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Multi Phases Flow

Multiphase flow refers to the simultaneous flow of two or more phases, such as gas, liquid, and solid, through a conduit, with significant interactions at the interfaces. Different types of two-phase flow include gas-liquid, gas-solid, liquid-solid, and liquid-liquid flows, each with unique characteristics and applications in various industries. Due to the complexity of multiphase interactions, empirical correlations based on experimental data are often used to analyze these flows, despite the challenges in direct numerical simulation.

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9 views2 pages

Multi Phases Flow

Multiphase flow refers to the simultaneous flow of two or more phases, such as gas, liquid, and solid, through a conduit, with significant interactions at the interfaces. Different types of two-phase flow include gas-liquid, gas-solid, liquid-solid, and liquid-liquid flows, each with unique characteristics and applications in various industries. Due to the complexity of multiphase interactions, empirical correlations based on experimental data are often used to analyze these flows, despite the challenges in direct numerical simulation.

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nijago6759
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Multi-Phase Flow

The simultaneous flow of two or more phases through a conduit where the phases interact at the
interface is termed multiphase flow. Although simultaneous flow of as many as four phases namely,
water, crude oil, gas and sand is not uncommon during oil exploration, flow of two phase mixtures is the
most common occurrence in industry. It covers a diverse range of flow phnomena involving various
combinations of phases like solid, liquid and gas. The presence of an interface varying over space and
time renders the hydrodynamics of two phase flow substantially different from single phase. For example
two-phase flow in a fluidized bed can be differentiated from single phase flow of a fluid through a packed
bed of particles by considering the fact that in the former case, geometrical arrangement of phase
boundary (i.e particle spacing) is function of fluid flow while in the second case, the geometry is fixed.

a) Gas–liquid flow – involves boiling, condensation as well as adiabatic flow. They are common in
power and process industries, refrigeration, air-conditioning and cryogenic applications.
b) Gas–solid flow – pneumatic conveying, combustion of pulverized fuel, flow in a cyclone
separators are examples of this category of two phase flow.
c) Liquid–solid flow – this type of flow is encountered in slurry transportation, food processing as
well as in various processes in biotechnology.
d) Liquid–liquid flow – This type of flow is also characterized by the presence of a deformable
interface (similar to gas–liquid flow) and processes several features similar to other two phase
flow phenomena. Liquid–liquid flow is common in petroleum industries and chemical reactors.

For example, single-phase pressure drop for flow of an incompressible fluid through an inclined pipe can
be obtained from the following equation:

Where, , A, S, G, ρ and v are the wall shear stress, cross sectional area, interfacial area, mass flux,
density and specific volume of the fluid respectively.

However when we apply eqn (1) to two-phase flow, the corresponding equation is:

.... (2)

where ρ has been replaced by ρM and ν by νM. It may be noted that ρM ≠ 1/νM since ρM is an additive
function of volumetric composition while νM is additive in terms of mixture quality. Therefore, during two
phase flow ρM and νM can be expressed in terms of individual phase properties as,

Further, there is no obvious relationship between the wall shear stress in single and twophase flow and
we need information about the interfacial shear stress . In addition, S includes S 1 and S2 while A includes
A1 and A2 where 1 and 2 are the two-phases. Single phase flow can be categorised as laminar, turbulent
or a transition between the two.
Fig 2.12 (a) Flow Regime map for horizontal gas-liquid flow

Two phase flow obeys all basic laws of fluid mechanics. However, the hydrodynamics is substantially
complex as there are interaction between the phases and between any individual phase and the conduit
wall. As a result, the conservation equations are more in number unless one goes for a very gross
averaging. In addition, the conservation equations should contain extra terms to take care of the
interphasic interactions. With the current state of understanding and the available computation power,
direct numerical simulation (DNS) is not possible in most of the cases. So along with the conservation
equations, constitutive relations or closure relationships are also to be used. Moreover, as there are more
than one phase present, fluid properties influencing the hydrodynamics becomes more than twice of that
in case of single phase flow. Nevertheless, over the years different methodologies have evolved to
analyse two phase flow. The commonly adopted methods can be classified as follows:

1. Empirical Correlations:

Due to the complexity of two phase flow, experiments often become the only method for investigating
such phenomena. As a result, many analyses are solely based on experimental data. In spite of the
advancement of computational techniques, use of empirical correlations based on experimental
observations is very important for specific problems. Correlations are obtained either by dimensional
analysis or by grouping of several variables together on a logical basis. The main advantages of this
technique are (a) Easy to use and (b) Satisfactory within statistical limits as long as applied to situations
similar to those used to obtain the original data. The limitations of this technique are: (i) can be
misleading if used indiscriminately in a variety of applications and (ii) since little insight is achieved into
the basic phenomena, there is no indication of ways to improve its performance or accuracy of
prediction. The Lockhart -Martinelli correlation which shall be discussed later is an example of a widely
used correlation in gas-liquid flows.

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