Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Internet of Things Lab

VI Semester (22ECL651)

Staffs in-charge:
Dr. Pavithra G
Dr. Swapnil S N

Lab Instructors: Mrs. Gayatri & Mrs. Veena

HOD: Dr. Shobha K R

Name of the Student :

Semester /Section :

USN :

Batch :

Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering

Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout,
Banashankari, Bangalore-560111, Karnataka
Tel : +91 80 26662226 26661104 Extn : 2731 Fax : +90 80 2666 0789
Web - http://www.dayanandasagar.edu Email : hod-ece@dayanandasagar.edu
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Approved by AICTE & ISO 9001:2008 Certified)
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About the College

The Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering was established in 1979 by Sri R. Dayananda
Sagar. Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering operates under the aegis of the Mahatma
Gandhi Vidya Peetha Trust is approved by All India Council for Technical Education
(AICTE), Govt. of India and affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University. It has the
widest choice of engineering branches having 20 Under Graduate courses & 6 Post
Graduate courses. In addition, it has 20 Research Centres in different branches of
Engineering catering to research scholars for obtaining Ph.D. under VTU. Various courses
are accredited by NBA.
The Institute is spread over 23 acres of land with large infrastructure supported by
laboratories with state-of-the-art, Equipment & Machines. The Central Library with modern
facilities and the Digital Library provides the knowledge base for the students.
The campus is WI-FI equipped with large bandwidth internet facility. The College has good
faculty strength with highest professional integrity and committed to the academics with
transparency in their actions. Each faculty takes the responsibility of mentoring a certain
number of students through personal attention paving the way for the students’ professional
growth. The faculty are research oriented having number of sponsored R & D projects from
different agencies such as Department of Science & Technology, Defence R & D
organizations, Indian Space Research Organization, AICTE etc.

About the Department

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering is one of the oldest and biggest
department in the DSI group with 50 faculty members and 1200+ students. Most of our
faculty have pursued Ph.D. and others are in the process. The ECE department provides
high-quality, innovative technical education at the undergraduate, graduate, and research
levels. At present, the department offers an UG course (BE) with an intake of 240, a PG
course in VLSI Design and Embedded Systems with an intake of 18 students and Ph.D. The
department has got an excellent infrastructure with sophisticated labs, class rooms and R &
D center. The department faculty and support personnel are dedicated towards helping
students achieve success in today's world by offering them the knowledge and skills
required. The department places a strong emphasis on leading-edge research through its
research centre and research forum. These factors together enable our graduating students to
create a big impact on the workforce from day one.
In addition to offering innovative courses, the department is more focused on improving
students' educational experiences by offering value-added courses, skill-development
programs, technical challenges and hackathons at state, national, and international arenas.
Through its professional societies and technical clubs, the department takes great
satisfaction in exposing its students to current industry developments and upcoming
technologies. The dedicated staff at the ECE department help students procure jobs in
prestigious companies both domestically and abroad.

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Vision of the College:

To impart quality technical education with a focus on Research and Innovation emphasizing
on Development of Sustainable and Inclusive Technology for the benefit of society.
Mission of the College:
 To provide an environment that enhances creativity and Innovation in pursuit of
Excellence.
 To nurture teamwork in order to transform individuals as responsible leaders and
entrepreneurs.
 To train the students to the changing technical scenario and make them to
understand the importance of Sustainable and Inclusive technologies.
Vision of the Department
To achieve continuous improvement in quality technical education for global competence
with focuson industry, societal needs, research and professional success.
Mission of the Department
 Offering quality education in Electronics and Communication Engineering with
effective teaching learning process in multidisciplinary environment.
 Training the students to take-up projects in emerging technologies and work with
team spirit.
 To imbibe professional ethics, development of skills and research culture for better
placement opportunities.
Program Educational Objectives [PEOs]
The Graduate students must be able to:
PEO-1: Ready to apply the state-of-art technology in industry and meeting the societal need with
Knowledge of Electronics and Communication Engineering due to strong academic culture.
PEO-2: Competent in technical and soft skills to be employed with capability of working in
Multidisciplinary domains.
PEO-3: Professionals, capable of pursuing higher studies in technical, research management
programs.
Programme Specific Outcomes [PSOs]
PSO-1: Design, develop and integrate electronic circuits and systems using current practices
and Standards.
PSO-2: Apply knowledge of hardware and software in designing Embedded and
Communication Systems.

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Programme Outcomes [POs]

Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the Knowledge of Mathematics, Science, Engineering
Fundamentals, and an Engineering specialization to the solution of complex Engineering
problems.
2. Problem Analysis: Identify, Formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
Mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences.
3. Design/Development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
conditions.
4. Conduct investigations on complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of Experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of Information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate technique, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess society, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Lifelong learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

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Internet of Things Lab (Standalone Lab)

Course Code: 22ECL651 CIE Marks: 50 Credits: 1
L:T:P:0:0:1 Lab Duration: 02 Hrs Total: 12 Lab sessions

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
Develop skills in interfacing sensors and actuators with ESP32 for real-time data
1.
acquisition.
2. Explore IoT communication protocols and networking concepts using ESP32.
3. Implement IoT-based web servers and cloud integrations for remote monitoring and control.
Design and develop smart IoT applications with automation, security, and
4.
efficient data handling.

COURSE OUTCOMES: At the end of the course, the student will be able to
CO1 Attain knowledge of IoT and its significance in today’s world.

CO2 Able to understand different components, and design IoT applications.

Assimilate the IoT concepts and the use of various IoT components for effective
CO3
networking.
CO4 Acquire technical knowhow of IoT, sensors and integration with networks.

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List of Experiments
1. Connect an LED to an ESP32 and create a program that
switches the LED on for 1 second every 2 seconds.
2. Measure the temperature, humidity and heat index using
ESP32 development board and display the values on serial
monitor.
3. Calculate the distance to an object with the help of an
ultrasonic sensor and display it on serial monitor.
4. Measure soil moisture value using ESP32 development board
and display the sensor values on serial monitor.
5. Motion detection using IR sensor and turn on buzzer upon
detection.
6. Measure BPM value using pulse sensor and display on serial
monitor.
7. Configure/Set your ESP32 development broad as an access
point.
8. Scan Wi-Fi networks and get Wi-Fi strength using ESP32
development board.
9. Establish connection between IoT node and access point and
display of local IP and gateway IP.
10 . Design and implementation of HTTP based IoT web server to
control the status of LED.
11 . Design and implementation of HTTP based IoT web server to
display sensor value.
12 . Design and implementation of MQTT based controlling and
monitoring using Ubidots MQTT server.

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DEPARTMENT of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
INTERNET OF THINGS LABORATORY
Index Sheet
Sl.No Program Page.
no.

1 Connect an LED to an ESP32 and create a program that switches the LED 22
on for 1 second every 2 seconds.
2 Measure the temperature, humidity and heat index using ESP32 25
development board and display the values on serial monitor.
3 Calculate the distance to an object with the help of an ultrasonic sensor and 30
display it on serial monitor.
4 Measure soil moisture value using ESP32 development board and display 33
the sensor values on serial monitor.
5 Motion detection using IR sensor and turn on buzzer upon detection. 36
6 Measure BPM value using pulse sensor and display on serial monitor. 39
7 Configure/Set your ESP32 development broad as an access point. 43
8 Scan Wi-Fi networks and get Wi-Fi strength using ESP32 development 47
board.
9 Establish connection between IoT node and access point and display of 51
local IP and gateway IP.
10 Design and implementation of HTTP based IoT web server to control the status of 55
LED.
11 Design and implementation of HTTP based IoT web server to display 60
sensor value.
12 Design and implementation of MQTT based controlling and monitoring 65
using Ubidots MQTT server.

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Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Name of the Laboratory : Internet of Things Lab (Standalone Lab)

Semester : VI
No. of students /batch : 22
No. of equipment’s : 22
Major Equipment’s : ESP32 Development kit, Computer, Arduino
Software

Operating System : Windows 10 and higher

Simulation Tools : Arduino
Area of the lab inSq.mts : 102 Sqmts
Lab in-charges : Dr. Pavithra G
Dr. Swapnil S N

Instructor name : Mrs. Gayatri

Mrs. Veena
HoD : Dr. Shobha K R

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DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELCTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DO’s
 All the students should come to LAB on time with proper dress code and identity cards.
 Keep your belongings in the bag rack of laboratory.
 Students have to enter their name, USN, time-in/out and signature in the log register maintained in
the laboratory.
 All the students should submit their records before the commencement of Laboratory experiments.
 Students should come to the lab well prepared for the experiments which are to be performed in that
particular session.
 Students are asked to do the experiments on their own and should not waste their precious time by
talking, roaming and sitting idle in the labs.
 Observation book and record book should be complete in all respects and it should be corrected by
the staff member.
 Before leaving the laboratory, students should arrange their chairs and leave in orderly manner after
completion of their scheduled time.
 Prior permission to be taken, if for some reasons, they cannot attend lab.
 Immediately report any sparks/ accidents/ injuries/ any other untoward incident to the faculty
/instructor.
 In case of an emergency or accident, follow the safety procedure.
 Switch OFF the power supply after completion of experiment.

DONT’s
 The use of mobile/ any other personal electronic gadgets is prohibited in the laboratory.
 Do not make noise in the Laboratory & do not sit on experiment table.
 Do not make loose connections and avoid overlapping of wires
 Don’t switch on power supply without prior permission from the concerned staff.
 Never leave the experiments while in progress.
 Do not leave the Laboratory without the signature of the concerned staff in observation book.

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About ESP32
ESP32 is a series of low-cost, low-power system on a chip microcontroller with integrated Wi-Fi
and dual-mode Bluetooth. At the core of this module is the ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip*. The chip
embedded is designed to be scalable and adaptive. There are two CPU cores that can be
individually controlled, and the clock frequency is adjustable from 80 MHz to 240 MHz. The
user may also power off the CPU and make use of the low-power co-processor to constantly
monitor the peripherals for changes or crossing of thresholds. ESP32 integrates a rich set of
peripherals, ranging from capacitive touch sensors, Hall sensors, SD card interface, Ethernet,
high-speed SPI, UART, I2S and I2C.
• The ESP32 is dual core.
• It has Wi-Fi and Bluetooth built-in.
• It runs 32-bit programs.
• The clock frequency can go up to 240MHz and it has a 512 kB RAM.
• This particular board has 30 or 36 pins, 15 in each row.
• It also has wide variety of peripherals available, like: capacitive touch, ADCs, DACs,
UART, SPI, I2C and much more.
• It comes with built-in hall effect sensor and built-in temperature sensor.

Key Component Description

ESP32-WROOM-32 A module with ESP32 at its core. For more information
EN Reset button.
Download button. Holding down Boot and then pressing EN initiates
Boot Firmware Download mode for downloading firmware through the serial
port.
USB-to-UART Bridge Single USB-UART bridge chip provides transfer rates of up to 3 Mbps.

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USB interface. Power supply for the board as well as the communication
Micro USB Port
interface between a computer and the ESP32-WROOM-32 module.
Turns on when the USB or an external 5V power supply is connected to
5V Power On LED
the board.
Most of the pins on the ESP module are broken out to the pin headers on
I/O the board. You can program ESP32 to enable multiple functions such as
PWM, ADC, DAC, I2C, I2S, SPI, etc.

Note: The pins D0, D1, D2, D3, CMD and CLK are used internally for communication between
ESP32 and SPI flash memory. They are grouped on both sides near the USB connector. Avoid
using these pins, as it may disrupt access to the SPI flash memory / SPI RAM.

Features of the ESP32 include the following:

• Processors:
o CPU: Xtensa dual-core (or single-core) 32-bit LX6 microprocessor,
operating at 160 or 240 MHz and performing at up to 600 DMIPS
o Ultra-low power (ULP) co-processor
• Memory: 320 KiB RAM, 448 KiB ROM
• Wireless connectivity:
o Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n
o Bluetooth: v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE (shares the radio with Wi-Fi)
• Peripheral interfaces:
o 34 × programmable GPIOs
o 12-bit SAR ADC up to 18 channels
o 2 × 8-bit DACs
o 10 × touch sensors (capacitive sensing GPIOs)
o 4 × SPI
o 2 × I²S interfaces
o 2 × I²C interfaces
o 3 × UART
o SD/SDIO/CE-ATA/MMC/eMMC host controller
o SDIO/SPI slave controller
o Ethernet MAC interface with dedicated DMA and planned IEEE 1588
Precision Time Protocol support[4]
o CAN bus 2.0
o Infrared remote controller (TX/RX, up to 8 channels)
o Motor PWM
o LED PWM (up to 16 channels)
o Hall effect sensor
o Ultra-low power analog pre-amplifier

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• Security:
IEEE 802.11 standard security features all supported, including WPA,
o
WPA2, WPA3 (depending on version)[5] and WLAN Authentication and
Privacy Infrastructure (WAPI)
o Secure boot
o Flash encryption
o 1024-bit OTP, up to 768-bit for customers
o Cryptographic hardware acceleration: AES, SHA-2, RSA, elliptic curve
cryptography (ECC), random number generator (RNG)
• Power management:
o Internal low-dropout regulator
o Individual power domain for RTC
o 5 μA deep sleep current
o Wake up from GPIO interrupt, timer, ADC measurements, capacitive
touch sensor interrupt

Pin Layout:

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For more details : https://www.upesy.com/blogs/tutorials/esp32-pinout-reference-gpio-pins-

ultimate-guide
https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32-wroom-32d_esp32-
wroom-32u_datasheet_en.pdf

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Install the Arduino Desktop IDE:

Arduino IDE Installation (Windows):
Step 1: Download the Arduino Software (IDE):
https://www.arduino.cc/en/software
Step 2:
When the download finishes, proceed with the installation and please allow the driver installation
process when you get a warning from the operating system.

Step 3:

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Step 4:

The process will extract and install all the required files to execute properly the Arduino
Software (IDE)

Installing the ESP32 Board in Arduino IDE (Windows, Mac OS X, Linux)

There’s an add-on for the Arduino IDE that allows you to program the ESP32 using the Arduino
IDE and its programming language.
To install the ESP32 board in your Arduino IDE, follow these Steps:
Step 1: In your Arduino IDE, go to File> Preferences

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Step 2: Enter the following into the “Additional Board Manager URLs” field:
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/gh-
pages/package_esp32_index.json

Then, click the “OK” button:

Note: if you already have the ESP8266 boards URL, you can separate the URLs with a
comma as follows:
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/gh-
pages/package_esp32_index.json,
http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json

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Step 3: Open the Boards Manager. Go to Tools > Board > Boards Manager…

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Step 4: Search for ESP32 and press install button for the “ESP32 by Espressif Systems”:

Step 5: That’s it. It should be installed after a few seconds.

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Testing the Installation:

Plug the ESP32 board to your computer. With your Arduino IDE open, follow these steps:
Step 1: Select your Board in Tools > Board menu (in my case it’s the “ESP32 Dev Module”)

Step 2: Select the Port (if you don’t see the COM Port in your Arduino IDE, you need to install
the CP210x USB to UART Bridge VCP Drivers):

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Step 3: Open the following example under File > Examples >Basics> Blink

Step 4: A new sketch opens in your Arduino IDE:

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Step 5: Press the Upload button in the Arduino IDE. Wait a few seconds while the code compiles
and uploads to your board.

Step 6: If everything went as expected, you should see a “Done uploading.” message.

More details : https://randomnerdtutorials.com/installing-the-esp32-board-in-arduino-ide-

windows-instructions/

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EXPERIMENT NO. 1

Aim: Connect an LED to an ESP32 and create a program that switches the
LED on for 1 second every 2 seconds.

Description: Connect an LED to an ESP32 and create a program that switches the LED on for 1
and OFF every 2 seconds. Also, connect a push button or digital sensor (such as an IR sensor or
LDR) to the ESP32 and develop a program that activates the LED when the button is pressed, or
the sensor is triggered.

Apparatus:
Sl No Name of the Equipment Quantity
1 ESP32 Development Board 1
2 LED 1
3 Micro USB cable 1

Figure: Connect an LED to an ESP32

Procedure:
1. Plug the ESP32 development board to your PC
2. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram
3. Open the Arduino IDE in computer and write the program. Save the new sketch in your
working directory

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Note: Make sure you have the right board and COM port selected in your Arduino
IDE settings.
4. Compile the program and upload it to the ESP32 Development Board. If everything went
as expected, you should see a “Done uploading” message. (You need to hold the ESP32
on-board Boot button while uploading).
5. After uploading the code, open the Serial Monitor at a baud rate of 115200.

Code:

#define LED_PIN 15
void setup() {
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
// Blink LED every 2 seconds
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW);
delay(1000);
}

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Work Sheet

Signature of Staff In-charge with date

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EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Aim: Measure the temperature, humidity and heat index using ESP32
development board and display the values on serial monitor.

Apparatus:
Sl No Name of the Equipment Quantity
1 ESP32 Development Board 1
2 DHT11 or DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor 1
3 Jumper wires 3
4 Micro USB cable 1

The DHT11 and DHT22 sensors are used to measure temperature and relative humidity.
• Temperature range: 0 to 50ºC +/- 2ºC
• Relative humidity range: 20 to 90% +/-5%
• Temperature resolution: 1ºC
• Humidity resolution: 1%
• Operating voltage: 3 to 5.5 V DC
• Current supply: 0.5 to 2.5 mA
• Sampling period: 1 second

DHT11 sensor:

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Circuit diagram:

Procedure:
6. Plug the ESP32 development board to your PC
7. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram
8. Open the Arduino IDE in computer and write the program. Save the new sketch in your
working directory
Note: Make sure you have the right board and COM port selected in your Arduino
IDE settings.
9. Compile the program and upload it to the ESP32 Development Board. If everything went
as expected, you should see a “Done uploading” message. (You need to hold the ESP32
on-board Boot button while uploading).
10. After uploading the code, open the Serial Monitor at a baud rate of 115200.

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Code:

#include "DHT.h"

#define DHTPIN 4 // Digital pin connected to the DHT sensor

// Feather HUZZAH ESP8266 note: use pins 3, 4, 5, 12, 13 or 14 --
// Pin 15 can work but DHT must be disconnected during program upload.

// Uncomment whatever type you're using!

#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // DHT 11
//#define DHTTYPE DHT22 // DHT 22 (AM2302), AM2321
//#define DHTTYPE DHT21 // DHT 21 (AM2301)

// Connect pin 1 (on the left) of the sensor to +5V

// NOTE: If using a board with 3.3V logic like an Arduino Due connect pin 1
// to 3.3V instead of 5V!
// Connect pin 2 of the sensor to whatever your DHTPIN is
// Connect pin 4 (on the right) of the sensor to GROUND
// Connect a 10K resistor from pin 2 (data) to pin 1 (power) of the sensor

// Initialize DHT sensor.

// Note that older versions of this library took an optional third parameter to
// tweak the timings for faster processors. This parameter is no longer needed
// as the current DHT reading algorithm adjusts itself to work on faster procs.
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
Serial.println(F("DHTxx test!"));

dht.begin();
}

void loop() {
// Wait a few seconds between measurements.
delay(2000);

// Reading temperature or humidity takes about 250 milliseconds!

// Sensor readings may also be up to 2 seconds 'old' (its a very slow sensor)
float h = dht.readHumidity();
// Read temperature as Celsius (the default)
float t = dht.readTemperature();
// Read temperature as Fahrenheit (isFahrenheit = true)
float f = dht.readTemperature(true);

// Check if any reads failed and exit early (to try again).

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if (isnan(h) || isnan(t) || isnan(f)) {

Serial.println(F("Failed to read from DHT sensor!"));
return;
}

// Compute heat index in Fahrenheit (the default)

float hif = dht.computeHeatIndex(f, h);
// Compute heat index in Celsius (isFahreheit = false)
float hic = dht.computeHeatIndex(t, h, false);

Serial.print(F("Humidity: "));
Serial.print(h);
Serial.print(F("% Temperature: "));
Serial.print(t);
Serial.print(F("\xC2\xB0 C, "));
Serial.print(f);
Serial.print(F("\xC2\xB0 F, Heat index: "));
Serial.print(hic);
Serial.print(F("\xC2\xB0 C, "));
Serial.print(hif);
Serial.println(F("\xC2\xB0 F."));
}

Result:

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Work Sheet

Signature of Staff In-charge with date

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EXPERIMENT NO. 3

Aim: Calculate the distance to an object with the help of an ultrasonic sensor
and display it on serial monitor.

Ultrasonic sensor:

Circuit diagram:

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Code:

#define TRIG_PIN 12
#define ECHO_PIN 14
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(TRIG_PIN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ECHO_PIN, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, LOW);
long duration = pulseIn(ECHO_PIN, HIGH);
float distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.println(" cm");
delay(500);
}

Output on serial monitor:

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Work Sheet

Signature of Staff In-charge with date

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EXPERIMENT NO. 4

Aim: Measure soil moisture value using ESP32 development board and
display the sensor values on serial monitor.

Soil moisture sensor:

Circuit diagram:

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Code:

#define soil_PIN 34
#define LED_PIN 2
int THRESHOLD=2500;
void setup() {
pinMode(soil_PIN, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(115200);
}

void loop() {
int soilValue = analogRead(soil_PIN);
Serial.print("soil mopisture: ");
Serial.println(soilValue);

if (soilValue < THRESHOLD)

{
digitalWrite(soil_PIN, HIGH);
Serial.println(“Moisture detected”);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(soil_PIN, LOW);
}
delay(1000);
}

Output on serial monitor:

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Work Sheet

Signature of Staff In-charge with date

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EXPERIMENT NO. 5

Aim: Motion detection using IR sensor and turn on buzzer upon detection.

IR sensor:

Circuit diagram:

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Code:

#define IR_PIN 13
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(IR_PIN, INPUT);
pinMode(15, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
if (digitalRead(IR_PIN) == LOW)
{
Serial.println(“Motion detected”);
digitalWrite(15,HIGH);
}
else{
Serial.println(“Motion not detected”);
digitalWrite(15,LOW);
}
delay(200);
}

Output on serial monitor:

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Work Sheet

Signature of Staff In-charge with date

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EXPERIMENT NO. 6

Aim: Measure BPM value using pulse sensor and display on serial monitor.

Pulse sensor:

Circuit diagram:

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Code:

#include <PulseSensorPlayground.h>
#define PULSE_SENSOR_PIN 34 // Analog pin connected to pulse sensor
#define THRESHOLD 550 // Adjust based on your sensor reading

PulseSensorPlayground pulseSensor; // Create PulseSensor object

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);// Configure the pulse sensor
pulseSensor.analogInput(PULSE_SENSOR_PIN);
pulseSensor.setThreshold(THRESHOLD);

if (pulseSensor.begin())
{
Serial.println("Pulse sensor initialized!");
}
else
{
Serial.println("Failed to initialize pulse sensor.");
}
}

void loop()
{
int myBPM = pulseSensor.getBeatsPerMinute(); // Get BPM value
if (pulseSensor.sawStartOfBeat())
{
// If a new beat is detected Serial.print("BPM: ");
Serial.println(myBPM);
}
delay(20); // Small delay to stabilize readings
}

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Result

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Work Sheet

Signature of Staff In-charge with date

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EXPERIMENT NO. 7

Aim: Configure/Set your ESP32 development board as an access point.

Description: When you set your ESP32 board as an access point, you can be connected using any
device with Wi-Fi capabilities without connecting to your router. When you set the ESP32 as an
access point, you create its own Wi-Fi network, and nearby Wi-Fi devices (stations) can connect
to it, like your smartphone or computer. So, you don’t need to be connected to a router to control
it.

Procedure:
1. Plug the ESP32 development board to your PC
2. Open the Arduino IDE in computer and write the program. Save the new sketch in your
working directory
Note: Make sure you have the right board and COM port selected in your Arduino
IDE settings.
3. Define a SSID name and a password to access the ESP32 development board
4. Compile the program and upload it to the ESP32 Development Board. If everything went
as expected, you should see a “Done uploading” message. (You need to hold the ESP32
on-board Boot button while uploading).
5. After uploading the code, open the Serial Monitor at a baud rate of 115200.

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Code:

#include <WiFi.h>
const char *ssid = "SSID_Name_your_Choice";
const char *password = " Your_Choice(min 6 character) ";
IPAddress local_IP(192,168,4,22);
IPAddress gateway(192,168,4,9);
IPAddress subnet(255,255,255,0);
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
Serial.println();
Serial.print("Setting soft-AP configuration ... ");
Serial.println(WiFi.softAPConfig(local_IP, gateway, subnet) ? "Ready" : "Failed!");
Serial.print("Setting soft-AP ... ");
Serial.println(WiFi.softAP(ssid,password) ? "Ready" : "Failed!");
//WiFi.softAP(ssid);
//WiFi.softAP(ssid, password, channel, ssdi_hidden, max_connection)

Serial.print("Soft-AP IP address = ");

Serial.println(WiFi.softAPIP());
}
void loop() {
Serial.print("[Server Connected] ");
Serial.println(WiFi.softAPIP());
delay(500);
}

Result:

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Through Smart phone:

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Work Sheet

Signature of Staff In-charge with date

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EXPERIMENT NO. 8

Aim: Scan Wi-Fi networks and get Wi-Fi strength using ESP32 development
board.

ESP32 Wi-Fi Modes:

The ESP32 board can act as Wi-Fi Station, Access Point or both. To set the Wi-Fi mode, use
WiFi.mode() and set the desired mode as argument:
WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA) station mode: the ESP32 connects to an access point
WiFi.mode(WIFI_AP) access point mode: stations can connect to the ESP32
WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA_AP) access point and a station connected to another access point

Apparatus:
Sl No Name of the Equipment Quantity
1 ESP32 Development Board 1
2 Micro USB cable 1

Procedure:
1. Plug the ESP32 development board to your PC
2. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram
3. Open the Arduino IDE in computer and write the program. Save the new sketch in your
working directory
Note: Make sure you have the right board and COM port selected in your Arduino
IDE settings.
4. Compile the program and upload it to the ESP32 Development Board. If everything went
as expected, you should see a “Done uploading” message. (You need to hold the ESP32
on-board Boot button while uploading).
5. After uploading the code, open the Serial Monitor at a baud rate of 115200.

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Code:

#include "WiFi.h"
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);

// Set WiFi to station mode and disconnect from an AP if it was previously connected
WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);
WiFi.disconnect();
delay(100);

Serial.println("Setup done");
}
void loop()
{
Serial.println("scan start");

// WiFi.scanNetworks will return the number of networks found

int n = WiFi.scanNetworks();
Serial.println("scan done");
if (n == 0) {
Serial.println("no networks found");
} else {
Serial.print(n);
Serial.println(" networks found");
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
// Print SSID and RSSI for each network found
Serial.print(i + 1);
Serial.print(": ");
Serial.print(WiFi.SSID(i));
Serial.print(" (");
Serial.print(WiFi.RSSI(i));
Serial.print(")");
Serial.println((WiFi.encryptionType(i) == WIFI_AUTH_OPEN)?" ":"*");
delay(10);
}
}
Serial.println("");

// Wait a bit before scanning again

delay(5000);
}

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Result:

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Work Sheet

Signature of Staff In-charge with date

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EXPERIMENT NO. 9

Aim: Establish connection between IoT node and access point and display of
local IP and gateway IP.

Description: The goal of this experiment is to understand the configuration of IoT Node to
connect to an Access Point. Any device when connected to a network is assigned an IP address,
which is a unique number for each device on a network. We shall also see how to identify the IP
network of our IoT Node. The Access Point also has an IP address, known as the Gateway IP.
These concepts are fundamentals to understand the architecture of an IoT Network.

Procedure:
1. Plug the ESP32 development board to your PC
2. Open the Arduino IDE in computer and write the program. Save the new sketch in your
working directory
Note: Make sure you have the right board and COM port selected in your Arduino
IDE settings.
3. Define a SSID name and a password to access the ESP32 development board
4. Compile the program and upload it to the ESP32 Development Board. If everything went
as expected, you should see a “Done uploading” message. (You need to hold the ESP32
on-board Boot button while uploading).
5. After uploading the code, open the Serial Monitor at a baud rate of 115200.

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Code:
#include <WiFi.h>

char ssid[]="REPLACE_WITH_YOUR_SSID";
char password[]="REPLACE_WITH_YOUR_PASSWORD";
IPAddress ip;
IPAddress gateway;

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200); //Initialize Serial Port
//attempt to connect to wifi
Serial.print("Attempting to connect to Network named: ");
// print the network name (SSID);
Serial.println(ssid);
//Connect to WiFI
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

//Wait untill wifi is connected

while ( WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
{
// print dots while we wait to connect
Serial.print(".");
delay(300);
}

//If you are connected print the IP Address

Serial.println("\nYou're connected to the network");
//wait untill you get an IP address
while (WiFi.localIP() = INADDR_NONE) {
// print dots while we wait for an ip addresss
Serial.print(".");
delay(300);
}

ip=WiFi.localIP();
Serial.println(ip);
gateway=WiFi.gatewayIP();
Serial.println("GATEWAY IP:");
Serial.println(gateway);
}

void loop()
{
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
}

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Result:

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Work Sheet

Signature of Staff In-charge with date

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EXPERIMENT NO. 10

Aim: Design and implementation of HTTP based IoT web server to control
the status of LED.

Apparatus:
Sl No Name of the Equipment Quantity
1 ESP32 Development Board 1
2 DHT11 or DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor 1
3 Jumper wires 3
4 Micro USB cable 1

Description: An HTTP based webserver provides access to data to an HTTP client such as web
browser. In IoT applications, the IoT Nodes are connected to sensors and actuators. The sensor
data can be accessed using a web browser and also the actuators can be controlled from the web
browser. This facilitates a wide variety of applications in IoT domain. The underlying protocol
used for this communication between a Client and a Server is HTTP. The goal of this lab is to
understand the configuration and working principle of an IoT web server. Using a browser, such
as google chrome, we will send some HTTP based commands to the web server. Based on the
type of command, the IoT Node web server will toggle the LEDs.

Code:

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#include <WiFi.h>

const char* ssid = "Mahesh";

const char* password = "012345678";

WiFiServer server(80);

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
pinMode(2, OUTPUT); // set the LED pin mode

delay(10);

// We start by connecting to a WiFi network

Serial.println();
Serial.println();
Serial.print("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(ssid);

WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

delay(500);
Serial.print(".");
}

Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected.");
Serial.println("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());

server.begin();

int value = 0;

void loop(){
WiFiClient client = server.available(); // listen for incoming clients

if (client) { // if you get a client,

Serial.println("New Client."); // print a message out the serial port
String currentLine = ""; // make a String to hold incoming data from the client
while (client.connected()) { // loop while the client's connected

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if (client.available()) { // if there's bytes to read from the client,

char c = client.read(); // read a byte, then
Serial.write(c); // print it out the serial monitor
if (c == '\n') { // if the byte is a newline character

// if the current line is blank, you got two newline characters in a row.
// that's the end of the client HTTP request, so send a response:
if (currentLine.length() == 0) {
// HTTP headers always start with a response code (e.g. HTTP/1.1 200 OK)
// and a content-type so the client knows what's coming, then a blank line:
client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");
client.println("Content-type:text/html");
client.println();

// the content of the HTTP response follows the header:

client.print("Click <a href=\"/H\">here</a> to turn the LED on pin 2 on.<br>");
client.print("Click <a href=\"/L\">here</a> to turn the LED on pin 2 off.<br>");

// The HTTP response ends with another blank line:

client.println();
// break out of the while loop:
break;
} else { // if you got a newline, then clear currentLine:
currentLine = "";
}
} else if (c != '\r') { // if you got anything else but a carriage return character,
currentLine += c; // add it to the end of the currentLine
}

// Check to see if the client request was "GET /H" or "GET /L":
if (currentLine.endsWith("GET /H")) {
digitalWrite(2, HIGH); // GET /H turns the LED on
}
if (currentLine.endsWith("GET /L")) {
digitalWrite(2, LOW); // GET /L turns the LED off
}
}
}
// close the connection:
client.stop();
Serial.println("Client Disconnected.");
}
}

On serial monitor:

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On Web browser/Web Client:

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Work Sheet

Signature of Staff In-charge with date

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EXPERIMENT NO. 11

Aim: Design and implementation of HTTP based IoT web server to display
sensor value.

Description: The goal of this experiment is to integrate the HTTP webserver with Sensor. As we
know, most IoT Nodes are equipped with sensors and the IoT systems should provide these
sensor data to users. In this experiment, we used DHT11 Temperature and Humidity sensor
connected to an IoT Node/ ESP32 development board. The IoT Node is configured as a
Webserver and the sensor data can be accessed via a web browser.

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Code:
#include <WiFi.h>
#include <WebServer.h>
#include "DHT.h"

// Uncomment one of the lines below for whatever DHT sensor type you're using!
#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // DHT 11
//#define DHTTYPE DHT21 // DHT 21 (AM2301)
//#define DHTTYPE DHT22 // DHT 22 (AM2302), AM2321

/*Put your SSID & Password*/

const char* ssid = " REPLACE_WITH_YOUR_SSID "; // Enter SSID here
const char* password = " REPLACE_WITH_YOUR_PASSWORD"; //Enter Password here

WebServer server(80);

// DHT Sensor
uint8_t DHTPin = 4;

// Initialize DHT sensor.

DHT dht(DHTPin, DHTTYPE);

float Temperature;
float Humidity;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
delay(100);

pinMode(DHTPin, INPUT);

dht.begin();

Serial.println("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(ssid);

//connect to your local wi-fi network

WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

//check wi-fi is connected to wi-fi network

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(1000);
Serial.print(".");
}
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected..!");

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Serial.print("Got IP: "); Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());

server.on("/", handle_OnConnect);
server.onNotFound(handle_NotFound);

server.begin();
Serial.println("HTTP server started");

}
void loop() {

server.handleClient();

void handle_OnConnect() {

Temperature = dht.readTemperature(); // Gets the values of the temperature

Humidity = dht.readHumidity(); // Gets the values of the humidity
server.send(200, "text/html", SendHTML(Temperature,Humidity));
}

void handle_NotFound(){
server.send(404, "text/plain", "Not found");
}

String SendHTML(float Temperaturestat,float Humiditystat){

String ptr = "<!DOCTYPE html> <html>\n";
ptr +="<head><meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-
scalable=no\">\n";
ptr +="<title>ESP32 Weather Report</title>\n";
ptr +="<style>html { font-family: Helvetica; display: inline-block; margin: 0px auto; text-align:
center;}\n";
ptr +="body{margin-top: 50px;} h1 {color: #444444;margin: 50px auto 30px;}\n";
ptr +="p {font-size: 24px;color: #444444;margin-bottom: 10px;}\n";
ptr +="</style>\n";
ptr +="</head>\n";
ptr +="<body>\n";
ptr +="<div id=\"webpage\">\n";
ptr +="<h1>ESP32 Weather Report</h1>\n";
ptr +="<p>Temperature: ";
ptr +=(int)Temperaturestat;
ptr +="\xC2\xB0 C</p>";
ptr +="<p>Humidity: ";
ptr +=(int)Humiditystat;
ptr +="%</p>";

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ptr +="</div>\n";
ptr +="</body>\n";
ptr +="</html>\n";
return ptr;
}

Result:

On Web browser/Web Client:

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Work Sheet

Signature of Staff In-charge with date

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EXPERIMENT NO. 12

Aim: Design and implementation of MQTT based controlling and monitoring

using Ubidots MQTT server.

Theory:
MQTT protocol

MQTT stands for Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. MQTT is a machine-to-machine

internet of things connectivity protocol. It is an extremely lightweight and publish-subscribe
messaging transport protocol. This protocol is useful for the connection with the remote location
where the bandwidth is a premium. These characteristics make it useful in various situations,
including constant environment such as for communication machine to machine and internet of
things contexts. It is a publish and subscribe system where we can publish and receive the
messages as a client. It makes it easy for communication between multiple devices. It is a simple
messaging protocol designed for the constrained devices and with low bandwidth, so it's a
perfect solution for the internet of things applications. Some of the features of an MQTT are
given below:
 It is a machine-to-machine protocol, i.e., it provides communication between the devices.
 It is designed as a simple and lightweight messaging protocol that uses a
publish/subscribe system to exchange the information between the client and the server.
 It does not require that both the client and the server establish a connection at the same
time.
 It provides faster data transmission, like how WhatsApp/messenger provides a faster
delivery. It's a real-time messaging protocol.
 It allows the clients to subscribe to the narrow selection of topics so that they can receive
the information they are looking for.

MQTT Architecture:
To understand the MQTT architecture, we first look at the components of the MQTT.
 Message
 Client
 Server or Broker
 TOPIC

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 Message: Message: The message is the data that is carried out by the protocol
across the network for the application. When the message is transmitted over the
network, then the message contains the following parameters: Payload data,
Quality of Service (QoS), Collection of Properties, Topic Name
 Client: In MQTT, the subscriber and publisher are the two roles of a client. The clients
subscribe to the topics to publish and receive messages. In MQTT, the client performs
two operations:
1. Publish: When the client sends the data to the server, then we call this operation
as a publish.

2. Subscribe: When the client receives the data from the server, then we call this
operation a subscription.

For more details: https://www.javatpoint.com/mqtt-protocol

Design and Implementation of MQTT based Controlling and Monitoring Using Ubidots
MQTT Server.

Apparatus:
Sl No Name of the Equipment Quantity
1 ESP32 Development Board 1
2 LED 1
3 Jumper wires 2
4 Micro USB cable 1

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Create Account on Ubidots Website:

1. https://www.robotics-university.com/2019/05/internet-of-things-monitoring-sensor-
and-controlling-led-on-ubidots-dashboard-using-mqtt-protocol.html
2. https://ubidots.com/
3. https://help.ubidots.com/en/articles/854333-ubidots-basics-devices-variables-
dashboards-and-alerts

Code:

#include <WiFi.h>
#include <PubSubClient.h>

#define WIFISSID " Replace_With_Your_Ssid " // Put your WifiSSID here

#define PASSWORD " Replace_With_Your_Passward" // Put your wifi password here
#define TOKEN "YOUR_TOKEN" // Put your Ubidots' TOKEN
#define MQTT_CLIENT_NAME "ESP32" // MQTT client Name, please enter your own 8-12
alphanumeric character ASCII string;
//it should be a random and unique ascii string and different from all
other devices

/****************************************
* Define Constants
****************************************/
#define VARIABLE_LABEL "Variable Name 1" // Assing the variable label
#define VARIABLE_LABEL_SUBSCRIBE " Variable Name 2" // Assing the variable label
#define DEVICE_LABEL "Device Name" // Assig the device label

#define led 26 // Set the GPIO26 as LED

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char mqttBroker[] = "things.ubidots.com";

char payload[100];
char topic[150];
char topicSubscribe[100];
// Space to store values to send
char str_sensor[10];

/****************************************
* Auxiliar Functions
****************************************/
WiFiClient ubidots;
PubSubClient client(ubidots);

void reconnect() {
// Loop until we're reconnected
while (!client.connected()) {
Serial.println("Attempting MQTT connection...");

// Attemp to connect
if (client.connect(MQTT_CLIENT_NAME, TOKEN, "")) {
Serial.println("Connected");
client.subscribe(topicSubscribe);
} else {
Serial.print("Failed, rc=");
Serial.print(client.state());
Serial.println(" try again in 2 seconds");
// Wait 2 seconds before retrying
delay(2000);
}
}
}
void callback(char* topic, byte* payload, unsigned int length) {
char p[length + 1];
memcpy(p, payload, length);
p[length] = NULL;
String message(p);
if (message == "0.0") {
digitalWrite(led, LOW);
} else {
digitalWrite(led, HIGH);
}

Serial.write(payload, length);
Serial.println();
}

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/****************************************
* Main Functions
****************************************/
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
WiFi.begin(WIFISSID, PASSWORD);
// Assign the pin as INPUT
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);

Serial.println();
Serial.print("Wait for WiFi...");

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

Serial.print(".");
delay(500);
}

Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi Connected");
Serial.println("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
client.setServer(mqttBroker, 1883);
client.setCallback(callback);
sprintf(topicSubscribe,"/v1.6/devices/%s/%s/lv",
DEVICE_LABEL,VARIABLE_LABEL_SUBSCRIBE);

client.subscribe(topicSubscribe);
}

void loop() {
if (!client.connected()) {
client.subscribe(topicSubscribe);
reconnect();
}

sprintf(topic, "%s%s", "/v1.6/devices/", DEVICE_LABEL);

sprintf(payload, "%s", ""); // Cleans the payload
sprintf(payload, "{\"%s\":", VARIABLE_LABEL); // Adds the variable label

float sensor = hallRead();

Serial.print("Value of Sensor is:- ");Serial.println(sensor);

/* 4 is mininum width, 2 is precision; float value is copied onto str_sensor*/

dtostrf(sensor, 4, 2, str_sensor);

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sprintf(payload, "%s {\"value\": %s}}", payload, str_sensor); // Adds the value

Serial.println("Publishing data to Ubidots Cloud");
client.publish(topic, payload);
client.loop();
delay(1000);
}

Result:

Realtime monitoring Hall sensor & control LED on Ubidots dashboard:

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Work Sheet

Signature of Staff In-charge with date

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References:
1. "Developing IoT Projects with ESP32 - Second Edition: Unlock the Full Potential of
ESP32 in IoT Development to Create Production-Grade Smart Devices" Vedat Ozan Oner,
Packt Publishing, 2023, ISBN: 978-1803237688.
2. "Hands-on ESP32 with Arduino IDE: Unleash the Power of IoT with ESP32 and Build
Exciting Projects with This Practical Guide", Asim Zulfiqar, Packt Publishing, 2024,
ISBN: 978-1837638031.
3. "ESP32 Formats and Communication Protocols", Neil Cameron, Apress, 2023, ISBN: 978-
1484297280.
4. "Embedded Systems mit RISC-V und ESP32-C3", Patrick Ritschel, dpunkt.verlag, 2023,
ISBN: 978-3864909270.
5. "ESP32-C3 Wireless Adventure: A Comprehensive Guide to IoT", Espressif Systems,
Espressif Systems, 2023.
6. "Simplified Embedded Rust: ESP Standard Library Edition", Omar Hiari, Independently
Published, 2024, ISBN: 978-1098136200.

SAMPLE VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the function of an LED in the experiment?

2. What does GPIO stand for, and what is its purpose?
3. Why is a resistor connected in series with the LED?
4. What is the significance of the pinMode() function in the program?
5. What is the difference between HIGH and LOW in the context of GPIO pins?
6. How does the ESP32 provide power to the LED?
7. What is the purpose of the delay() function in the code?
8. How can you change the blinking interval of the LED?
9. What would happen if you did not connect a resistor to the LED?
10. What are some real-world applications of controlling an LED with a microcontroller like
ESP32?
11. What sensor is commonly used to measure temperature and humidity in this experiment?
12. What is the function of the ESP32 in this experiment?
13. What is the role of the heat index in this experiment?
14. Which library is required to interface the DHT sensor with the ESP32?
15. How is the sensor connected to the ESP32?
16. What is the purpose of the Serial.begin() function in the program?
17. Why do we use a pull-up resistor with the DHT sensor?
18. How does the ESP32 calculate the heat index?
19. What unit is used for temperature and humidity in this experiment?
20. What are some real-world applications of this experiment?
21. What is the principle of operation of an ultrasonic sensor?
22. What are the main pins of the ultrasonic sensor used in this experiment?
23. What is the purpose of the TRIG pin in the ultrasonic sensor?
24. How does the ECHO pin work in the ultrasonic sensor?
25. What formula is used to calculate the distance to the object?

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26. What is the speed of sound used in this calculation?

27. Why do we divide the calculated time by 2 in the formula?
28. What is the role of the digitalWrite() and digitalRead() functions in the program?
29. What unit is typically used to display the distance measured by the ultrasonic sensor?
30. What are some real-world applications of ultrasonic distance measurement?
31. What is the principle of a soil moisture sensor?
32. What are the main components of a soil moisture sensor module?
33. What pins are used to connect the soil moisture sensor to the ESP32?
34. What type of signal does the soil moisture sensor output?
35. Why do we use the analogRead() function in this experiment?
36. What is the range of analog values that the ESP32 can read?
37. How does the soil moisture sensor differentiate between wet and dry soil?
38. What is the purpose of the Serial.begin() function in the program?
39. What are the practical applications of measuring soil moisture?
40. What are the limitations of soil moisture sensors?
41. What is the working principle of an IR sensor?
42. What are the main components of an IR sensor module?
43. How does the IR sensor detect motion?
44. What pins are used to connect the IR sensor to an ESP32 or microcontroller?
45. What is the role of the buzzer in this experiment?
46. Which function is used to read the sensor output in the program?
47. What does the HIGH or LOW state from the IR sensor indicate?
48. What function is used to turn the buzzer on or off in the program?
49. What are some real-world applications of IR motion detection?
50. What are the limitations of IR sensors for motion detection?
51. What is the working principle of a pulse sensor?
52. What does BPM stand for, and how is it calculated?
53. What are the key pins of the pulse sensor, and how are they connected to the ESP32?
54. What function is used to read the output of the pulse sensor in the ESP32 program?
55. Why is filtering or signal smoothing often applied to the pulse sensor data?
56. How is the heart rate derived from the pulse sensor data?
57. What is the role of the Serial.begin() function in this experiment?
58. What are the normal BPM ranges for adults?
59. What are some common applications of pulse sensors?
60. What are some challenges in accurately measuring BPM using a pulse sensor?
61. What does it mean to configure an ESP32 as an Access Point (AP)?
62. What is the default IP address assigned to the ESP32 in AP mode?
63. Which library is used to enable Wi-Fi functionality in the ESP32?
64. What function is used to set the ESP32 as an access point?
65. What parameters are required to set up the ESP32 as an AP?
66. How can you make the ESP32 access point open (no password)?
67. What is the maximum number of clients that can connect to the ESP32 in AP mode?
68. How do you check if a client is connected to the ESP32 access point?
69. What are the practical applications of using an ESP32 as an access point?
70. What are the advantages of using an ESP32 as an AP over connecting it to an existing Wi-Fi
network?

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71. What is the purpose of scanning Wi-Fi networks with an ESP32?

72. Which function is used to initiate a Wi-Fi network scan in ESP32?
73. What does RSSI stand for, and what does it indicate?
74. What is the typical range of RSSI values for Wi-Fi signals?
75. How can you display the list of available networks and their strengths on the serial monitor?
76. What does the term SSID stand for, and what is its significance?
77. How can you determine whether a Wi-Fi network is secured or open?
78. What is the purpose of the WiFi.mode() function in this experiment?
79. What are some real-world applications of Wi-Fi network scanning?
80. What factors can affect the RSSI value of a Wi-Fi network?

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