HYDRAULICS 2A (HYDCIA2)

HYRODYNAMIC (FLUID IN MOTION)

PATIENCE DAVHANA AND MTHOMBENI MONDLI
Unit 3: Hydrodynamic (Fluid in motion)
Measure of fluid flow rate Hydrodynamics

➢Volume flow rate (Q)- is the volume of fluid flowing past a section per
unit time.
➢Weight flow rate(W)–weight of fluid flowing past a section per unit
time.
➢Mass flow rate(M) – mass of fluid flowing past a section per unit time.

3
Key concepts in Hydrodynamics

➢Fluid pressure - force exerted by a fluid on an object.

➢Fluid velocity – The speed and direction of fluid motion.
➢Viscosity – The measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.
➢Turbulence – Irregular fluid motion.
➢Boundary layers – The regions near solid objects where fluid motion is
affected.

4
Energy on fluid flow system

➢Kinetic Energy – due to the motion of fluid.

➢Potential Energy – due to elevation.
➢Flow Energy– energy based on pressure in fluid and its specific
weight.

5
Fluid Flow Equations

➢Continuity / Mass Equation.

• Expression of the conservation of mass in fluid flow.
• It is used to relate the fluid density ,flow area and flow velocity.
➢Energy Equation/ Bernoulli Equation.
• Concerned with the conservation of energy.
• Thus, kinetic, potential and flow (pressure) energies of a fluid stream.
➢Euler’s Equation /Momentum Equation.
• Statement of the conservation of momentum in fluid flow.

6
Conservation Laws
Conservation Laws

• Law of conservation of mass.

• Law of conservation of energy.
• Law of conservation of momentum.

6
Conservation of Mass (Control Volume)
Conservation of Mass (Control Volume)

➢ Fundamental principle in nature.

What goes out

What comes in Control
volume

➢ States that The net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a time interval Δt is equal to the net change
(increase or decrease) of the total mass within the control volume during Δt.
➢ Thus,

Mass in − Massout = Mass

➢ Also, for a control volume, the rate of mass flow is given by,

Mass in Mass out Mass dM

− = =
time time t dt

10
Conservation of Mass (Control Volume)

➢ For a closed system,

dM
= 0
dt
➢ This is in fact a steady state condition, and can be simplified as,

( Mass
time
) − (
Mass
time
)=0
in out

( Mass
= (
Mass
time out time
)
in

➢ For steady state flow, the conservation of mass simplifies to: The total rate of mass entering a control volume is
equal to the total rate of mass leaving it.

11
Conservation of Mass (Control Volume)

➢ For a steady flow in a single stream (i.e., only one inlet and one outlet),

M1 M2
=
t t
11 22
=
t t
1 2
1 = 2
t t
1V1 A1 =  2 V 2 A2

12
Conservation of Mass (Control Volume)

➢ For incompressible fluids where density of that liquid

remains constant,

V 1 A1 = V 2 A 2
➢ The expression V x A is essentially the volume flow rate
of the liquid. It is normally represented with a symbol Q.
➢ This equation is sometimes called Continuity Equation.
➢ Thus, the Continuity Equation is given by:

Q = VA
➢ Continuity principle states that for steady flow through a
control volume, the mass of fluid entering per unit time equals
the mass of fluid leaving per unit time.

13
Conservation of Mass (Control Volume)

➢ The Continuity Equation is a mathematical statement of

the conservation of mass.

Q2
➢ Thus,
flow rate entering = flow rate leaving

Q1

Q1 = Q2 + Q3
A1V1 = A2V2 + A3V3
Q3

14
Properties of fluid flow
➢The flow of water in hydraulic conduits is governed by.
• Conduit geometry.
▪ Area.
▪ Wetted perimeter.
▪ Hydraulic radius.
▪ Boundary roughness.
• Fluid properties.
▪ Density.
▪ Viscosity.
▪ Pressure.
▪ Compressibility, etc.
• External constraints.
▪ Laws of conservation of mass, energy and momentum.
• Internal constraints.
▪ Entropy increase law.
▪ Space-mass-time dimensional law.

15
Types of Fluid Flow
Types of Fluid Flow

➢Uniform flow & Non-uniform (varied) flows.

➢Steady flow & Unsteady flows.
➢Laminar flow & Turbulent flows.
➢Real and Ideal fluid flows.
➢Compressible and Incompressible flows.

17
Uniform and Non-uniform Flow

➢Along the flow direction, flow is uniform when both area and velocity of flow are
constant.
➢Flow in pipe of constant diameter.
➢Open channel flow where width and flow depth remain constant.
➢Otherwise, it is non-uniform flow.

18
Steady Flow & Unsteady Flows

➢Conditions (flow depth and velocity) at any point do not change with time = steady flow.
➢Unsteady if conditions at any point vary with time.
➢Floods and surges are typical examples of unsteady flow. Domestic use of water is another
example.
➢Four possible combination thus can be:
• Steady uniform flow.
• Steady non-uniform flow.
• Unsteady uniform flow.
• Unsteady non-uniform flow.

19
Laminar and Turbulent Flow

➢ Flow can be laminar or turbulent.

➢ REYNOLDS NUMBER (NR) determines whether flow is laminar or
turbulent.
➢ Reynolds number

vd
NR =


• NR < 2000 Laminar

• 2000 < NR < 4000 Transition/ Critical zone
• NR > 4000 Turbulent

20
Real and Ideal Fluid Flow

➢Real fluids like water have:

• Viscosity.
• Velocity at the boundary equal to zero.
• Mean velocity not equal to maximum velocity.
• Because, has friction.
➢On the other hand, ideal fluid have:
• Viscosity = zero.
• boundary velocity = mean velocity = maximum
velocity.
• Here, there is no friction.

21
Compressible and Incompressible Flows

➢Compressible
• Density of fluid not constant. Thus, density of fluid
changes from
point to point.
• Example: flow of gases through orifices, nozzles, etc.
➢Incompressible
• Density of fluid is constant. Thus, it does not change from
point to point.
• Examples include the flow of water in a pipe.

22
Conservation of Energy
Conservation of Energy

➢ Based on the fundamental law of Physics, namely, the law of conservation of energy, energy can
neither be created nor destroyed but can only transform from one form to another.
➢The mathematical statement of this law is the Energy Equation. In hydraulics, this energy
equation is
termed Bernoulli's Equation (modified).

24
Bernoulli Equation

➢ Consider an element of fluid in a pipe as shown in figure on the right.

• Potential energy.
E p = mgz
Ep per unit weight, z

• Kinetic energy.
1
Ek = mv 2
2
v2
Ek per unit weight,
2g
• Pressure energy/ Pressure head.
P
H =
g

25
Bernoulli Equation

➢Now consider the figure below which shows the element of fluid moving from Section 1 to
Section 2.

26
Bernoulli Equation

➢ As the fluid moves from Section 1 to Section 2, the pressure

head, kinetic head and potential head may change, but the
total head will remain the same as long as no energy is lost or
added.

Ep + Ek + Epressure = Constant

• Thus, total energy,

P v2
+ + z = Constant
g 2g

• This is Bernoulli Equation.

27
Energy Equation

➢ The Energy Equation is a mathematical statement of the

principle of the conservation of energy.
➢ Thus, the energy equation

P1 v1 2 P2 v 22
+ + z1 = + + z 2 + hL
 g 2g  g 2g

28
Energy Equation continued

➢Applicable to steady flow only.

➢These relationships allow us to determine the velocity of flow at any point in a system if we
know the
volume flow rate and the areas of the pipes at the sections of interest.
➢You should also be familiar with the terms that express the energy possessed by a fluid per
unit weight of the fluid flowing in the system: 2 2
P1 v1 P2 v2
• P/rg is the pressure head. + + z1 = + + z2 + hL
g 2g g 2g
• z is the elevation head.
• V2/2g is the velocity head.

➢The sum of these three terms is called the total head. All of this comes together in Bernoulli’s
equation,
➢where the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to two different points of interest in the fluid flow system.

29
Limitation of Bernoulli Equation

➢Applicable to steady flow only.

➢Unless modified, it is only applicable to frictionless flow.
➢Bernoulli equation is usually applicable along a streamline in the core region of the flow, but
not along a
streamline close to the surface.
➢Only applicable for incompressible flow.

30
Conservation of Momentum.
The Momentum Conservation: The Principle

➢ Momentum Equation originates from Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion.

➢ Thus, the rate of change in momentum is proportional to the applied force.
➢ Momentum is given by:
M = m a s s  velocity
M = mv
F1 = P1 A1
➢ And therefore, the applied force is; Fx
M 2 − M 1 = m(V2 −V1 ) = ma
F=
time time
➢ Consider a stream tube of fluid particle.
➢ Change in Momentum;
Fx F2 = P2 A2
M = m(V2 −V1 ) = Qt(V2 −V1 )

32
The Momentum Conservation: The Principle

➢ The Resultant force in any direction,

M (V −V )
F= = Qt 2 1 = Q(V2 −V1 )
t t
F1 = P1A1
➢ Thus, force in the following direction:
• X-Direction: Fx
F = Q(V2 x −V1x )

• Y-Direction:
F = Q(V2 y −V1y )
Fx F2 = P2 A2
• Z-Direction:
F = Q(V2 z −V1z )

➢ The Equation above is based on the fact that velocity is steady and uniform over the cross-section.

33
Appling the Momentum Equation

➢ Considering a stream tube of fluid particle.

➢ The Momentum Equation is there:

F1 − F2 + W x − F x = Q(V2 x −V 1x )

➢ The Momentum Equation can further be

expressed as:
F1 = P1A1

Fx
P1A1 − P2 A2 + Wx − Fx = Q(V2x −V1x )

Fx F2 = P2 A2

34
Examples
Example Problem
In Fig. 6.2 the inside diameters of the pipe at sections 1 and 2 are 50 mm
and 100 mm, respectively.
Water at 70C is flowing with an average velocity of 8.0 m/s at section 1.
Calculate the following:
a. Velocity at section 2
b. Volume flow rate
c. Weight flow rate
d. Mass flow rate