HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

AND
RISK ASSESSMET
P.O. Box 38243
Garsfontein-East
0040

Office: +27 82 442 7961

Fax : +27 86 622 3220
E-mail: admin@kdohc.co.za

Name: ______________________
Course Date: _________________
 RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Decide Objective
Baseline?
Issue Based?
Define Process Continuous?

Process based?
Hazard based?
Define Scope Activity/Occupation based?
Area based?
Implement
ID Hazards Chemical
Corrective
Physical
Biological Action
Ergonomics/Psychological
Bio/Epi Verification

Assess Exposure

Rate Risk Risk
Acceptable
 Monitor
 Step 1: Define Objective/s
Decide Objective
 Step 1: Define Objective/s

Defined in terms of measurable outcomes

Limit to specific desired outcomes

Purpose
E.g. Compliance
New technology
Medical request
Other
Step 2: Define assessment process
Decide Objective
Baseline?
Issue Based?
Define Process Continuous?
 Baseline Risk Assessment
E.g.
E.g.
•Plant (mill E.g. E.g.
•Operate a mill
section – mill) •Milling •Mill operator
•Drill a hole
•Stope (stope face •Drilling •Driller
•Load with a
– gulley) •Loading •Loader
loader
•Haulage – tip •Lashing •Lasher
•Lash with a
area •Driving •Driver
shovel
•Shaft (station - •etc •etc
•etc
bottom)

Geographical
Activity/s Occupation/s Task/s
Area/s

•List all •List all •List all tasks

•List all activities occupations involved in
geographic for each involved in each
al areas geographic each activity occupation
•Determine al area •Determine •Determine
RISK within •Determine SIGNIFICANT SIGNIFICANT
each RISK within RISK within RISK within
each each each
 Baseline Risk Assessment

Geographical
Activity/s Occupation/s Task/s
Area/s

Compile Risk Profile

110.0 92.0

105.0
91.0

100.0

90.0
95.0

90.0 89.0
L aeq (dB A )

L aeq (dB A )
85.0
88.0

80.0

87.0
75.0

70.0 86.0

65.0
85.0

60.0
R eady Mix S and & Aggregate S mall O C Diamond Mine L arge UG Diamond Mine L arge O C Diamond Mine
84.0
Max 91.2 107.0 104.4 96.5 98.0 L oader operator P lant operator B atcher L abourer P lant assistant Despatcher
Min 86.6 76.9 82.3 77.3 69.6 L Aeq 91.2 91.2 88.8 87.2 86.8 86.6
Average 88.6 90.4 89.9 88.5 83.2 (dB A)
 Baseline Risk Assessment
110.0

105.0

100.0

95.0

90.0
L aeq (dB A )

85.0

80.0

75.0

70.0

65.0

60.0
R eady Mix S and & Aggregate S mall O C Diamond Mine L arge UG Diamond Mine L arge O C Diamond Mine
Max 91.2 107.0 104.4 96.5 98.0
Min 86.6 76.9 82.3 77.3 69.6
Average 88.6 90.4 89.9 88.5 83.2
 Baseline Risk Assessment
92.0

91.0

90.0

89.0
L aeq (dB A )

88.0

87.0

86.0

85.0

84.0
L oader operator P lant operator B atcher L abourer P lant assistant Despatcher
L Aeq 91.2 91.2 88.8 87.2 86.8 86.6
(dB A)
 Issue Based Risk Assessment

More distinctly quantify risks associated with activity or process

Often requires specialist skills

Outputs:
Clear management recommendations
Input into:
•Training Programmes
•Standards
•Procedures
•Etc.
 Issue Based Risk Assessment
Workplace surveillance
Medical surveillance
Reactive
Proactive Information
Information

Altered biological markers

Illness
Disability

RAISING THE ISSUE

Change
Baseline RA Management

Previous section
Altered work process
New technology
 Issue Based Risk Assessment

RAISING
THE ISSUE

Determine Tools
Epi Surveys
Significance Etc

ID Specific Determine Assess Severity

Hazard Cause & Probability
Biological / Source Risk Index
Toxicological Review

IN-DEPTH STUDY
 Continuous Risk Assessment

PURPOSE:

a) To verify that conditions have remained the same, or

b) To ID where changes have occurred (to what extend).

 Inter-Relationship
1

BASELINE 5 ISSUE BASED 4 CONTINUOUS

HIRA HIRA 3 HIRA

7 2

Results

1) Significant issues requiring immediate attention – closely monitored

2) Data from Continuous used in Baseline
3) When more in-depth analysis required
4) Outcomes of IBRA monitored in Continuous
5) Baseline data used to prioritize and scope Issue Based HIRA

7) Results of COMPLETE Risk Management Process manifest in Baseline Risk

Profiles
 Step 3: Define Scope
Decide Objective
Baseline?
Issue Based?
Define Process Continuous?

Process based?
Hazard based?
Define Scope Activity/Occupation based?
Area based?

Area Based?
Process Based ?

Occupation Based ?

Activity Based ?

Hazard Based ?
 Step 4: Identify the Hazards
Decide Objective
Baseline?
Issue Based?
Define Process Continuous?

Process based?
Hazard based?
Define Scope Activity/Occupation based?
Area based?

ID Hazards Chemical
Physical
Biological
Ergonomics/Psychological
 Hazard Identification Process
Understanding the adverse effects of exposure or potential exposure

Means to anticipate possible hazards:

See “ SIMRAC handbook of Occupational Health Practice in the South African Mining
Industry” (R Guild, RI Ehrlich, JR Johnston, MN Ross), ISBN 1-9198-5302-2, Chapter 3,
page 70”.

Fundamentals of chemical exposure:

Dose-response

Manner of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion

Target organs

Toxic effects
 Step 5: Bio/Epi Verification
Decide Objective
Baseline?
Issue Based?
Define Process Continuous?

Process based?
Hazard based?
Define Scope Activity/Occupation based?
Area based?

ID Hazards Chemical
Physical
Biological
Ergonomics/Psychological
Bio/Epi Verification
 Step 6: Assess Exposure
Decide Objective
Baseline?
Issue Based?
Define Process Continuous?

Process based?
Hazard based?
Define Scope Activity/Occupation based?
Area based?

ID Hazards Chemical
Physical
Biological
Ergonomics/Psychological
Bio/Epi Verification

Assess Exposure
 Simplified Exposure Model

Source Path

EMISSION DISPERSAL EXPOSURE DOSE EFFECT

•Process
•Uptake
parameters •Worker
•Air flow •Distribution
•Air velocity location •Susceptibility
•Ventilation •Metabolism
Temperature •Movement
•Excretion
•etc
 Step 7: Risk rating
Decide Objective
Baseline?
Issue Based?
Define Process Continuous?

Process based?
Hazard based?
Define Scope Activity/Occupation based?
Area based?

ID Hazards Chemical
Physical
Biological
Ergonomics/Psychological
Bio/Epi Verification

Assess Exposure

Rate Risk
 Risk Level Estimations
Qualitative Risk Assessment:
Professional Judgement used
E.g. Low, medium, high

Quantitative:
Use of measuring equipment
Use of mathematical equations

Semi-Quantitative:
Use if a matrix
Use professional judgement or measurements on;
Probability / Likelihood
Consequence / Severity

For example, see page 75

 Risk Level Estimations
ALTERNATIVES:

RISK RATING = Consequence X Likelihood

RISK RATING = Consequence X Probability of Exposure X

Period of Exposure
 Step 8: Risk Acceptance
Decide Objective
Baseline?
Issue Based?
Define Process Continuous?

Process based?
Hazard based?
Define Scope Activity/Occupation based?
Area based?

ID Hazards Chemical
Physical
Biological
Ergonomics/Psychological
Bio/Epi Verification

Assess Exposure

Rate Risk Risk

Acceptable
 Exposure Standards
Occupational Health Hazards guided by exposure standards:

Time Weighted Average (TWA)

Full-shift monitoring

Peak Exposure Limits (Peak)

Never to be exceeded

Short Term Exposure Limits (STEL)

15 minute average
•Minimize risk of:
•Intolerable irritants
•Chronic or irreversible tissue change
•Narcosis
 Step 9: Monitoring Programme
Decide Objective
Baseline?
Issue Based?
Define Process Continuous?

Process based?
Hazard based?
Define Scope Activity/Occupation based?
Area based?

ID Hazards Chemical
Physical
Biological
Ergonomics/Psychological
Bio/Epi Verification

Assess Exposure

Rate Risk Risk

Acceptable
 Monitor
 Workplace Exposure Monitoring
Two Main Types:
Personal monitoring
Comparison against exposure standards

Static (area) monitoring

Check control efficiency
ID and quantify contaminant sources in workplace
Delineating areas of unacceptable/acceptable contamination (e.g.
Noise Zones)
 Workplace Exposure Monitoring
Factors to consider:

For sampling methods:

Physical, chemical properties of contaminants,

Stability of sampling method
Compatibility of sampling method with analytical method,
Pump flow rate range,
Ability to sample over periods relevant to OEL,
Capacity and collection efficiency of sampling medium,
Type and analysis for information required,
Intrinsic safety of equipment,
Portability of equipment
Reliability of equipment
Ease of equipment maintenance
Equipment calibration
 Workplace Exposure Monitoring
Factors to consider:

For analytical methods:

Specificity
Sensitivity
Accuracy
Precision
Limit of detection
Workplace Exposure Monitoring
 Workplace Exposure Monitoring
Factors to consider:

For individuals exposure variations:

Shifts in exposure patterns

Differences associated with the type and nature of the process
Changes in concentrations (duration of the shift)
Deviation in individual exposure levels (even when same task in same
area)
Fluctuations in exposure concentrations during different shifts
 Workplace Exposure Monitoring
Factors to consider:

For sampling strategy:

Where should the samples be taken?

Whose exposure should be measured?
When to measure?
How long to sample for?
How many samples to take?
How often to sample?
Sampling Strategy Decision Logic Flow
SEE

“ SIMRAC handbook of Occupational Health

Practice in the South African Mining Industry” (R
Guild, RI Ehrlich, JR Johnston, MN Ross)

ISBN 1-9198-5302-2

CHAPTER 3

Page 80
 Step 9: Corrective Action
Decide Objective
Baseline?
Issue Based?
Define Process Continuous?

Process based?
Hazard based?
Define Scope Activity/Occupation based?
Area based?
Implement
ID Hazards Chemical
Corrective
Physical
Biological Action
Ergonomics/Psychological
Bio/Epi Verification

Assess Exposure

Rate Risk Risk
Acceptable
 Monitor
 Corrective Action Plan
Factors to consider:

Often require specialist input

Multi-disciplinary team required
Account for maintenance operations
Clear roles, responsibilities and accountability
Clear start and completion date
Clear follow-up (inspection) dates
Clear efficiency and efficacy testing protocols
Work Example
 Work Example
Facts:
Company “A” has purchased on old mining lease area and are planning to build
commercial workshops on the premises.
The land is riddled with old unguarded mine holes and excavations.
Due to financial constrains the building of the commercial workshops can only
commence in 18 months time.
Approximately 20% of the old mine holes or excavations are fenced off.
An informal settlement is situated + 2 km from the site.
The establishment of the commercial workshops is part of a community
upliftment project.

Conduct a Risk Rating of the situation

 Work Example
Area/activity/task:
Description of Hazard: Sheet Number:
1
Current measures in place to control the hazard:

Severity Rating Likelihood of Risk rating

Assessment of Failure
Current Controls.
Additional controls required to reduce the Risk Rating:

Severity Rating Likelihood of Risk rating

Assessment if Failure
additional control
measures are
implemented
Additional Comments:
Discussion/
Questions