e) The right hand digit will be the multiplication of the

deviation.
15 + 5
x 11 + 1
16 / 5

Example 7: Multiply 105 by 104

Solution:

a) Put the multiplicand and multiplier as shown here.

105
x 104
b) Both the numbers are closer to the base 100, so take Base =
100.
Deviation of 105 = 105 – 100 = +5
Deviation of 104 = 104 – 100 = + 4
c) Put the deviation at the right side along with the number to
be multiplied.
105 + 5
x 104 + 4
d) Write the left hand digit by cross operation of any of the two
diagonals.
105 + 5
x 104 + 4
109 /
e) The right hand digit will be the multiplication of the deviation.
105 + 5
104 + 4
109 / 20

Case 3: When one number is above the base and another is

less than the base.

Example 8: Multiply 12 by 8

Multiplication 33
Solution:

a) Put the multiplicand and multiplier as shown here.

12
x 8
b) Both the numbers are closer to the base 10, so take Base
= 10.
Deviation of 12 = 12 – 10 = +2
Deviation of 8 = 8 – 10 = −2
c) Put the deviation at the right side along with the number
to be multiplied.
12 + 2
x 8 − 2
d) Write the left hand digit by cross operation of any of the
two diagonals.
12 + 2
x 8 − 2
10 /
e) The right hand digit will be the multiplication of the
deviation. The product of (+2) x ( −2) = −4 is written
in the RHS.
12 + 2
x 8 − 2
10 / −4
e) When there is a minus (–) sign at the right hand product,
use the Nilhilam formulae which states, “All from 9 and
the last from 10.” Hence subtract the right hand digit
(–4) from 10 and left hand part will get diminished by
1. i.e. 10 – 1 = 9
12 + 2
x 8 − 2
10 / −4
= 9 / 10 – 4
= 9 / 6

34 The Essentials of Vedic Mathematics

Example 9: Multiply 122 by 98

Solution:

a) Put the multiplicand and multiplier as shown here.

122
x 98
b) Both the numbers are closer to the base 100, so take
Base = 100.
Deviation of 122 = 122 – 120 = +22
Deviation of 98 = 98 – 100 = −2
c) Put the deviation at the right side along with the number
to be multiplied.
122 + 22
x 98 − 2
d) Write the left hand digit by cross operation of any of the
two diagonals.
122 + 22
X98 − 2
120 /
e) The right hand digit will be the multiplication of the
deviation.
122 + 22
x 98 − 2
120 / −44
f) When there is a minus (–) sign at the right hand product,
use the Nilhilam formulae which states, “All from 9 and
the last from 10.” Hence subtract the right hand digit
(–44) from 100 and left hand part 120 will get diminished
by 1. i.e. 120 – 1 =119
122 + 22
x 98 − 2
119 / 100 – 44
= 119 / 56

Multiplication 35
Case 4: Adjustment of right side digit of the product.

Two sub-cases may arise here:

a) When the number of digits on the right hand side is

more than the permissible limit.
b) When the number of digits on the right hand side is less
than the permissible limit.

Sub case (a): When the number of digits on the right hand side
is more than the permissible limit.

Example 10: Multiply 16 by 15

Solution:

a) Put the multiplicand and multiplier as shown here.

16
x 15
b) Both the numbers are closer to the base 10, so take Base
= 10.
Deviation of 16 = 16 – 10 = +6
Deviation of 15 = 15 – 10 = +5
c) Put the deviation at the right side along with the number
to be multiplied.
16 + 6
x 15 + 5
d) Write the left hand digit by cross operation of any of the
two diagonals.
16 +6
x 15 +5
21 /
e) The right hand digit will be the multiplication of the
deviation.
16 + 6
x 15 + 5
21 / 30

36 The Essentials of Vedic Mathematics

Here, the number of digit in RHS is two, which is more than the
permissible number of digits in RHS (See Table 1). The number
of permissible digits in RHS should be in accordance with the
base number. Since, the base is 10, the number placed at the
right side should be of one digit. In such a case, we transfer the
extreme left digit of RHS to the LHS and add them.

16 + 6
x 15 + 5
21 / 30
+
= 240

Example 11: Multiply 13 by 18

Solution:

a) Put the multiplicand and multiplier as shown here.

13
x 18
b) Both the numbers are closer to the base 10, so take Base
= 10.
Deviation of 13 = 13 – 10 = +3
Deviation of 18 = 18 – 10 = +8
c) Put the deviation at the right side along with the number
to be multiplied.
13 + 3
x 18 + 8
d) Write the left hand digit by cross operation of any of the
two diagonals.
13 + 3
x 18 + 8
21 /
e) The right hand digit will be the multiplication of the
deviation.

Multiplication 37
 13 + 3
18 + 8
21 / 24

Since, the base is 10, the number placed at the right side should
be of one digit, so transfer the extreme left digit of RHS to the
LHS and add them.

13 + 3
x 18 + 8
21 / 24
+
= 234

Sub case (b): When the number of digits on the right hand side
is less than the permissible limit.

Example 12: Multiply 96 by 98

Solution:

a) Put the multiplicand and multiplier as shown here.

96
x 98
b) Both the numbers are closer to the base 100, so take
Base = 100.
Deviation of 96 = 96 – 100 = – 4
Deviation of 98 = 98 – 100 = – 2
c) Put the deviation at the right side along with the number
to be multiplied.
96 − 4
x 98 − 2
d) Write the left hand digit by cross operation of any of the
two diagonals.
96 − 4
x 98 − 2
94 /

38 The Essentials of Vedic Mathematics

 e) The right hand digit will be the multiplication of the
deviation.
96 − 4
98 − 2
94 / 8

Since, the base is 100, the number placed at the right side should
consist of two digits. But there is a single digit in the RHS. In
such a case, we place the zero to the left in RHS so that the
total number of digits in RHS is equal to the permissible number
of digits. See Table 1 for better understanding.

96 − 4
98 − 2
94 / 08

Example 13: Multiply 989 by 995

Solution:

a) Put the multiplicand and multiplier as shown here.

989
x 995
b) Both the numbers are closer to the base 1000, so take
Base = 1000.
Deviation of 989 = 989 – 1000 = –11
Deviation of 995 = 995 – 1000 = – 5
c) Put the deviation at the right side along with the number
to be multiplied.
989 − 11
x 995 − 5
d) Write the left hand digit by cross operation of any of the
two diagonals.
989 − 11
x 995 − 5
984 /

Multiplication 39
 e) The right hand digit will be the multiplication of the
deviation.
989 − 11
x 995 − 5
984 / 55

Since the base is 1000, the number placed at the right side should
consist of three digits. So in order to meet the requirement of
permissible digit in RHS, we place the zero to the left in the RHS

(Refer Table 1).

989 − 11
995 − 5
984 / 055

Till now, we have seen examples in which both the numbers were
closer to the base. Now let us consider a case where the two
numbers are nearer to a different base. Hey, are you worried?
Don’t panic, the problem will be solved in a similar fashion with
a slight change in the LHS.

• Write the numbers with their respective deviations from

the base as done earlier.
• Write the base of each number in a bracket and cancel
an equal number of zeros in the bracket.
• The RHS will be calculated as done above by placing
the product of deviations, and will have the number of
digits equal to the number of zeros cancelled.
• In the LHS, write the sum of the cross product of the
first diagonal and the deviation of second number.

Example 14: Multiply 107 by 1008

Solution: Here, the two numbers are of different base. 107 is

closer to base 100 and 1008 is closer to base 1000. Hence, the
respective deviations of the numbers are +7 (107 – 100) and
+8 (1008 – 1000).

40 The Essentials of Vedic Mathematics

 Deviation Base
107 + 7 (100)
x 1008 + 8 (1000)

• Cancel equal number of zeros of the different bases.

Deviation Base
107 + 7 (100)
x 1008 + 8 (1000)

• LHS = 107 x 10 + 8 = 1078

RHS = 7 x 8 = 56

• Hence, 1008 x 107 = 107856

Anurupyena Sutra (vkuq:I;s.k)

The word Anurupyena simply means “Proportionately.” This

method is applicable only when the multiplicand and multipliers
are very far from the theoretical base. In other words, when the
multiplicand and multipliers are distant from the power of 10,
we use this sutra.
Let us understand the modus operandi of the Anurupyena
sutra. In order to avoid a tragic situation, we take two types of
bases:– one is a theoretical base and other is a working base.
The theoretical base is taken in the power of 10 and the working
base is taken as the multiple of 10. Let us see this example to
make the modus operandi clear.

Sub-case 1: When the left hand figure is completely divisible by

the divisor of the working base.

Example 15: Multiply 48 by 42

Solution:

Theoretical base = 100

Working base = 100 | 2 = 50

Multiplication 41
 Deviation of 48 from the working base = 48 – 50 = – 2
Deviation of 42 from the working base = 42 – 50 = – 8

48 – 2
x 42 – 8

The working procedure is almost the same except for the fact
that the left hand side figure will be divided by 2 as our working
base is half of the theoretical base. As far as the right hand
figure is concerned, it will remain unaffected.

48 – 2
x 42 – 8
40 | 16
= ½ x 40 | 16
= 2016

Example 16: Multiply 494 by 488

Solution:

Theoretical Base = 1000

Working Base = 500 = 1000/2
Deviation of 494 from the working base = 494 – 500 = – 6
Deviation of 42 from the working base = 488 – 500 = – 12

Do the operation as described in Nikhilam method, with a slight

difference that the left hand figure will be divided by 2 as our
working base is half of the theoretical base.

494 – 6
x 488 – 12
482 | 72

Since the theoretical base is 1000, the number of digits in the

RHS will be 3, therefore put a zero behind 72.

494 – 6
x 488 – 12
482 | 072
42 The Essentials of Vedic Mathematics
Now, divide the LHS by 2

494 – 6
x 488 – 12
2 ) 482 | 072
= 241 / 072

Sub-case 2: When the left hand figure, on division by the divisor

of working base gives a fractional quotient.

Example 17: Multiply 48 by 49

Solution:

Theoretical base = 100

Working base = 50 = (100 | 2)

Step 1: Write the deviation (–2) and (–1) against the number 48
and 49 taken from its working base.

48 – 50 = –2 and 49 – 50 = – 1.

48 – 2
x 49 – 1

Step 2: Do the required operation by taking any diagonal and

writing the result at the left side of the vertical line. Multiply
the right hand figure vertically.

48 – 2
x 49 – 1
47 | 02

Step 3: Divide the left hand figure by 2. Here, 47, on dividing

by 2, give us a fractional quotient. i.e. 23 ½ .

Step 4: The fractional part ½ (i.e. ½ of the theoretical base 100=

50) is taken over to the right hand side.

Multiplication 43
 48 – 2
x 49 – 1
2 ) 47 | 02
= 23 ½ | 02
= 23 | 50+ 2
= 2352

Example 18: Multiply 251 by 252?

Solution:

Theoretical base = 1000

Working base = 250= (1000 | 4)

Step 1: Deviation of 251 = 251 – 250 = + 1

Deviation of 252 = 252 – 250 = + 2

Write the deviation + 2 and +1 against the numbers 251 and

252 taken from its working base.

251 + 2
x 252 + 1

Step 2: Take any diagonal and do the required operation. Write

the result in LHS. Multiply the right hand figure vertically.
251 + 1
x 252 + 2
253 | 2

Step 3: Divide the left hand figure by 4. Here, 253, on dividing

by 4, give us a fractional quotient. i.e. 63 ¼.

Step 4: The fractional part ¼ (i.e. ¼ of the theoretical base

1000 = 250) is taken over to the right hand side. Moreover, the
number of digits in the RHS should be re-written according to
the theoretical base. Since there are three zeros in the theoretical
base,place two zeros before 2 in RHS so that the number of digits
in RHS is equal to the number of zeros in the theoretical base.

44 The Essentials of Vedic Mathematics

 251 +1
x 252 +2
4 ) 253 | 002
= 63 ¼ | 002
= 63 | 250+002
= 63252

Sub-case 3: When the right hand vertical product is negative.

Example 19: Multiply 52 by 48

Solution: Theoretical base = 100

Working base = 50 = (100 | 2)

As discussed earlier, the excess or the deficiency from the working

base is written against the number.
52 = 50 + 2 and 48 = 50 – 2

52 + 2
x 48 – 2

Step 1: Perform the desired operation diagonally and vertically.

52 + 2
x 48 – 2
50 | –04

Step 2: Divide the left hand figure by 2. Here 2 is the divisor

of the theoretical base.

52 +2
x 48 –2
2 ) 50 | –04
= 25 | –04
24 | 96

When the right hand figure is negative, the “Nikhilam Navatas

caramam dasatah” formulae will be used. This simply directs
us to subtract 1 from the left hand figure and to subtract the
right hand figure from the theoretical base.

Multiplication 45
Example 20: Multiply 512 by 494

Solution: Theoretical base = 1000

Working base = 500 = (1000 | 2)

As discussed earlier, the excess or the deficiency from the working

base is written against the number.
512 = 500 + 12 and 494 = 500 – 6

512 + 12
x 494 – 6

Step 1: Perform the desired operation diagonally and vertically.

512 + 12
x 494 – 6
506 | –072

Step 2: Divide the left hand figure by 2

512 +12
x 494 −6
2 ) 506 | − 072
= 253 | − 072
= 252 | 1000 – 72
= 252 | 928

This sutra works equally well when the base is the multiple of
10 (20, 30, 40, 60, 70...), multiple of 100 (200, 300, 400,) etc.
The modus operandi of such multiplication is slightly different.
Instead of dividing the LHS figure by 2, 4, 6, or 8, multiply the
LHS by the sub-base number. If you are taking the base = 20
= 2 x 10; then base = 10 and sub- base = 2.

Example 21: Multiply 41 by 48?

Solution:

46 The Essentials of Vedic Mathematics

 41 + 1
x 48 + 8 (Working base: 10 X 4 =40)
49 | 8
= 49 | 8
x 4
= 196| 8

Example 22: Multiply 252 by 298

Solution:

252 – 4 8
x 299 – 0 1 (Working base: 100 X 3 =300)
251 | 48
x 3
= 753 | 48
= 75348

Example 23: Multiply 687 by 695

Solution:

687 – 013
x 695 – 005 (Working base: 100 X 7 =700)
682 | 65
x 7
= 4774 | 65
= 477465

Example 24: Multiply 889 by 895

Solution:

889 – 011
x 895 – 005 (Working Base = 900= 9 x 100)
884 | 055
x 9
7956 | 055
= 7956055

Multiplication 47