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Module 1 - Geotechnical Data Collection L1

The document outlines a training module on geotechnical data collection, focusing on core logging for rock mass classification and orientation logging. It defines key geological terms, discusses the elements of geotechnical analysis, and details the logging procedure, including core recovery and rock quality designation. Additionally, it introduces methods for assessing rock mass ratings in mining environments.

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4 views23 pages

Module 1 - Geotechnical Data Collection L1

The document outlines a training module on geotechnical data collection, focusing on core logging for rock mass classification and orientation logging. It defines key geological terms, discusses the elements of geotechnical analysis, and details the logging procedure, including core recovery and rock quality designation. Additionally, it introduces methods for assessing rock mass ratings in mining environments.

Uploaded by

paulyohanemaduhu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Open Pit Geotechnical Training

Module 1
Geotechnical Data Collection
Geotechnical Core Logging for Rock Mass
Classification &
Orientation Logging – L1
Introduction
• Definition of geological terms
• Rock material
• Rock mass
• Discontinuities
• Major discontinuities
• Primary and tertiary
• Discontinuity sets
• Continuity
• Dip
• Dip direction
• Strike
• Elements of geotechnical information
• Core logging
• Geotechnical logging
• Structural logging
• Logging procedure
• Mapping – geotechnical face
• Window mapping
• Scanline mapping
Definition of geological terms
• Rock Material or intact rock
• Unfractured blocks between discontinuities in a typical
rock mass – it refers to the consolidation and cemented
assemblage of mineral particles which form the intact blocks
between discontinuities in the rock mass

• Rock mass
• Rock masses consist of rock material and rock Fracture Intact rock
discontinuities – is the in-situ rock which has been rendered
discontinuous by systems of structural features such as Intact rock
joints, faults and bedding planes. Slope failure in a rock mass
is generally associated with movement on these discontinuity
surfaces.

• Discontinuities or weakness planes are those structural features


which separate intact rock blocks within a rock mass such as faults,
dykes, bedding planes, cleavage, tension joints and shear joints

Different rock mass


types from competent
rock to heavily jointed
rock masses
Definition of geological terms
• Major discontinuities
One joint set = plate or layer

• Are continuous planar structural features such as faults which may


be so weak, as compared with any other discontinuity in the rock
mass, that they dominate the behaviour of a particular slope.
• These are generally referred to as primary structures.

• The term secondary structure refers to discontinuities such as


joints, cemented joints and bedding planes.
Example of major discontinuity
Two joint set = rod, bar
• The term tertiary structure refers to structures such as
discontinuous veins.

• Discontinuity sets
• refers to systems of discontinuities which have approximately the
same inclination and orientation.

• Continuity
• While major structural features such as faults may run for many
tens of meters or even kilometres, smaller discontinuities such as
joints may be very limited in their extent. Three joint set = block
• Failure in a system where discontinuities terminate within the rock
mass will involve failure of the intact rock bridges between these
discontinuities.
• Continuity also has a major influence upon the permeability of a
rock mass.

ISRM recommended fracture of discontinuity properties


ISRM suggested description of joint sets
Number of discontinuity sets

5
Joint Orientation: Joint Plane Orientation and Representation
• Orientation of a discontinuity is described by its dip
and dip direction or its dip and strike.
• The mutual orientation of discontinuities will determine
the shape of the individual blocks and beds comprising
the rock mass

• Orientation of a plane is measured by the degree of


inclination and the direction of facing of the plane.

• In rock mechanics and engineering geology, the


orientation of a plane is generally defined by:
• dip angle (inclination),
• dip direction (facing) or strike (running)
ISRM Suggested methods,6 2007
-Dip and dip direction

• Orientation, or the attitude of a discontinuity in


space, is described by:
- the dip of the line of maximum declination
on the discontinuity surface measured
from the horizontal, and
- the dip direction or azimuth of this line,
measured clockwise from true north
7
Elements of Geotechnical Analysis
• Analysis includes
• Mine geology,
• Rock properties,
• Geotechnical core logging and mapping,
• Rock mass classification,
• Instrumentation and ground condition model
• Core logging
• Obtain representative data and representation of the distribution and nature of the various
discontinuities in the rock mass – two methods are general used
• Rock mass logging – allows the classification and characterisation of the rockmass
• Data can use in the quantification of the various geotechnical domains.
• Generally preferred classification scheme for slope design Bieniawski RMR, Barton’s Q system and
Laubscher MRMR
• Structural / Orientation logging – identify and measure the properties of the minor discontinuities.
• It will be possible to characterize the rockmass,
• Identify potential failure mechanisms and provide appropriate excavation design criteria and
parameters.
Logging Procedure

Geotechnical Interval
Core Recovery
RQD
Lithology
Hardness
Weathering
Joints
Joint Condition
Cemented Joints
‘Discontinuous Veins’
Geotechnical Interval
• Rock that will respond to mining in a similar manner
• Geotechnical Interval cannot cross a Geological Interval (one rock type)
• Similar: hardness, weathering, fracture frequency and joint condition

• Geotechnical Intervals are marked out prior to doing any other


logging tasks.

Core Recovery – in rock core drilling, the amount of the drilled rock
withdrawn as core (i.e., recovered)
RQD
Rock Quality Designation (%)

 (Length of Core Pieces>100mm) x 100%


Total Length of Core Run

PER GEOTECHNICAL INTERVAL

Dependency of RQD on direction of surveying


(Streng) Hardness & Weathering

Weathering

Hardness
Joint Sets

3. 60° - 90°

2. 30° - 60°

1. 0° - 30°
Joint Condition

Macro Roughness: ‘What you can see’


Micro Roughness: ‘What you can feel’
Infill Type + Thickness
Wall Strength
Joint Condition
CHOOSE THE MOST
REPRESENTATIVE CONDITION
end of part 1
NOW WHAT?
Laubscher’s MRMR System
Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
Assign a rating to the rock mass while it is in situ
(undisturbed).
Mining Rock Mass Rating (MRMR)
Determine how the Rock Mass behaves in a Mining
Environment.

RMR = UCSrating + RQDrating+ Js + Jc

MRMR = RMR x (W x B x I x O)

IOSA = 0.5 x MRMR + 30o


Example

RMR = 𝑈𝐶𝑆 + 𝑅𝑄𝐷 + 𝐽𝑠 + 𝐽𝑐

UCS – read from table


RQD – read from table
Js – calculate and read from chart as
Jc – Read from chart

Excel spreadsheet
Joint
Spacing
Rating
Fracture
Frequency
Rating
Joint
Condition
Mining Rock Mass Rating (MRMR)

MRMR = RMR * Adjustment Factor

⚫ Weathering 30% to 100%


⚫ Joint Orientation 63% to 100%
⚫ Mining-Induced Stresses 60% to 120%
⚫ Blasting 80% to 100%

Adjustment Factor = W*J*M*B

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