INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND *Prosthetis

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY *Capti - easily listen to books online, listen to

The Current State of ICT the news, convert DOC and PDF files to speech
- today form a complex puzzle. as society enters
Online Systems and Platforms
the digital world, the dynamic between
- services available on the Internet. It includes
technology and human society changes now
online marketplaces, search engines, creative
starting to fully understand.
content outlets, and communication platforms
Information and Communication Technology that users interact with according to their
- Technologies that advance communications. needs.
transmission systems allowing people and
Marketplaces
organizations to interact in the digital world.
- two important features of online marketplace
Web Generations This technology comes from are the sellers and buyers that trade products
the innovations made from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0. and services on e-commerce website.

Web 1.0 is Tim Berners-Lee pioneered in 1990 Search Engines

by writing fundamental technologies that - web-based tool designed to retrieve
became the foundation of the world wide web information online specific to what the users
and the first webpage browser. need. Ex. Google, Yahoo!, and Microsoft Bing.

Web 2.0 shift that happened in how the internet • Crawl: web crawlers, as spiders, find new
is used in the past 15-20 years. Making it sites, and identify new links to be used.
possible for usergenerated content to be viewed
• Index: gathered data by crawlers then
by people around the world in an instant.
analyzed, and organized an index for engines to
Web 3.0 built on the concepts of find the information quickly when searched.
decentralization which aim for data to be stored
• Search: search engine translates inputted
in multiple locations simultaneously and not on
words into terms that relate to its index using
a single server like Web 2.0 does greater user
natural language processing (NLP) which uses
utility using machine learning to enable
machine learning to understand a query. The
computers to produce faster.
search engine then accesses its index to find
Convergent Technologies web pages that match the query.
- two or more independent technologies
• Rank: Search engines have algorithms used to
combine to form a new device.
present a list of results organized by what it
Social Use thinks is the best answer to the query based on
- to connect with people around the world matching the keywords used.
instantly through social media. provide faster
Creative Content Outlets
and more interactive communication online.
- websites that utilize different types of media to
Assistive Technology communicate products, services, and the person
- any device, or equipment that supports people or brand itself.
with disabilities.
Creative content can refer to any of the
*Chrome Vox - screen reader extension on following:
Google Chrome
• Blog – written content run by a team or an 1. Never trust anyone: Look for safer
individual, referred to as a blogger, that shares alternatives that can avoid recording and saving
their opinion and knowledge on several topics information that might be used in the future
for a target audience. WordPress, and LinkedIn 2. Do not disclose too much information: limit
are common platforms for blog. posting personal information.
3. Cross-check a website: Phishing, an illegal
• Video –creative video ranges from brand
way of pretending to be a legitimate website, is
videos, animation, and educational videos to
rampant these days. Make sure the correct link
vlogs. popular way to get message across as
and spelling are observed before doing any
video combines movement, sound, and text.
communication and transaction online.
• Infographics – visual representations of 4. Click links accordingly: never click shortened
information and data such as charts and graphs links unless it comes from reputable source.
with minimal text compared to a traditional
Online Security safeguards confidential
presentation. It is commonly used for email
information against dangerous attacks and
marketing, and educational purposes.
cybercrimes. Here are some major security
Communication Platforms measures to consider online:
- best used in achieving better collaboration and 1. Password Security
connection with anyone across different 2. Multi-factor Authentication
distances. commonly used by businesses, 3. Installing Anti-virus
organizations for a faster exchange information. 4. Backup Storage

Examples include the following: Online Etiquette idea of behaving with kindness
and respect to others who utilize the benefits
• Microsoft 365 – productivity tool that and advantages of the Internet.
includes MS Teams, OneDrive, and, storing
documents from Microsoft Office. Here are some major proper online etiquettes.

• Google Workspace – web-based tool that 1. Proper use of tone: Observe proper use of
assures secured collaboration and productivity tone by considering the situation and the setting
apps for businesses. of the conversation.
2. Proofreading the message: The
• Dropbox – user-friendly cloud-sharing instantaneous benefit of online communication
solution for managing shared files, reducing is a double-edged sword that can cause major
email needs, and improving collaboration problems.
between employees 3. Respect for privacy: Technical skills can be
Online Safety, Security, and Etiquette learned online, especially ways how to hack or
main responsibility of the user to explore and snoop on confidential information.
use cyberspace with heightened safety 4. Be prepared and minimize distractions;
check if the camera and mic work and by
Online Safety making sure that distractions are limited.
- users can defend themselves against possible
dangers online. 5. Avoid misinformation; advisable to validate
any form of information such as news, articles,
Here are some major safety precautions to infographics, and blogs before sharing them
consider online: with others.
 3. Presentation Program – software tool
to create a slideshow for professional or
APPLIED PRODUCTIVITY TOOLS AND VISUAL
educational purposes. A slideshow is
DESIGN
presented and explained one slide at a
Applied Productivity Tools
time to discuss a specific topic, report,
- resources on the Internet that allow
or data.
individuals and organizations to increase
productivity based on specific outputs that can Here are some tips to consider:
be written, visual, or audio. • Simple Structure: essential to have a structure
that the presenter and the audience can follow,
1. Word Processor – application/device
no matter how complex the topic is.
lets users write, edit, print documents.
• Visual Aids: Explaining without visual cues
can use to improve their documents, such as:
makes it difficult for the audience to understand
• Text Copy – allows copying the same text
any topic fully.
multiple times in the document.
• Text Cut - removes text from original position. • Preparedness and Confidence: Being
• Paste – an action done when a copied or cut prepared and confident in a presentation is the
text is ready to be posted or shown again perfect recipe for success.
• Multimedia – lets the use and insertion of
4. Graphic Design Tools – programs and
multimedia such as images, and video
applications that let users design, edit,
• Text Formatting – formal changes in the
animate, and illustrate their work
document through font change, font styles
online.
• Spelling, Grammar, and Autocorrect – allows
the correct use of defined language Types of graphic design include the following
• Other features- tables, layout customization, • Web Design –planning, conceptualizing, and
search and replace, headers, and footers. organizing how online content is displayed, such
as on a website.
Word processors have different types of file
• Advertising and Marketing Design –
extensions, text files (.txt), HTML files (.htm
promoting products and services through ads,
and .html), and Word files (.doc and .docx)
logos, brochures, packaging attract customers.
2. Spreadsheet – worksheet, file • Motion Design and Animation – inanimate
consisting of rows/ columns help sort, objects appear to move in a specific manner.
organize, arrange, and calculate. • Illustration –creating visual outputs such as
photographs, drawings, and graphs.
various purposes, such as the following:
• Publication Design –designing printed
• Forms – for handling inventories, timesheets,
materials such as books, magazines, posters,
surveys, and personal information.
newspapers, and their online equivalent.
• Finance – checking account information such
as billing, receipts, transactions, and budget. Fundamentals of Graphics Design and Layouts
• School and Grades – tracking student appreciating the smallest details that make up
performace, calculating grades. the overall composition. It applies to any project
• Lists – for simple uses such as to-do, grocery, that aims to create or enhance a design.
and telephone lists.
Principles of Graphics Design
The following primary principles provide a good
foundation for making any design decisions. same structure, composition as ridged confines
1. Unity – prime principle and objective of of a grid is considered a rule of thumb, and
design as other principles aim to serve this communication as it organizes essential
result. coherence of the design elements such features and information.
as line, shape, texture, color, point, and their
Principles of Visual Message Design
positions, gives sense that all parts.
2. Variety – visual interest in what is ordinary A visual message communicates information
and bland. This balance includes excitement and and ideas using and combining various graphic
results in a creative design. design elements. It can be in multiple formats,
3. Hierarchy – manage and arrange the order of such as advertisements, photographs,
design elements, including organization, webpages, and infographics.
positioning, and identifying important part of
design. provides a visual path for the viewers Visual literacy skills a viewer uses when
and achieves effective communication. reading images. often understated given factors
4. Proportion – size relationship between such as attention span.
elements such as the height and width of a In creating a visual message, it is important to
rectangle may have a 2 to 4 relationship, assess the Audience, The purpose and
5. Balance – visual weight distribution of Intention , Context
elements within a design. It has two main forms,
which are symmetrical and asymmetrical Achieving the three helps take advantage of the
balance. following benefits of visual messaging:
• An exciting way of information exchange than
Graphic design also has support principles that text-based
help achieve the primary principles. • Generational enjoyment as it is more
• Size and Scale – size of the elements within a appealing and allows people to memorize
composition used as a comparison or measured information better.
in units. • Cross-cultural communication as it removes
• Movement – prescribed visual path viewers language barriers using more universal signs
must follow through a layout with hierarchy. and symbols.
• Proximity – placement of elements together
and apart and the relative size and distance Effective Visual Message Design Principles
between them. When a visual message is communicated
• Repetition – placement of elements in a efficiently, it builds trust, rapport, and credibility
regular pattern that may vary in size and shape with the audience.
to provide variety and unity. Here are some design principles for a
Creating Layout placing images, text, and compelling visual design:
graphics together provides the visuals to be 1. Using simple design by avoiding too many
printed or published. different colors or fonts.
2. Using contrasting colors effectively draws
Grid subdivides a page vertically and attention to specific and necessary details.
horizontally into margins, columns, lines of type, 3. Using high-quality and original images to
and space between blocks of type and images. avoid confusion and set it apart from others.
Overall, a grid provides repeatability to make 4. Using a creative background that blends well
similar pages in a multipage design have the with the content to add impact to the image.
5. Use the correct tool and platform to cover Web 2.0 allowed open communication,
and display the message emphasizing web-based communities of users
sharing data, information, knowledge,
COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM resources, and files.
AND THE INTERNET POPULAR SERVICES OF WEB 2.0
-Wikipedia
Internet -A global network comprising many -Youtube
worldwide networks that use to communicate -Facebook
with each other. -Twitter
-Google
-The backbone for private communications
-LinkedIn
within organizations and between organizations -Instagram
and their related external stakeholders. -Pinterest
Intranet- uses the same internet control to -The travel industry also embraced Web 2.0,
share proprietary information relevant to that with sites such as Wikitravel, TripAdvisor, and
organization and to share its computing Yelp having a major impact on travel behavior
services. (Benckendorff et al., 2019).

-Not open to the general public.

Internet Applications in Travel (Benckendorff et
-Only authorize users can access the al., 2019)
information.
- Travel providers quickly recognized the
- Intranets can be used for employee training, immense value that the Internet and the web
project collaboration, corporate information, provide to connect with travelers all over the
or human resource issues. Each employee in globe.
the organization will have their portal to the
intranet that allows access to areas needed - Help them inform travelers of their products
for their work. and services, advertise, communicate and
entertain, and book products online.
Extranet uses Internet protocols and is not
accessible to the general public. Travel websites focus on the needs of travelers,
including communication with travel
-It connects one or more organizations, professionals.
customers, suppliers, or other approved
Global information dissemination- travel
stakeholders.
- Users must log in to a secure website with a products and destinations that can be marketed
password to gain access. over vast distances. Potential travel products
and destinations that can be marketed over vast
World Wide Web (WWW), or simply “web,” is distances.
a computer system that links documents and
Integration – Websites that can be linked to
pictures into a database stored in computers
in many different parts of the world and that other sites or databases to provide the user
people everywhere can use. with relevant real-time data. (ex. customers can
access train schedules from a destination
- One of the most popular and powerful uses management system.)
of the Internet
Mass customization – Allows organizations to Online travel guides –Sites that often evolved
tailor their products to meet the specialized from hard-copy travel guides to providing a mix
needs of travelers. of information, commentary, and tools about
various destinations.

Interactive communication –Customers who

can communicate directly with suppliers to ask Trip planning –Tools to build customized travel
questions and tailor their bookings. Tourists itineraries for various destinations.
help develop brand loyalty through customer Cheapflights, allows booking multi-city flights
relationship management techniques. and choosing preferred dates of the flights.

Transactional support – Tourists can conduct Destinations –Websites for national, state, and
business and make reservations without human local destinations, such as It’s More Fun in the
support. Booking a hotel through online. Philippines. Maintained by destination
marketing organizations (DMOs).
Disintermediation –Cutting out the travel
intermediary and reaching customers directly.
British Airways selling flights directly to tourists Government – Most government tourism
without the help of a travel agent or tour ministries maintain websites featuring
operator. information about visas and passports, travel
advisories, statistics, and reports.
Typology of Travel Websites

Travel intermediaries –Includes online travel Non-government organizations (NGOs) –

agencies (OTAs), metasearch engines, NGOs maintain websites that provide statistics,
aggregators, and other intermediaries that information, and reports about various aspects
allow travelers to compare and book a range of of tourism, such as The International
travel experiences. Kayak enables people to Ecotourism Society (TIES) website, a nonprofit
find options on flights, hotels, and rental cars organization dedicated to promoting
across the web. ecotourism.

Travel suppliers –Includes corporate and

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE TOURISM
consumer websites for airlines, transport,
INDUSTRY
hotels, attractions, restaurants, and other
suppliers. Providing information about the Use of Information Technology in the Tourism
organization’s products. industry ( benckerdoff et al., 2019)
Social media –Websites that support the
reviews, blogs, wikis, and forums. Travelers use Information technology (IT) has various uses in
the Tripadvisor site and app to browse reviews. the tourism industry, and it benefits tourism
stakeholders in different ways.
Online travel portals –Combine a range of
Mobile technology is a technology that goes
services, including booking tools, social media,
where the user goes. It consists of portable two-
feature articles, and other content to offer
way communications devices, computing
travelers a compelling mix of trip planning
devices, and networking technology that
tools.
connects them.
-Typified by internet-enabled devices like -WiFi connectivity allows users to easily
smartphones, tablets, and watches. transfer images from the camera to other
digital devices or social media accounts.
-Wearable cameras and drones, such as those
developed by GoPro, are used by adventure
travelers to capture and share activities.
Mobile devices collect and combine data from
a range of inputs and then use apps to perform -Live streaming is also possible where travel
particular functions. bloggers record and broadcast travel
experiences in real-time.
Smartphones and Tablets – These devices are
Screen parameters (e.g., size, resolution, color
a hybrid of many other technologies, including
depth, orientation)
laptops, mobile phones, wristwatches, portable
music devices, cameras, and GPS navigation
memory size and processing power, input devices.
modes (e.g., keyboard, touchscreen, voice
recognition)
-The capabilities of smartphones support
millions of mobile apps that extend their
Sensing technologies (e.g., camera, gyroscope) functionality.
-Tablets typically have larger screens, making
Signaling technologies (e.g., Wireless Fidelity them more suitable for reading, gaming, and
(WiFi) Internet browsing.

The most common mobile devices carried by Wearable Devices – Wearable smart devices
travelers are as follows: are miniature electronic devices worn by the
user, such as smartwatches (Apple Watch) and
glasses.
Global Positioning System (GPS)- Navigation
device receives signals from GPS satellites to
Aviation and Information Technology
determine a user’s location.
Airlines use IT for a wide range of applications
- Referred to as satellite navigation or sat nav
at all stages of the tourist experience, including
devices.
marketing, distribution, customer service, and
-Capabilities include a digital map, an indicator operations.
to show the location of the user, turn-by-turn
directions (by text or voice), traffic congestion -Requires many sophisticated systems to deliver
updates, speed limits, warnings for fixed-speed a satisfying and safe travel experience while
and red-light cameras, and nearby points of maximizing profitability and sustainability.
interest (POI) such as attractions, restaurants,
The following are some of the information
and fuel stations.
technologies used by airlines:

Digital Cameras – These devices can capture

images and videos. The latest digital cameras Airline Reservation System (ARS) –A database
also include a GPS receiver and WiFi of flight schedules and seat availability, fares,
connectivity.
rules, and passenger information. ARS shows systems used by flight deck crew to support
the schedules for a single airline. navigation, communication, and the
maintenance of flight logs and cabin crew to
-The functions of ARS include displaying flight store and update the timetables, safety
schedules and availability, fare quotes and information, and detailed passenger
rules, storing passenger information, and information such as meal requests, frequent-
ticketing. flyer membership, and itineraries.

Surface Transportation and Information

Decision Support Systems (DSS) – Airline Technology
managers make many decisions about an
airline’s flight activity. used for fleet
management, flight and crew scheduling, Surface transport modes include road (car
revenue management, and flight operations. rental, bus, taxi, bicycle), rail (regular and metro
or subway), and water (cruise ships and ferries).
Marketing and Customer Relationship - Private companies (tour bus, cruise lines,
Management - The travel industry has adopted taxis)
the Internet, social media, and mobile
technologies for marketing and customer - Public agencies (bus, rail, subway).
service applications. Airlines use these
technologies to engage with passengers by Public-private partnerships are increasingly
providing information, booking, and loyalty teaming up to offer intermodal transport in
programs, known as frequent-flyer programs destinations.
(FFPs).
IT enhances all surface transport by making it
faster, safer, more efficient, and more user-
Departure Systems – A Departure Control
friendly for tourists.
System (DCS) automates the processing of
passengers at the airport. It includes managing The following are some of the information
airport check-in and boarding, checked bags, technologies used in surface transport:
load control, and aircraft check
Vehicle Rental Companies – Major vehicle
rental firms have offices and vehicles in
In-flight Technologies – Many in-flight
numerous locations. They need computer
technologies are used onboard to service
reservation networks to process bookings.
passenger needs and ensure safety.
Large-chain operations use a central computer
system with databases on passenger
- Passenger technologies include in-flight reservations, rental agreements, and vehicle
entertainment (IFE) systems (video screens in inventory, accessible to travel planners and
the seat back that allow passengers to view live consumers on the web.
satellite television or video on demand.

Reservation systems – Vehicle rental websites

- Communications tools such as phones, WiFi,
and the ability to communicate with flight give global access to central reservation
attendants and other passengers. systems. Travelers can decide on the type of
vehicle, the rates, drop-off and pick-up places,
dates, and times.
- Crew support systems include different IT
Taxi and ridesharing – Taxi firms is making it Technologies are emerging, disrupting, and
possible for customers to order taxis on their affecting lives in ways that indicate the
smartphones, either in advance or when they beginning of the Fourth Industrial Revolution,
need them. a new era in which digitalization builds and
impacts societies in new and often
- Customers can track the vehicle and receive unanticipated ways.
a text message when it arrives.
Digitalized tourism sector must innovate and
- Apps identify taxis close by and provide details
generate new business opportunities to
about the driver, license plate, and how far
ensure the sector's continued
away it is.
competitiveness, growth, and sustainable
-Peer-to-peer ridesharing services rely heavily on development.
IT to connect passengers with drivers, in direct
competition with taxis. Digital Transformation and Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs)
Rail Transport – Rail travel is becoming more
popular than air travel by removing the Digitalization is expected to continue
inconvenience of airports and taking the propelling the travel experience on its
traveler into the center of the city. Includes trajectory towards becoming more seamless,
rapid transit, light rail, metro rail, or frictionless, and high quality in a way that
underground systems. contributes to the SDGs of the UNWTO.
Digitalization has a positive environmental
-Different types of tickets (seasonal, monthly,
impact and can yet have a greater one.
weekly, and daily) can be purchased from
station automatic ticket machines. Innovations in manufacturing, smart assets,
and efficient use of resources contribute to
-Stored value payment cards for multiple a more sustainable industry footprint.
journeys or season tickets, passengers receive
discounts and no longer have to carry cash or
Smart Travel Facilitation Like how the
purchase a ticket for each journey.
smartphone has transformed
telecommunications and media, a
Water Transport – Water transport operators comprehensive smart travel model that
include passenger and car ferries and cruise includes smart visas, borders, security
ships on rivers, large lakes, and oceans. processes, and infrastructure will revolutionize
tourism. These measures improve both travel
- Both cruise lines and ferries need facilitation and security.
computerized reservation systems (CRSs).
Smart destination is a strategy for technology,
- Roll-on, roll-off (RORO) ferries take vehicles
innovation, sustainability, accessibility, and
and foot passengers on board as they often
inclusivity along the entire tourism cycle:
provide transport to small islands, requiring a before, during, and after the trip. Also one with
CRS that can book both. residents and tourists in mind, factoring
multilingualism, cultural individuality, and
seasonality into tourism planning.
Impacts of Information Technology in the -Key to the transformation of the tourism
Tourism Industry sector.
-Make tourism governance more inclusive
through inclusive entities, such as boards,
trusts, or foundations, representing all
public/private stakeholders.
-Analyze sustainable tourism management
through different lenses.

Job Creation
- The future of travel is technology-based, so
tourism jobs will require both technical and
advanced soft skills used to implement and
manage smart initiatives effectively.