed Filipino, acknowledging
the inclusion of words and influences from other
Philippine languages. The constitution mandated
that the national language would evolve by
incorporating elements from other native
languages, rather than being solely based on
Tagalog.
 1987 Constitution:
Filipino was reaffirmed as the national
language, distinct from Tagalog, with
efforts to incorporate elements from
other native languages.
Language is a structured
system of communication
that consists of grammar
and vocabulary.

It is the primary means

by which humans convey
meaning, both in spoken
and written forms, and
sign languages.
 Language is a system of
communication that uses
symbols, sounds, words, or
gestures to express thoughts,
ideas, and emotions. It allows
humans to share knowledge,
interact, and build societies.
Three essential components of
language are grammar,
phonology, and lexicon.
 Grammar refers to the set of rules that
govern how words are structured into
sentences. It ensures that language follows a
consistent pattern so speakers and listeners
can understand each other. Grammar
consists of morphology, syntax and
semantics.
 Morphology Syntax Semantics

It is the study of how It is the study of how It is the study of

words are formed words are arranged meaning in
and structured. It to form sentences. It language, including
examines how defines rules for word word meanings,
morphemes (the order, sentence sentence meanings,
smallest units of structure, and and how context
meaning) combine to grammatical affects
create words. correctness. interpretation.
 Phonology is the branch of linguistics that
studies the sound system of a language - how
sounds are organized, pronounced, and used
to create meaning including phonemes
(distinct sound units), intonation, and
stress patterns.
 Phonemes Intonation Stress Pattern

It is considered It refers to the It refers to making

the smallest unit variation in pitch certain syllables
of sound in a when speaking. It or words louder,
language that can longer, and
change the affects meaning
meaning of a and emotion in stronger in
word. speech. pronunciation.
Lexicon refers to the collection of words
in a language, including their meanings,
usage, and relationships. It consists of
individual words, specialized terms,
and borrowed words.
 Individual Specialized Borrowed
Words Terms Words

A word in the Different It refers to the

lexicon can have professions, collection of
multiple meanings communities, or words that one
depending on social groups language has
context which can
be literal and have their own taken from
figurative. lexicon. another.
 Indigenous Languages
of the Philippines
Philippines is home to approximately
175 languages, with the vast majority
being classified as Austronesian
languages. Of these, about 130 are still
actively spoken, while others are
considered endangered.
1. Tagalog – basis of the national
language, Filipino; spoken mainly in Metro
Manila, Central and Southern Luzon.

2. Cebuano (Bisaya) – widely spoken in

Visayas and Mindanao.

3. Ilocano – dominant in Northern Luzon

(Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, and
Cordillera).
4. Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) – Spoken in
Western Visayas (Iloilo, Bacolod,
Guimaras).

5. Bikolano – Used in Bicol Region

(Albay, Camarines, Sorsogon).

6. Waray-Waray – Main language in

Eastern Visayas (Samar, Leyte).
7. Kapampangan – spoken in
Pampanga and Tarlac.

8. Pangasinan – native to
Pangasinan province.
Communication is the process of sending
and receiving messages through verbal or
nonverbal means, including speech, or oral
communication; writing and graphical
representations (such as infographics, maps,
and charts); and signs, signals, and behavior.
Communication is said to be
"the creation and exchange
of meaning.“

It is a two-way process and is

incomplete without a
feedback from the recipient to
the sender on how well the
message is understood by
him.
 TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION
Communication may be classified
according to:
1. Communication Mode,
2. Context,
3. Purpose and Style
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
according to Mode

1. Verbal Communication
2. Non-Verbal Communication
3.Visual Communication
 1. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Communication that uses words, either
spoken or written, to convey a message.
This may be classified into:
A. Oral Communication
B. Written Communication
A. Oral Communication
It involves spoken words in face-to-face or
remote interactions. It relies on tone, clarity,
and pronunciation.

Examples: Conversations, Public speaking,

Phone calls, Radio and television broadcasts
B. Written Communication
It involves the use of written symbols, letters,
or digital text. It requires proper grammar,
structure, and clarity.
Examples: Emails and text messages;
Books and newspapers; Reports and letters;
Social media posts
 2. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Communication that does not use
words but relies on gestures, signs,
facial expressions, and body
language.
Example of non-verbal communication:
1. Facial Expressions - the most universal
form of non-verbal communication.
✓ Smiling → happiness or friendliness
✓ Frowning → sadness or disapproval
✓ Raised eyebrows → surprise or curiosity
✓ Rolling eyes → annoyance or sarcasm
2. Gestures - movements of hands, arms, or
fingers to express meaning.
Examples:
✓ Thumbs up → approval or agreement
✓ Waving → greeting or saying goodbye
✓ Pointing → directing attention
✓ Clenched fist → anger or determination
3. Body Language, Posture and Movement –
The way we stand, sit, or move conveys
confidence, openness, or discomfort.
Examples:
✓ Standing tall with open arms → confidence
and authority
✓ Slouching → lack of interest or low energy
4. Oculesics - the use of eye movements, eye
contact, and eye behavior to convey messages.
Examples:
✓ Direct eye contact → Confidence and honesty
✓ Avoiding eye contact → Nervousness or
dishonesty
✓ Looking down → Submission or shyness
✓ Staring → Aggressiveness or intimidation
5. Haptics - physical contact used to
communicate emotions and relationships.
Examples:
✓ Handshakes → formal greetings or
agreement
✓ Hugging → affection or comfort
✓ Pat on the back → encouragement or
congratulations
6. Proxemics - The physical distance between
people communicates relationships and
comfort levels.
Examples:
✓ Standing close → intimacy or friendliness
✓ Maintaining personal space → respect for
boundaries
✓ Moving away → discomfort or avoidance
7. Paralanguage – refers to the tone, pitch,
and volume of voice. How something is said
rather than the actual words spoken.
Examples:
✓ A loud voice → anger or excitement
✓ A soft voice → shyness or sadness
✓ Fast speech → nervousness or urgency
✓ Slow speech → calmness or seriousness
8. Appearance and Clothing – The way we
dress and present ourselves can send
messages about status, culture, or personality.
Examples:
✓ Formal attire → professionalism or authority
✓ Casual clothing → relaxation or informality
✓ Uniforms → job roles (e.g., police, doctors)
9. Chronemics – The study of how time affects
communication, behavior, and relationships.
✓ Punctuality → it shows respect and
professionalism.
✓ Response Time Quickly replying to a
message or email → shows interest and
engagement.
 3. VISUAL COMMUNICATION
It is the type of communication that uses
visuals to convey information or
messages. It is the practice of using
visual elements to get a message across,
inspire change, or evoke an emotion.
Example of Visual Communication
1. Images and Photography
2. Symbols and Icons
3. Colors and Color Psychology
4. Typography
5. Graphs and Charts
6. Signs and Road Signals
Example of Visual Communication
7. Drawings and Illustrations
8. Videos and Animations
9. Maps and Diagrams
10. Infographics
11. Comic Strips and Cartoons
12. Workplace Presentations
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
according to Context
1. Intrapersonal Communication
2. Interpersonal Communication
3.Extended Communication
4.Organizational Communication
5.Intercultural Communication
1. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
The Latin prefix intra means within or
inside. Intrapersonal communication means
talking to oneself. Some label it as self or
inner talk, inner monologue and dialogue.
Psychologists call it with other names such
as self-verbalization or self- statement.
 INTRAPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
Examples:
✓ Self-talk before an
important exam.
✓ Writing in a diary
or journal.
✓ Daydreaming or
planning mentally.
2. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
The Latin prefix inter means between,
among and together. It refers to communication
between two or more people. It involves the
exchange of messages, ideas, and information
between individuals. Direct communication
between two people, either face-to-face or
digitally.
 INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
Examples:
✓ Conversation between
friends.
✓ A job interview
between an applicant
and an employer.
✓ A phone call between
family members.
 3. EXTENDED COMMUNICATION
Communication transmitted to a large,
widespread audience through electronic
media. It may be expanded into tele,
audio or phone conferencing; video-
conferencing; skype calls; and other
technological means.
 EXTENDED
COMMUNICATION
Examples:
✓ News broadcasts on
television.
✓ Social media posts
reaching thousands of
people.
✓ Newspaper articles
and online blogs.
4. ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION
It refers to the communication that takes
place between people who are working
towards common goals within an organization.
It consists of the interactions that take
place for the purpose of working together
towards these goals or conducting business in
general.
There are two types of organizational structure:
(1) formal and (2) informal.

Four Approaches of Formal structure allows

communication to take place via designated channels
of message flow between positions in the organization.
(1) downward communication, (2) upward
communication, (3) horizontal communication, and
(4) crosswise communication.
 1. DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION
It is the type of formal communication that
flows from upper to lower positions, i.e.,
president to a manager or supervisor, a
manager to an ordinary staff. The flow of
communication is top-down or from a superior
to a subordinate, usually asking certain
individuals to perform a certain task.
Examples:
✓ A CEO sending an
email about new
company policies.
✓ A manager giving
instructions to team
members.
✓ A school principal
announcing new
guidelines to teachers.
 2. UPWARD COMMUNICATION
It is the type of formal communication
where message transmission is bottom-up.
Subordinates send communication to their
superiors or bosses bearing their views and
feedback on organizational policies, issues
related to their jobs, and the like.
Examples:
✓ Employees
submitting reports to
supervisors.
✓ A worker suggesting
improvements in a
company process.
✓ A student providing
feedback on a
teacher’s lesson.
 3. HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION
It is the type of formal communication that
is lateral in approach as it takes place
among people belonging to the same level
but coming from different departments or
units to facilitate performance of tasks
through proper coordination.
Examples:
✓ A marketing team
collaborating with a
sales team.
✓ Co-workers
discussing how to
improve productivity.
✓ Teachers sharing
lesson strategies
with colleagues.
 4. CROSSWISE COMMUNICATION
It is the type of formal communication that is
diagonal in nature as employees from different
units or departments working at various levels,
communicate with each other. Communication
that occurs between employees from different
levels and departments, bypassing the traditional
hierarchy.
Examples:
✓ An employee from IT
directly discussing
software issues with a
senior executive.
✓ A project manager
talking to interns about
workflow improvements.
✓ A sales representative
coordinating directly with
the CEO.
 5. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
It is a communication between or among
people having different linguistic, religious,
ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds.
Interaction between people from different
cultural backgrounds, requiring sensitivity
and awareness of language, customs, and
traditions.
 INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
Examples:
✓ A business meeting between
a Filipino and a Japanese
executive.
✓ A foreign exchange student
adjusting to a new country.
✓ International conferences
with delegates from different
nations.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
according to
Purpose and Style
1. Formal Communication
2. Informal Communication
 1. FORMAL COMMUNICATION
It employs formal language delivered
orally or in written form. Lectures, public
talks or speeches, research and project
proposals, reports, and business letters,
among others are all considered formal
situations and writings.
 FORMAL
COMMUNICATION
Examples:
✓ Business emails and reports
✓ News broadcasts and
speeches
✓ Legal documents and
contracts
✓ Job interviews and official
meetings
 2. INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
It does not employ formal language. It involves
personal and ordinary conversations with
friends, family members, or acquaintances
about anything under the sun. Casual,
spontaneous, and does not follow strict rules.
Often occurs in friendly or social settings.
 INFORMAL
COMMUNICATION
Examples:
✓ Chatting with friends over
coffee
✓ Sending text messages or
memes
✓ Gossiping or small talk
✓ Casual conversations at a
party