CE 501 SPRING 2025 LECTURE 2

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OUTLINE
-

REVIEW

ELIMINATION
VECTOR SPACES

REVIEW

[]
A .
X = b
177X1
mxnnX1
↓ t
known
known unknown

2x + 3z 5
y
=
-
+

10
\x 2y 42
-
-
+ =

2x 3z =
5
y
- -
-

- 1-
 - 4
-
2

*
=

box
Azxz
:

Matrix Multiplication
lisual Method
jth
-

- -

it h
I -
I
i

Anxi Bnxr xr

Cij
=
product of throw of Matrix A

and jth column of matrix B

↑
[Ain Aiz .... Ain]
1X17

-
2 -
 * in Bij +
Aiz Bzj +
AisBzj + ----
+
AinBnj
=
Gij

ex[2, ](2) ) =

Second POV (point of view)

(2)(x (5) (3)

i 57(
=

+
=

En other words ,
the columns of C is

the Linear combinations of columns of A

by
the elements of Matrix B
.

i573 J = -

C
B
A .

Third POU
We take 2 of

[25]() (
row 1 of B
plus
=

5 of row 2 of
B = Istrow of
Fexz Bex C

3-
 the rows of C is the Linear combinations

of rows of B
by the elements of matrix
A

i573] =
C
B
A .

is 1
goal to solve A =
our .
X

ELIMINATION

+ 2x2 + 2
Xz
=
x

3x1 + 8x2 + X
=
12

+ = 2
4X2 X

· ) Pox)
I 2

3 S
Axz
=

First write the augmented matrix E

Goal is to remove nonzero element
only
under each pivot.
4-
-
 2NDpivot
istpivot
↑

I i I i I
2
I 2 1 STEP D 2 12

881123) 02
-
26

1 2
0412 04 !
-

s
C
A U
-

We

i i
use
STEP T 2 12
> back substitution
2)
-

(3 ,
o E -
26
-
2
xj =

00 5-10 * =
1
-
2
↓ 2
Xy
=

grapivot

Ax =
b >
-

u .
X = C
elimination

X = 1
3x/
- 2

ez)

-
ob
-

A4XY
1 1 0

0 o 1 I

10 1 O

0 1

Xyx)
-
5 -
STEP

i
by
(3 , 1) 10 o

b
0 o 1 I 2

O
-

b + b3
0 =
11
D4
0 10 I -

and
permite row 2 3

i ii !
10

& # 1 · :
1 1
O ~

O 10

STEP (4
,
2)

j O

STEP (4 , 3)
M

i·i
11

0 -
11

6 -
 Elimation lllatrices

a I
-

I
①2
· 2

04

100
00 1
-

A
2

Echelon
E21
↓ form
-

Too

[]
1

o 2
-

z
O 1 O

O O 5
O
-
2 L -
-

Ezz U

AX = b

Esz (E2A)
= U
uX = C

(Es2E21) A U
=

EA = U

A = EU
---
 Matrix Inverse

Inverses exist
only for square matrices
.e
i .
1 = 12

1
A"exists AA
-

their I AA
#
= =

If Matrix
a is invertible i.
.
e .
# "exists

We call A a
non-singular matrix
.

en/ A =

i 13

2 6
I p =

(3)
[28]x (3) =

#
co2

[13]
-

Tco 1

: =
(4) > XI

[ 3 :] +32]
-A

-
8-
 Inverse
Finding the

Gauss-Jordan Method

A =

[] AA"
A .
X =
= I
b

I
A
is
goal to

I
our

I 13 ,
-
reduce

using row
A to I

operations
31
-

O
I

01 ! -
2 1

/-
-
-

"
3

oi
-
=
1
-

1 -2 1
0
-

-in
-
-
1
I A

Properties - 1
* 1 1
(B) (AB) I =

(A)
-
-

= BA
B =B
1
I

(ABC)" = c"BA

AT :
Transpose of Matrix .
A

-
g-
 (AT)"
=
=
(A)
Matrices
Revisiting Elimination

(E32E21) A = U

A =
(EsE21)u
- 1 - 1

A =
E21 Esa U

reverses the
elimination (2 , 1)
Step

[si I
O

I
E =
-10 o

I
o
E32
=
O O
01
-

Is
0 O 0 -21
E =
-

ET I
O
1
O 0

-small example

ea/[4]
Ex
=
[i]
-
10-
 E =
[ii]
[i] [ = ] =

Eu

[I
G

Es ↑
=

I
-10 8

31 O

O 2 1
-

~ stores all the

multiplies used in the

elimination
steps in reverse signs .

J provided that no row

exchanges
Permutation Matrix

-1
-
=
ex - 1 O
- What does P do ?

P = O O 1 row 2-1

G row 3- 2
I O
-

-
row 1 -> 3

property of a
permutation matrix-p-t = pT
I
reverses
the row
exchange

&
vector
spaces subspaces
· I

spanning
space
a Vectors V , va , Us Un
... -

the consists
span a
space ,
illeans
space
of all combinations of those vectors .

Basis for a vector is set of

space
a
-

with
vectors v Vz -- Un 2
properties :
-

independent
the
spor spece
.

-
12-
 IRS one basis
(6)(p)(8)
has to be addition
A space led under
and subtraction .

subset of larger space

subspace
a
:

that contains the zeo vector

IR2 y
not a
y
a R &
subspece
ab
N

za
>
X 7 X
y
&

7X
↓

Possible in IR2
All of IR2
subspaces
line through
Any
the origin .

8)
-3 -
Possible subspaces in IR3 -
All of IRS

Any plane
through the

origin
line
-
Any through
the origin
-

(8) vector

SUBSPACES OF A MATRIX

Column Space Denoted 2 (A)

:
by
C (A) : All linear combinations of columns
of Matrix .
A

is
-

I I 2 C (A) a
subspace
of 144
2 13
A =

!I
4x3
we
only have 2
independent column
-

vectors .

is within IR4
C (A) a
plane (IRY)

14-
-
Nullspace : Includes all the rectors that

satisfy A X 0
=
.

N(A) Mull
:

space .

If X exists (except X =
0) ,
then what

we about matrix .
A
can
say