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Earthquake Resistant Measures in Sloping Roof

The document outlines key earthquake-resistant measures for sloping roofs in seismic regions, referencing Indian Standards (IS Codes) applicable to Nepal. It covers relevant IS Codes, site selection, structural configuration, roof design considerations, construction quality, lateral load paths, retrofitting existing structures, and key takeaways for ensuring earthquake resilience. Emphasis is placed on using lightweight materials, proper anchorage, and good construction practices to enhance structural stability during seismic events.

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Tulsi R. Khanal
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
33 views5 pages

Earthquake Resistant Measures in Sloping Roof

The document outlines key earthquake-resistant measures for sloping roofs in seismic regions, referencing Indian Standards (IS Codes) applicable to Nepal. It covers relevant IS Codes, site selection, structural configuration, roof design considerations, construction quality, lateral load paths, retrofitting existing structures, and key takeaways for ensuring earthquake resilience. Emphasis is placed on using lightweight materials, proper anchorage, and good construction practices to enhance structural stability during seismic events.

Uploaded by

Tulsi R. Khanal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Below is a consolidated overview of key earthquake-resistant measures for sloping (pitched)

roofs in seismic regions, referencing relevant Indian Standards (IS Codes). Although the
context is Nepal, Indian Standards often serve as authoritative guidelines for seismic design in
South Asia and can be adapted with local modifications.

1. Relevant IS Codes
1. IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 – Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
o Provides the general provisions and seismic zonation for India (and can be
referred to by adjoining countries).
o Covers overall design seismic force, load combinations, and structural behavior
factors.
2. IS 4326: 2013 – Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings – Code of
Practice
o Gives detailed recommendations for improving the earthquake resistance of
buildings constructed with various materials (masonry, timber, etc.).
o Emphasizes provisions such as seismic bands, anchorage, bracing, and detailing.
3. IS 13828: 1993 – Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings
o Focuses on masonry structures of low strength (like stone, earthen, or loosely
mortared masonry), common in rural/hilly areas.
4. IS 13920: 2016 – Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to
Seismic Forces
o Covers ductile detailing for RCC frames, beams, columns, and shear walls to
ensure adequate ductility during earthquakes.
5. IS 13827: 1993 – Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings
o Particularly relevant if earthen or adobe construction is used in remote or hilly
parts of Nepal.
6. IS 883: 2016 – Design of Structural Timber in Buildings – Code of Practice
o Useful for timber trusses/rafters and connections in pitched roof systems.

2. Site Selection and Foundations (As per IS 4326 & IS 1893)


1. Stable Ground & Slope
o On sloping terrain, ensure the soil is stable and free from landslide risk.
o Provide proper drainage; stagnant water can weaken slopes.
2. Stepped Foundations
o For buildings on slopes, use stepped footings with each step properly reinforced
and anchored.
o Adhere to minimum reinforcement requirements given in IS 456 (for concrete)
and the detailing provisions of IS 4326.
3. Continuous Plinth Band
o IS 4326 and IS 13828 emphasize a continuous reinforced concrete plinth band
where feasible.
o This band ties the structure at the base and helps distribute seismic forces
uniformly.

3. Structural Configuration and Framing


1. Regular and Symmetrical Layout
o As per IS 1893, buildings with regular shapes experience lower torsional effects
under seismic loads.
o On a slope, try to minimize offsets or irregularities in plan and elevation to avoid
stress concentration.
2. Load-Bearing Masonry or RC Frames
o Load-Bearing Masonry: Follow IS 4326 and IS 13828 for wall thickness, mortar
quality, and seismic bands (plinth, sill, lintel, roof).
o RC Frames: Use ductile detailing as per IS 13920 and place columns in line
vertically wherever possible.
3. Shear Walls and Bracing
o If possible, incorporate shear walls or diagonal bracing (timber or steel) in the
uphill and downhill directions to resist lateral loads effectively.

4. Sloping Roof Design Considerations


4.1 Lightweight Roofing Materials

 Mass Reduction:
o Seismic force is proportional to mass. Using lighter roofing (e.g., CGI sheets,
fiber-cement boards, or light tiled roofs) reduces inertial forces.
o Heavier materials like thick stone/slate roofing should have extra seismic
detailing.
 Standards Reference:
o IS 4326 recommends minimizing mass at higher levels (like the roof) to reduce
overturning moments during earthquakes.

4.2 Roof Truss or Rafter Framing

 Timber Trusses:
o If using timber as per IS 883, ensure correct sizing and grading of timber.
o Provide diagonal bracings within the truss system to improve in-plane rigidity.
o Use corrosion-resistant nails, screws, or bolted connections; ensure proper
washers and edge distances.
 Steel Trusses:
o Must conform to IS 800 (general steel design) and be checked for seismic forces
per IS 1893.
o Secure bracing between truss members; use bolted or welded joints with adequate
connection detailing.

4.3 Anchorage to Walls / Ring Beams

 Roof Band:
o IS 4326 recommends a continuous reinforced concrete band (often called a ring
beam) at the top of masonry walls for transferring roof loads and tying all walls
together.
o This acts as a rigid diaphragm boundary where rafters/trusses are anchored.
 Anchorage Details:
o Use metal straps or anchor bolts to connect rafters/trusses to the roof band or top
plate.
o Ensure that the anchoring detail can handle uplift and lateral forces (per IS 4326,
Section on roof-to-wall connections).

4.4 Roof Overhang and Pitch

 Overhang Limits:
o Large overhangs can be vulnerable to shaking. IS 4326 suggests limiting eave
projections and providing ties or braces if overhangs are unavoidable.
o Overhangs should generally be restricted to around 0.6–0.9 m (as a rule of thumb)
unless specifically designed.
 Roof Pitch:
o Moderately steep slopes (25°–35°) often help with rain and snow shedding in
hilly regions.
o Extremely steep roofs can increase wind uplift and require additional bracing.

5. Construction Quality and Materials


1. Masonry Mortar Quality (IS 4326 & IS 13828)
o Use proper cement-sand ratios (e.g., 1:4 or 1:6) depending on the design.
o Ensure joints are fully filled; avoid hollow or weak joints.
2. Timber Quality (IS 883)
o Timber should be seasoned, free from cracks and decay.
o All structural members must meet minimum grade requirements for strength and
stiffness.
3. Supervision and Workmanship
o Regular site supervision by qualified engineers or trained masons ensures correct
placement of reinforcement, adequate curing of concrete, and proper
nailing/bolting in timber construction.

6. Lateral Load Path and Diaphragm Action


1. Horizontal Diaphragm (IS 4326)
o The roof can act as a diaphragm, distributing lateral loads to the walls/shear
elements.
o Roof sheathing or purlins must be properly nailed or bolted to trusses/rafters to
ensure continuity.
2. Wall-to-Wall Connections
o In masonry buildings, use corner reinforcement and seismic belts at lintel and roof
levels to integrate all walls.
o This reduces the chance of out-of-plane wall collapse.

7. Retrofitting Existing Structures


1. Strengthening Old Masonry
o Add RC bands or steel ties if the existing roof or top wall lacks proper anchorage.
o Inject cement mortar or epoxy in cracks, re-point the mortar joints, and possibly
add external buttresses or steel bracings where feasible (IS 13935 – Seismic
Evaluation, Repair and Strengthening of Masonry Buildings can be consulted).
2. Adding Roof Anchors
o For older pitched roofs lacking connections, retrofit steel or metal straps between
the rafters and walls or ring beam.
o If the roof is too heavy, consider replacing or overlaying with lighter materials.

8. Key Takeaways
1. Follow Seismic Zone Requirements (IS 1893)
o Determine the seismic zone applicable to your region. (For many parts of Nepal
adjacent to India’s Zone IV/V areas, design must be as per the highest zone
classification.)
2. Incorporate Seismic Bands and Anchors (IS 4326 & IS 13828)
o Plinth, lintel, and roof bands are crucial in masonry buildings.
o Anchor pitched roof elements securely to prevent separation during earthquakes.
3. Use Lightweight Roofs and Adequate Bracing
o Lighter roofs reduce inertia forces; bracing ensures lateral stability.
4. Ensure Good Construction Practices and Quality Materials
o Proper supervision, correct rebar detailing, and seasoned timber or quality steel
connections are essential.

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