LOAD FLOW (GAUSS-SEIDEL

METHOD )
14:24

Solution of Non-Linear Equations

The two load flow equations are:
n
Pi | Vi | | Yip || V p | cos (  i   p   ip )
p 1
n
Qi | Vi | | Yip || V p | sin (  i   p   ip )
p 1

These equations provide the calculated value of net real power and net reactive
power entering bus ‘i’. The equations are non-linear and only a numerical
solution is possible. There are different methods could be implemented to solve
these equations. Among those are the Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson
methods.
Gauss-Seidel Method
Consider a system of non-linear equations having “n” unknowns x1 , x 2 , .........., x n
f 1 ( x1 , x 2 , .........., x n )
f 2 ( x1 , x 2 , .........., x n )
.. .. .. .. .. ..
14:24
f n ( x1 , x 2 , .........., x n )

1
 Rearranging,
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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then Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05
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x i  f i ( x1 , x 2 , .........., x n )
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Eq. 1

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

1 i  n Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University
Assuming initial values, ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

x1o , x 2o , .........., x no
Substituting the initial values in Eq. 1, then All values are initial values
xDr.1o A.M. o
, xGaouda o
2 , .........., x n
first iteration
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

x11  f 11 ( x1o , x 2o , .........., x no )

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first variable
x 1  x 11 from previous step
x  f ( x , x , .........., x )
1
2 2
1 1
1
o
2
o
n
and all other values are
initial values
x 2o , .........., x no

x 31  f 31 ( x11 , x 21 , x 3o .........., x no )
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x 1  x 11 & x 2  x 21
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and
Or in general x 3o , .........., x no
x i1  f i 1 ( x11 , x 21 , ....., x io ,....., x no )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

x i1 x i using the initial assumed values.

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Where is the first approximation of
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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The kth approximation of xi is:

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

K th iteration UAE University

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xik  f i k ( x1k , x2k , .....xik1 , xik 1 , xik11....., xnk 1 )

i th variable

k 1
The changes inGaouda
Dr. A.M. the magnitude of each
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variable
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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x ik from its value xi
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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at
the previous iteration is:
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 x i  x ik  x ik  1
If  x i   then the solution has converged.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Where,  is a small value ( for exmple :   0.001 )

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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2
 EXAMPLE
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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1: Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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For the following equation, find an accurate value for x up to 5 decimal places.
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2 x  log( x )  7
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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SOLUTION: ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Using Gauss-Seidel
x  0.5 ( 7  log x )

xo  1Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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x 1  0.5( 7  log 1 )  3.5
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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1 st iteration
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x 1  3.5 x 2  0.5( 7  log 3.5 )  3.772034 2 nd iteration

x 2  3.772034 x 3  0.5 ( 7  log 3.772034 )  3.788287

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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x  3.788287
3
x  0.5 ( 7  log 3.788287 )  3.789221
4

x 5  3.789274
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

x 6  3.789278   0.000004
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14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

EXAMPLE
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2: Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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For the following equations, find an ELEC572,
x and 04/05 y after 4 iterations.
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x  0.7 sin x  0.2 cos y & y  0.7 cos x  0.2 sin y

SOLUTION:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Using Gauss-Seidel, assuming initial values

x o  y o  0.5 ( rad )

x 1  0.7 sin x o  0.2 cos y o

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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x  0.7 sin 0.5  0.2 cos 0.5
1 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

x 1  0.51111

y 1  0.7 cos 0.51111  0.2 sin 0.5

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y 1  0.51465
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x 2  0.516497 y 2  0.510241
x  0.520211
3
Dr. A.M. Gaouda y 3  0.509722
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14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

x 4  0.522520
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y 4  0.509007
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3
 Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05 Gauss-Seidel Method for Load Flow Analysis
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Advantages
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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1. Simplicity ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

2. Small computer memory requirement

3. Less computational time per iteration

Disadvantages
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

1. Slow rate of convergence, and therefore large number of iterations.

2. Increase in the number of iterations as the number of system buses
increases.
3. The speed of convergence
Dr. A.M. Gaouda is affected by the selected slack
Dr. A.M. Gaouda bus.
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

I - G-S Method when PV buses are absent

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Assuming a power system in which the voltage controlled buses are absent. If the
system has n buses, then; one bus will be considered as a slack bus and the other n-1
buses are load buses Dr.(PQ-buses).
A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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For the Slack or Swing Bus:

| Vi | and  i  0 are known & Pi and Qi are unknown

The swingDr.UAEbus voltage is taken as a reference.
A.M. Gaouda
University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University It is voltage magnitude is known and
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
its phase shift angle is set equal to zero.

For (n-1) Load Buses (PQ bus):

Pi and Qi are known & | Vi | and  i are unknown

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Using Gauss-Seidel Method, we assume the initial values for the magnitude and
phase shift angle of (n-1) buses. These values are updated at each iteration.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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4
 Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
For an
ELEC572, 04/05‘n’ bus system
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I bus  Ybus Vbus ….. Eq. 1

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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For the ith bus of an ‘n’ bus system, the current
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entering this bus is:

I i  Yi1 V1  Yi 2 V2  ......  Yii Vi  ...Yin Vn ….. Eq. 2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

n
I i  Yii Vi   Yip V p ….. Eq. 3
p1
p i
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
  Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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1  n
 UAE University

Vi   I i   Yip V p 
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….. Eq. 4
Yii  p 1 
 p i 
InDr. A.M.
power
14:24
Gaouda
systems, power is known rather than currents. The complex power
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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injected
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th
into the i bus is: ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Si  Pi  jQi  Vi I *i
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….. Eq. 5ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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S i*  Vi* I i ….. Eq. 6

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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OR ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Pi  jQi ….. Eq. 7

Ii  *
V i

Substituting inGaouda
Dr. A.M. Eq. 4 Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

 
1  Pi  jQi n

Vi  
Yii  Vi*
  Yip V p 
….. Eq. 8
p 1 
 p i 
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Since bus 1 is the slack bus “reference”, then Vi represents n-1 set of
equations for i= 2, 3, …., n. These equations will be solved using G-S
method for the unknowns V2, V3, …..V n.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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5
 NOTES:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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1. Eq. 8 can be written as:
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n Y
1 Pi  jQi
NOTE
The values for P and Q
Vi 
Vi*
Yii
  ip

p  1 Yii
Vp ….. Eq. 9
are the scheduled Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University p i
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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values for PQ Bus. ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
n
Ki
Vi  *
  Lip V p ….. Eq. 10
Vi p  1
pi
P  jQi Yip
Ki  i and Lip 
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Yii
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Yii
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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The values for Ki and Lip are computed once in the beginning and used in every
iteration.

2. The voltages at all the buses in a power system are close to 1.0 pu.
Therefore, we can start the G-S iteration process assuming
UAE Universityinitial values for the
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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voltages equal to 1.0 and making zero angle.

V2o  V3o  ...... Vno  10

3. Gaouda At each step in the iteration process use the most updated values for
Dr. A.M.the
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
voltages to compute the new values for the bus voltages.
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

n
K
Vi  *i   Lip V p
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ELEC572, 04/05
….. Eq. 11
Vi p1
p i

i 1 n Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Ki
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Vi    Lip V p  L
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ELEC572, 04/05
Vp
ELEC572, 04/05 ….. Eq. 12
ip
Vi* p1 p i  1
The most updated voltage
Therefore, for the (kth+1) iteration, values are from the previous
iteration
i 1 n
Ki
Vi k  1 
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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( Vi k )*
  Lip V p( k  1 ) 
p1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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L
pi  1
ip V pk ….. Eq. 13
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The most updated voltage

for i  1 ,2 ,..........n values are from the same
iteration

The iteration process is continuous till the convergence occurs, i.e.;

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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| Vi k  1 |  | Vi k  1 |  | Vi k |   ….. Eq. 14

for i  1 ,2 ,..........n
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14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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6
 Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
4. The
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ELEC572,
Dr.ith
04/05current and complex power at UAE
A.M.bus
Gaouda are:
University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05 1
2

I i  Yi1 V1  Yi 2 V2  ......  Yii Vi  ...Yin Vn Linear Ii

3

i
Network
And Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Si  Pi  jQi  Vi I *i
UAE University UAE University Vi
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 n

Reference

S  Pi  Qi  V I i
*
i i
*

Or
Pi  jQi  Vi* ( Yi 1 V1  Yi 2 V2  ......  Yii Vi  ...Yin Vn )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Pi  Re{ Vi* ( Yi 1 V1  Yi 2 V2  ......  Yii Vi  ...Yin Vn )}

Qi   Im{ Vi* ( Yi 1 V1  Yi 2 V2  ......  Yii Vi  ...Yin Vn )}

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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The two equations are known as the rectangular form of the load flow equations.
They provide the calculated value of net real power and net reactive power
entering bus ‘i’. Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

EXAMPLE 3:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05
G1ELEC572, 04/05
For the three bus system. Write the
ELEC572, expression
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04/05

for the bus voltages using GS method. | V1 |  1 1

1  0
SOLUTION: Dr. A.M. Gaouda 2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

The system contains

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ELEC572, 04/05 3 buses, (n=3). UAE University
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i- Select bus 1 as a slack bus “reference”.

3
P2 , Q 2
| V1 |  1 and  1  0 P3 , Q3

ii- Buses 2 and 3 are load Dr.buses.

Dr. A.M. Gaouda A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

P2 , P3 , Q2 and Q3 are known

V2 ,V3 , 2 and  3 are unknown

3
K2
V2    L2 p V p
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

V2* p  1
p 2

3 Y
1 P2  jQ2

2p
V2  *
Vp
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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V2 Y22 p  1 Y22
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ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05 p 2 ELEC572, 04/05

7
 Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

1 P  jQ2  Y21 Y 
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V2  * 2   V1  23 V3 
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….. Eq. 15
NOTE V2 Y22  Y22 Y22 
The values for P and Q
are the scheduled
values
1 P  jQ3  Y31 Y 
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

V3  * 3   V1  32 V2 
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ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
….. Eq. 16
V3 Y33  Y33 Y33 

Using GS method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05 V2o  V3o  10
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ELEC572, 04/05
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Start the first iteration The most updated voltage

value is the initial value

1 P2  jQ2  Y21 Y 
V21  o *
  V1  23 V3o  ….. Eq. 17
( V2 ) Y22  Y22 Y22
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05

The most updated voltage

value is from this iteration

1 P3  jQ3  Y31 Y 
V31  o *
  V1  32 V21 
Dr. A.M. Gaouda ….. Eq. 18
14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05

Start the second iteration

The most updated voltage
value is from previous
1 P2  jQ2  Y21 Y  iteration
V22  1 *
  V1  23 V31  ….. Eq. 19
( V2 ) Y22  Y22 Y22 
The most updated voltage
value is from this iteration
1 P3  jQ3  Y31 Y  ….. Eq. 20
V32  1 *
  V1  32 V22 
( V3 ) Y33  Y33 Y33 

Compare the results for convergence

| Vi k  1 |  | Vi k  1 |  | Vi k |   for i  1 ,2 ,..........n

….. Eq. 21
| V22 |  | V22 |  | V21 |  
….. Eq. 22
| V32 |  | V32 |  | V31 |  

If 14:24
Eqs. 21, 22 are not satisfied then start a new iteration.

8
 Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
EXAMPLE
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For the system shown in the figure, the line impedances are as indicated in per
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unit on 100MVA base.

A. Using Gauss-Seidel method find the bus voltages after 7 iterations.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
B. Using theELEC572,
bus
UAE voltages find the Slack bus real
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and reactive power.
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1 2
256.6
0.02  j 0.04 pu MW
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
G ELEC572, 04/05

0.01  j 0.03 pu 0.0125  j 0.025 pu

110.2
V1  1.05 0 pu o
MVAR

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
3
138.6 45.2
MW MVAR
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Formulation
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 of the Bus Admittance Matrix
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
1 UAE University
2ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05 256.6
0.02  j0.04 pu
MW
1 G
y12   10  j 20  y 21 0.01  j0.03 pu 0.0125  j 0.025 pu
0.02  j 0.04 Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda 110.2
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V1  1.05 0 o pu UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 MVAR
1
y13   10  j 30  y 31
0.01  j 0.03
1 3
y 23   16  j 32  y 32
0.0125  j 0.025 138.6 45.2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
MW MVAR
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Y11 Y12 Y13   y12  y13  y12  y13 

 
Ybus  Y21 Y22 Y23     y 21 y 21  y 23  y 23 

Y31 Y32 Y33 
 UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
   y 31  y 32 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
y 31  y 32 
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

 20  j 50  10  j 20  10  j 30 
Ybus    10  j 20 26  j 52  16  j 32 
14:24
 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University  Dr. A.M. Gaouda
  10  j 30 ELEC572,
 1604/05  j 32 26  j 62 
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

9
 Classification
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University of buses: Dr. A.M. Gaouda 1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University 2 ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05 256.6
0.02  j 0.04 pu
Bus 1: Slack Bus MW

G
0.01  j 0.03 pu 0.0125  j 0.025 pu

V1  1.050 o pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda V1  1.05 0 o pu Dr. A.M. Gaouda
110.2
MVAR
UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Buses 2 and 3: Load Buses (PQ bus)

3
P2 , P3 , Q2 and Q3 are known 138.6 45.2
MW MVAR

V2 ,V3 , 2 and  3 are unknown

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
P2 ,d  256.6 MW Q2 ,d  110.2 MVAR
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Pig and Qig

P3 ,d  138.6 MW Q3 ,d  45.2 MVAR
G
Pi ,sch  Pgi  Pdi
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University Bus i
& ELEC572, 04/05
Qi ,sch  Q gi  Qdi
ELEC572, 04/05

Pid and Qid

S i ,sch  Pi ,sch  jQi ,sch
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

S 2 ,sch  ( P2 , g  P2 ,d )  j ( Q2 , g  Q2 ,d )
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14:24
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UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

( P2 , g  P2 ,d )  j ( Q2 , g  Q2Dr.UAE
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

,d )University
UAE University A.M. Gaouda UAE University

S 2 ,sch
ELEC572, 04/05
 pu Reminder
ELEC572, 04/05

Base MVA
ELEC572, 04/05
The bus admittance matrix
is

 20  j 50  10  j 20  10  j 30 
( 0  256.6 )  j ( 0  110.2 )  
S 2 ,sch  Dr. A.M. Gaouda pu Dr. A.M. Gaouda  10 j 20 26  j 52  16  j 32
100
04/05 MVA
UAE University
ELEC572,
UAE University 
ELEC572, 04/05
 10 j 30  16  j 32 26 - j62 

S 2 ,sch   2.566  j 1.102 pu

S 3 ,sch   1.386  j 0.452 pu

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Using GS method, select the initial values

ELEC572, 04/05 for the unknowns as: ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05

V2o  V3o  10

Start the first iteration

1 P2 ,sch  jQ2 ,sch  Y21 

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Y UAE University

V  1
  V1  23 V3o 
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

2
o *
( V2 ) Y22  Y22 Y22 
S *i ,sch  Pi ,sch  jQ i ,sch

1  2.566  j 1.102   10  j 20  16  j 32 
V21   1.05  1 .0 
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
14:24
26  j 52  26  j 52 26  j 52
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
*
( 1 .0 ) 
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

10
 OR, to simplify the calculations, we have:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University Dr. A.M. Gaouda UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05
Reminder
n Y
1 Pi  jQi
 ip The bus admittance matrix
Vi   Vp is
Vi* Yii Y
p  1 ii  20  j 50  10  j 20  10  j 30 
p i   
 10 j 20 26  j 52  16  j 32
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
n
K2
UAE University UAE University
 10  j 30  16  j 32 26 - j62 
  L2 p V p
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

V2 
V2* p  1
p 2

V 2
1 K2
( V2o )*

 L21 V1  L23 V3o 
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University UAE University

The values for Ki and Lip are computed once in the beginning and used in every
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

iteration.
P2  jQ2 Y21 Y23
K2  L21  and L23 
Y22 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Y22 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Y22
UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

K2 = -0.0367 - j0.031 L21 = -0.3846 L23 = -0.6154

V1  1.050 o pu and V3o  10

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University

V21  0.9825  j 0.310

14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

K3
 
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

V31   L31 V1  L32 V21

UAE University Dr. A.M. Gaouda UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University ELEC572, 04/05

( V3o )*
ELEC572, 04/05

P3  jQ3 Y31 Y32

K3  Dr. A.M. Gaouda and L31  and
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
L32 
Y33 Y33
UAE University UAE University
Y33 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

K3 = -0.0142 - j0.0164 L31 = - 0.4690 + 0.0354i L32 = -0.5310 - 0.0354i

V1  1.050 o pu and V21  0.9825  j 0.310

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V31  ELEC572,
UAE University  j 0.0353
1.0011 04/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05

Start the second iteration K 2 , K 3 , L21 , L23 , L31 , L32 constants will be the same.

V22 
K2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
1 *
( V2 )
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05

 L21 V1  L23 V31  VDr.22A.M.Gaouda
0.9816  j 0.0520
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05

V32 
K3
( V31 )*

 L31 V1  L32 V22  V32  1.0008  j 0.0459
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

11
 Start the third iteration
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
K 2 , K 3 ,Dr.UAE
LA.M.
21 ,Gaouda
L23 , L31 , L32 constants will be the same.ELEC572,
University
UAE University
04/05
ELEC572, 04/05

V  2
3 K2
2 *
( V2 )
 L21 V1  L23 V32   = 0.9808 - j0.0578

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University UAE University

 
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

K3
V33   L31 V1  L32 V23 = 1.0004 - j0.0488
( V32 )*

Start the fourth

Dr. A.M. Gaouda iteration
K 2 , K 3 ,Dr.LA.M.
21 ,Gaouda
L23 , L31 , L32 constants will be the same.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

V24 
K2
( V23 )*

 L21 V1  L23 V33  = 0.9803 - j0.0594

V34 
K3
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/053 *
( V3 )

 L31 V1  L32 V24  Dr. A.M. Gaouda
= 1.0002 - j0.0497
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05

After 7 iterations,
V27  0.9800  j 0.0600  0.98183  3.5035o pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

V37  1.0000  j 0.0500  1.00125  2.8624o pu

ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University B. Using the bus voltages find the Slack bus real and reactive power.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05

1 2
256.6
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University 0.02  j 0.04 pu Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University MW
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

G
0.01  j 0.03 pu 0.0125  j 0.025 pu
110.2
V1  1.050 pu o
MVAR

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

3
138.6 45.2
MW MVAR
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

V1  1.05  j 0.0 o pu

V2  0.9800  j 0.0600  0.98183  3.5035o pu

V3  1.0000  j 0.0500
Dr. A.M. 1.00125  2.8624o pu
Gaouda
UAE University
14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

12
 Using the rectangular form of the load
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
flow
Dr. A.M. Gaouda equations,
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
then the net active and reactive powers at04/051th bus are:
UAE University
ELEC572, Reminder
The bus admittance matrix
is

Pi  Re{ V1* ( Y11 V1  Y12 V2  Y13 V3 )}

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
 20  j 50  10  j 20  10  j 30 

Dr. A.M. Gaouda  10 j 20 26  j 52  16  j 32

UAE University 
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
 10 j 30  16  j 32 26 - j62 

Qi   Im{ V1* ( Y11 V1  Y12 V2  Y13 V3 )}

P1  jQ1  V1* ( Y11 V1  Y12 V2  Y13 V3 )

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Pi  jQi  ELEC572, 04/05
4.0938 - j1.8894
ELEC572, 04/05

1 2
P1  4.0938 pu 0.02  j 0.04 pu
256.6
MW

Q1  1.8894 pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University G UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 0.01  j 004/05
ELEC572, .03 pu 0.0125  j0.025 pu
110.2
Base MVA=100 V1  1.050 o pu MVAR

P1  409.38 MVA
3
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Q1  188.94 MVA
UAE University
14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda 138.6 45.2 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 MW MVAR ELEC572, 04/05

II. Modifying G-S Method when PV buses are present

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University Dr. A.M. Gaouda UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05

Assuming a power system has n buses, then; one bus will be considered as a
slack bus and the other buses are load buses (PQ-buses) and voltage controlled
buses (PV-buses). Let the system buses be numbered Dr.UAE
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University as: A.M. Gaouda
University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

i1 Salck bus

i  2 , 3 , ..... , m PV  buses
i  m  1 , m  2 , ...... , n
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University PQ  buses
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

For the voltage controlled buses,

Pi and | Vi | are known & Qi and  i are unknown
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
| Vi |  | Vi | Specified ….. Eq. 23
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05

Qi ,min  Qi  Qi ,max ….. Eq. 24

The second requirement for the voltage controlled bus may be violated if the
bus voltage becomes too high or too ELEC572,
small.
University It is to be noted that we can control
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE
14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
04/05 UAE University
the bus voltage by controlling the bus reactive power.
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

13
 Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Therefore,
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 during any iteration, if the PV-bus reactive power violates itsELEC572,
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
limits
UAE University
04/05

then set it according to the following rule.

ELEC572, 04/05

Qi  Qi ,max set Qi  Qi ,max

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University

Qi  Qi ,min set Qi  Qi ,min

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

NOTE
For PQ  bus
And treat this bus as PQ-bus. Pi and Qi are known
& | Vi | and δi are unknown

Load flow solution when PV buses are present

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University UAE University
a. Calculate Q04/05
ELEC572,
i
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

In the polar form,

n
Qi | Vi | | Yip || V p | sin (  i   p   ip )
p 1
For the (kth+1) iteration,
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

i 1
Qi( k  1 )  | Vi |speci |Y
p1
ip || V p( k  1 ) | sin (  i( k )   p( k  1 )   ip )

14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
 | Vi |speci |Y
p i
|| V (k
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ip p
ELEC572, 04/05
)
| sin (  i( k )   i( k )   ip ) Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

For p  1 to ( i  1 ), use | V p | &  p of ( k th  1 ) iteration

UAE University Dr. A.M. Gaouda UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05

For p  i to n , use | V p | &  p of ( k th ) iteration

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Set | Vi |  | Vi | speci
UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

In the rectangular form,

Pi  jQi  Vi* ( Yi 1 V1  Yi 2 V2  ......  Yii Vi  ...Yin Vn )

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University UAE University

Qi   Im{ Vi* ( Yi 1 V1  Yi 2 V2  ......  Yii Vi  ...Yin Vn )}

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

b. Check Qik+1 to see if it is within the limits

Qi ,min  Qi  Qi ,max
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Case 1: If the reactive power limits are not violated,

calculate Vi k  1
i 1 n
Ki
 Lip V p( k  1 )  L
1 k 1
Vi k14:24   Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ip
UAE University V pk  |Vi k  1 | i
( Vi k )*
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 p1 pi  1 ELEC572, 04/05

14
 Use | Vi | speci and  ik  1 For the PV-bus voltage.
Voltage magnitude is known for PV
Reset the magnitude |Vi k  1 |  |Vi |Speci bus, therefore the new calculated
magnitude will not be used.

k 1
 i Only the calculated angle
Vi k  1  |Vi |Speci will be updated and used.

Case 2: If the reactive power limits are violated,

Qik  1  Qi ,max set Qik  1  Qi ,max

Or

Qik  1  Qi ,min set Qik  1  Qi ,min

Consider this bus as a PQ-Bus, calculate bus voltage Vi k  1

i 1 n
Ki
Vi k 1

( Vi k )*
 L
p1
ip V ( k 1 )
p  L
p i  1
ip V pk
The PV-bus becomes PQ-bus
and both Voltage magnitude
 ik  1
14:24 Vi k  1  |Vi k  1 | and angle are calculated and
used

EXAMPLE
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
6: Dr. A.M. GaoudaEach line has an impedance of 0.05+j0.15
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05

Line Data for the 5 buses Network

3 4
From To
R X
2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Bus Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

1 2 0.0500 0.1500
2 3 0.0500 0.1500
2 4 0.0500 0.1500
5 3 4 0.0500 0.1500
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
G1 Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
1 5 0.0500 0.1500
G
UAE University
ELEC572, 204/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
4 5 0.0500 0.1500
1
The shunt admittance is neglected

Bus Data for the the 5 buses Network Before load flow solution
Load
Bus Bus VoltDr. A.M. GaoudaVolt Load Gen.Dr. A.M.Gen.
Gaouda Q Q Inject
MW
No. code Mag.ELEC572, Angle
UAE University
04/05
MVAR MW ELEC572,
MVAR
UAE University
04/05
Min. Max. MVAR

1 Slack 1.0200 0 100 50 ? ? 0 0 0

2 PV 1.0200 ? 0 0 200 ? 20 60 0
3 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
14:24
Dr. A.M. 4
Gaouda PQ ? ? 50 UAE University
20 0 0 0 0 Dr. 0
A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
5
ELEC572, 04/05 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0
ELEC572, 04/05

15
 Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University Dr. A.M. Gaouda UAE University

For the ‘5’ bus system

ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05

Construct the bus admittance matrix Ybus

Find Q2 , 2 ,V3 ,V4 and V5
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Qmax  0.6 pu
Qmin  0.2 pu

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

3 4

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

5
G1
G2
1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

3 4 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
SOLUTION:
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05

Ybus Construction
1 1
y   Dr. A.M. Gaouda  2  j 6 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
z 0.05 ELEC572,
j 0.15
UAE University UAE University
04/05
2
ELEC572, 04/05
5
G1
Y11  y12  y15  4  j 12 G2
1

Y22  y 21  y 23  y 25  6  j 18
Y12   y12  2  j 6
Y33  y 32  y 34  4  j 12
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Y15   y15  2  j 6
Y44  y 43  y 45  4  j 12
Y13  Y14  0
Y55  y51  y52  y54  6  j 18
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

4.0 - J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 0 -2.0 + J6.0

-2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
Ybus  0 -2.0 + J6.0 4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0
0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0
14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda -2.0 + J6.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0
UAE University -2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

16
 The net scheduled power injected at Dr.each
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
bus is:
A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05

3 4 Load
Bus Bus Volt Volt Load Gen. Gen. Q Q Inject
MW
No. code Mag. Angle MVAR MW MVAR Min. Max. MVAR
2

1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Slack 1.0200 0 100 Dr.50A.M. Gaouda ? ? 0 0 0
UAE University UAE University 200 ? 20 60 0
2 PV 1.0200 ? 0 0
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
5 3 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0
G1
4 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0
G2
1 5 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0

S 1 ,sch  ( P1 , g  P1 ,d )  j ( Q1 , g  Q1 ,d )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

S 1 ,sch  ( P1 , g  1.0 )  j ( Q1 , g  0.5 )

UAE University UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

S 2 ,sch  ( P2 , g  P2 ,d )  j ( Q2 , g  Q2 ,d )
S 2 ,sch  ( 2.0  0 )  j( Q2 , g  0 )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

S
UAE University
3 ,sch
ELEC572, 04/05  ( 0  0.5 )  j ( 0  0.2 ) ELEC572,
UAE University
04/05

S 3 ,sch   0.5  j 0.2

S 4 ,sch   0.5  j 0.2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

S 5 ,sch   0.5  j 0.2

ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

The known values are:

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University Dr. A.M. Gaouda The bus admittance matrix is
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University ELEC572, 04/05

V1  1.020 o
ELEC572, 04/05
4.0 - J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
0 -2.0 + J6.0 4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0
0 0 -2.0 + J6.0 4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0

|V2 |spec  1.02

-2.0 + J6.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 -2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Q2 ,min  0.2 and Q2 ,max  0.6

Using GS method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:

V3o V4o  V5o  10o

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
and
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University  2o  0 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Start the first iteration

Bus 2 is PV Bus
Check Q2 is within the limits
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Q2 ,min  Q2  Q2 ,max Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Pi  jQi  Vi* ( Yi 1 V1  Yi 2 V2  ......  Yii Vi  ...Yin Vn )

Q21   Im{ V2* ( Y21 V1  Y22 V2o  Y23 V3o  Y24 V4o  Y25 V5o )}
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Q  0.2448
1 ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05
2

17
 Q2 ,min  Q2  Q2 ,max i .e .; 0.20  0.2448  0.6

The reactive power limits are not violated,

Calculate:
V21 
K2
( V2o )*

 L21 V1  L23 V3o  L24 V4o  L25 V5o 
The values for Ki and Lip are computed once in the beginning and used in every
iteration.
P2  jQ2 Y21 Y23 Y24 Y25
K2  L21  L23  L24  L25 
Y22 Y22 Y22 Y22 Y22
S 2 ,sch  2.0  j 0.2448
K2 = 0.0456 + j0.0959 L21 = -0.3333 L23 = -0.3333 L24 = 0.0 L25 = -0.3333

V21  1.0555 5.1113o

Reset the magnitude Voltage magnitude is
|V21 |  |V2 |Speci  1.02 known and fixed for a
PV bus, therefore the
Therefore,  21  5.1113o new calculated
magnitude will not be
14:24
used.
V21  1.025.1113o

Bus 3 is PQ Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University

K3
 
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University ELEC572, 04/05

V31   L31 V1  L32 V21  L34 V4o  L35 V5o

ELEC572, 04/05

( V3o )*

P3  jQ3 Y31 Y32 Y34 Y35

Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

K3 
UAE University UAE University

L31 
ELEC572, 04/05
L32  L34 
ELEC572, 04/05
L35 
Y33 Y33 Y33 Y33 Y33
K3 = -0.0275 - j0.0325 L31 = 0.0 L32 = -0.5000 L34 = -0.5000 L35 = 0.0

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University V31  0.9806 0.7559o
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University

Bus 4 is PQ Bus ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

V41 
K4
( V4o )*

 L41 V1  L42 V21  L43 V31  L45 V5o 
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Y42
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Y43 Y45
P  jQ4 Y L43  L45 
UAE University UAE University

K4  4 L41  41
ELEC572, 04/05
L42  ELEC572, 04/05

Y44 Y44
Y44 Y44 Y44

K4 = -0.0275 - j0.0325 L41 = 0.0 L42 = 0.0 L43 = -0.5000 L45 = -0.5000
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

V41  0.9631 - 1.5489o

ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

18
 Bus 5 is PQ Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda

 
UAE University Dr. A.M. Gaouda UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
K5 UAE University ELEC572, 04/05

V51   L51 V1  L52 V21  L53 V33  L54 V41

ELEC572, 04/05

( V5o )*
K5 = -0.0183 - 0.0217i L51 = -0.3333 L52 = -0.3333 L53 = 0.0 L54 = -0.3333
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

V51  0.9812 - 0.0031o

Start the second iteration
Bus 2 is PV Bus
CheckDr.UAEA.M.Q 2 is within the limits
Gaouda
University
0.2  Q2  0.6
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Q22   Im{ V21* ( Y21 V1  Y22 V21  Y23 V31  Y24 V41  Y25 V51 )}
Q22  0.0290
The reactive power limits are violated
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Q2  Qi ,min set Q2  Qi ,min  0.2 Use the most

updated value of
Q2 to calculate the
And treat this bus as PQ-bus S 2 ,sch  2.0  j0.2 constant K2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
14:24
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
All Buses 2, 3, 4 and 5 are PQ Buses.
UAE University Find
ELEC572, 04/05 the bus voltages using GS method
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05

Example 7:

A. The line impedances are as indicated in per unit on 100MVA base.

Using Gauss-Seidel method find the power flow solution of the system. Ignoring
the limits of Q3.

1 2
400
0.02  j 0.04 pu MW

G
0.01  j 0.03 pu 0.0125  j 0.025 pu
250
V1  1.050 pu o
MVAR

3 | V3 |  1.04
200
MW G

14:24

19
 1 2
1 400
y12   10  j 20  y 21 0.02  j0.04 pu MW
0.02  j 0.04
G
0.01  j 0.03 pu 0.0125  j 0.025 pu
1 250
y13   10  j 30  y 31 V1  1.050 o pu MVAR
0.01  j 0.03
1
y 23   16  j 32  y 32 3
0.0125  j 0.025 | V3 |  1.04
200
MW G

Y11 Y12 Y13   y12  y13  y12  y13 

   y
Ybus Y
  21 Y22 Y23  
 21 y 21  y 23  y 23 
Y31 Y32 Y33    y 31  y 32 y 31  y 32 
 

 20  j 50  10  j 20  10  j 30 
Ybus    10  j 20 26  j 52  16  j 32 
 
14:24   10  j 30  16  j 32 26  j 62 

Classification of buses: 1 2
400
0.02  j 0.04 pu MW

Bus 1: Slack Bus G

0.0125  j 0.025 pu
0.01  j0.03 pu
250
V1  1.05 0 o pu
V1  1.050 pu o MVAR

3
Bus 2: Load Bus (PQ bus) | V3 |  1.04
200
MW G

P2 and Q2 are known V2 and  2 are unknown

( P2 , g  P2 ,d )  j( Q2 , g  Q2 ,d )
S 2 ,sch  pu
Base MVA
( 0  400 )  j ( 0  250 )
S 2 ,sch  pu
100
S 2 ,sch   4  j 2.5 pu

Bus 3: Voltage Controlled Bus (PV bus)

|V3 | and Pg ,3 are known Q3 ,sch and  3 are unknown

14:24
P3 ,sch  2.0 pu

20
 Using GS method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:

V1  1.050 o pu V2o  10 | V3 |  1.04  3o  0 o

Start the first iteration

Bus 2 is PQ Bus
n
K2
V2  *
  L2 p V p
V2 p  1
p 2

V21 
K2
o *
( V2 )

 L21 V1  L23 V3o 
K2 = - 0.0692 - j0.0423 L21 = - 0.3846 L23 = -0.6154

V21  0.9746 - j0.0423

14:24

Bus 3 is PV Bus

V31 
K3
( V3o )*

 L31 V1  L32 V21 
K3 = 0.0274 + j0.0208 L31 = -0.4690 + j0.0354 L32 = -0.5310 - j0.0354

V31  1.0378 - j0.0052  1.0378 - 0.2854o

Reset the magnitude

|V31 |  |Vi |Speci  1.04
Voltage magnitude is
V31  1.04 - 0.2854o fixed for a PV bus,
therefore the new
V31  1.0400 - j0.0052 calculated magnitude
will not be used.

14:24

21
 Start the second iteration
K 2 , L21 , L23 are constants and will be the same.
Bus 2 is PQ Bus
V22 
K2
( V21 )*

 L21 V1  L23 V31 
V22  0.9711 - j0.0434
Bus 3 is PV Bus

V32 
K3
1 *
( V3 )

 L31 V1  L32 V22  L31 and L32 are constants and will be the same.
K 3 is changed as Q3 change

P3  jQ32
K3  K3 = 0.0305 + j0.0194
Y33

V32  1.0391 - j0.0073  1.0391 - 0.4028o

Reset the magnitude

14:24
V32  1.04 - 0.4028o  1.0400 - j0.0073

LOAD FLOW (NEWTON-

RAPHSON METHOD )
14:25

22
 Newton - Raphson Method

• Newton Raphson is the most widely used method for solving simultaneous
non-linear algebraic equations.

• It is a successive approximation procedure based on an initial estimate of

the unknown and the use of the Taylor’s expansion.

• Consider the solution of the one-dimensional equation given by: f ( x)  c

• If x(0) is an initial estimate of the solution and x(0) is a small deviation from
the correct solution, we must have:
f ( x ( 0)  x ( 0) )  c

• Taylor series expansion yields:

( 0) ( 0)
1  d2 f 
f ( x) ( 0)  df 
   x ( 0 )   2
2!  dx
 x  ( 0) 2
 ...  c
 dx  
14:25

Newton - Raphson Method

• Assume that x(0) is a small, then the 2nd and higher order terms can be neglected.
( 0)
 df 
c ( 0)
 c  f ( x )    x ( 0 )
(0)

 dx 
• The second approximation will be:
c ( 0 )
x (1)
x ( 0)
 x (0)
x ( 0)
 ( 0)
 df 
 
 dx 
• Successive use of the above procedure yields the Newton – Raphson
algorithm.
(k )
 df 
c (k )
 c  f ( x )    x ( k )
(k )

 dx 
x ( k 1)  x ( k )  x ( k )

14:25

23
 Example 1
Use the Newton Raphson technique to find a root of the following equation,
assume initial estimate = 6: f ( x )  x 3  6 x 2  9 x  4  0

Solution: df ( x)
 3x 2  12 x  9
dx

 
c ( 0 )  c  f ( x ( 0) )  0  6   66   96   4  50
3 2

( 0)
 df ) 
   3(6) 2  12(6)  9  45
 dx 
c ( 0 )  50
x ( 0)  (0)
  1.11
 df  45
 
 dx 

x (1)  x ( 0)  x ( 0)  6  1.111  4.8889

14:25

Example 1, continue
The subsequent iterations result in:
13.4431
x ( 2 )  x (1)  x (1)  4.8889   4.2789
22.037

2.9981
x (3)  x ( 2 )  x ( 2 )  4.2789   4.0405
12.5797

0.3748
x ( 4 )  x (3)  x (3)  4.0405   4.0011
9.4914

14:25

24
 Example 2
Use the Newton-Raphson technique to find the solution of the following
equation, Assume initial solution = 1
f ( x)  x 2  2  0
Solution: df ( x)
 2x
dx

c ( 0 )  c  f ( x ( 0) )  0  1  2  1  2

( 0)
 df 
   2(1)  2
 dx 

c ( 0 ) 1
x ( 0 )  ( 0)
  0.5
 df  2
 
 dx 
x (1)  x ( 0)  x ( 0)  1  0.5  1.5
14:25

Example 2

c (1)  c  f ( x (1) )  0  1.5  2  .25 2


(1)
 df 
   2(1.5)  3
 dx 

c (1)  0.25
x (1)  (1)
  0.0833
 df  3
 
 dx 

x ( 2)  x (1)  x (1)  1.5  0.0833  1.416

An then go to the next iteration and so on.

14:25

25
 Newton - Raphson Method

• For n-dimensional equations: f1 ( x1 , x2 ,...xn )  c1

f 2 ( x1 , x2 ,...xn )  c2
.
.
f n ( x1 , x2 ,...xn )  cn
Writing the Taylor’s series expansion of the left hand side and neglecting the
higher order terms:
(0) ( 0) ( 0)
   f   f 
 f1 (0)   f1  x1
( 0)
  1  x2  ... 1  xn )  c1
(0) (0)

 x1   x2   xn 

( 0) ( 0) (0)
   f   f 
 f 2 (0)   f 2  x1
( 0)
  2  x2  ... 2  xn )  c2
( 0) ( 0)

 x1  
 2
x 
 n
x
.
( 0) (0) ( 0)
   f   f 
 f n (0)   f n  x1
(0)
  n  x2  ... n  xn )  cn
( 0) ( 0)

 x1   x2   xn 

14:25

Newton - Raphson Method

• Or in matrix form:
 f  ( 0)  f1 
( 0)
 f1  
( 0)

 1    . ... ..   
c1   f1 ( 0)   x1   x2   xn  
   ( 0) 
x1( 0) 
c2   f 2    f 2 
( 0) ( 0) ( 0)
 f 2   f 2    ( 0) 
. 
   
   . ... ..    x2 
   x1   x2   xn   . 
.  .   (0) 
 ( 0)    xn 
( 0) 
cn   f n    f  ( 0)  f n 
(0)
 f n  

n
   . ... ..   

 1 
x  x2   xn  

Jacobian Matrix
• In short form: C (k )
 J X (k ) (k )

So:  
X ( k )  J ( k )
1
C ( k )
And the Newton-Raphson algorithm becomes X ( k 1)  X ( k )  X ( k )
14:25

26
 Example 3
Use the Newton Raphson method to solve the following system of equations,
assume initial estimate = 1:
2 2 2
x1  x2  x3  11
2
x1 x2  x2  3 x3  3
Solution:
x1  x1 x3  x2 x3  6

 f1   f1   f1 

     
 x1   x2   x3 
 2 x1 - 2 x2 2 x3 
f   f 2   f 2  
J   2       x2
 x1  2 x 2  3 
 x1   x2   
 3  1  x
x
   3 x3 - x1  x2 
 f 3   f 3   f 3 
 x     
 1   x2   x3 
14:25

Example 3 ,continue
2(1) - 2(1) 2(1)  2 -2 2
J (0) 
 (1) (1)  2(1)  3   1 3  3
1  (1) (1) - (1)  (1) 0 1 0 

c1   f1 ( 0 )  11  1  10

 
 c2   f 2    3  (1)  4 
(0)
C ( 0 )
 (0) 
c3   f 3   
6  (1)  5 

4.75 5.75 
X ( 0)
 J 0 1
C ( 0)
 5.00  And X (1)
X (0)
 X (0)
 6.00
5.25  6.25

And the process continues till the error is within certain limits.
14:25

27
 Example 4
Use the Newton Raphson method to solve the following system of equations,
assume initial estimate = 1:

f1 ( x)  2 x12  x22  8  0
f 2 ( x)  x12  x22  x1 x2  4  0
Solution:
 f1   f1  
    
  x1   x2    4 x1  2 x2 
J   2 x  x
   f 2  x1  2 x2 
 f 2      1 2
 
 x1   x2  

4(1) - 2(1)  4 2 
J (0)   
2(1)  1 1 - 2(1)  3 - 1 
14:25

Example 4-continue
1
4 2  1 - 1  2  0.1 0.2 
J ( 0 )1     
3 -1   4  6 - 3  4  0.3 - 0.4 

c1   f1 ( 0)  5
C ( 0 )    
c2   f 2   3
(0)

 
X ( 0 )  J 0
1 1.1 
C ( 0 )    And
2.1
X (1)  X ( 0)  X ( 0)   
0.3 1.3 

And the process continues till the error is within certain limits.
14:25

28
 Newton - Raphson Method for power system

• As previously derived:
n
Pi | Vi | | Yip || V p | cos (  i   p   ip ) (1)
p 1
n
Qi | Vi | | Yip || V p | sin (  i   p   ip ) (2)
p 1

These two equations constitute a set of nonlinear algebraic equations in term

of independent variables:
a) Voltage magnitude in per unit.
b) Phase angle in radian.

We have two equations for each load bus and one equation for each
voltage controlled bus.

14:25

Newton - Raphson Method for power system

• Expanding the previous equations using Taylor’s series and neglecting all
higher order terms results in the following:
 P  ( k )  P2 
(k )
 P2 
(k )

 P2 
(k )

 2  ... ..     ... ..   
  2    n 
 V
 2


 V
 n 

  
P2  .
(k ) . . .
   2 ( k ) 
  . . . 
. 
 .    .
(k )  
 .   P  ( k )  Pn 
(k )
 Pn 
(k )
   . 
 ( k )   n  ... ..     ... ..  Pn   
Pn    2   V    V    ( k ) 
  n   2   n   n 
     (3)
   .  
Q ( k )   (k ) 
  V 
(k ) (k ) (k ) ( )
 Q2  
k
  Q2   Q2 
  ... ..  Q2    2 
2

 . 
   2   ... ..     V    V   . 
    n  2   n  
 
 .  . . . .  . 
Q ( k )    (k ) 
 n  . . . .   Vn 
 (k ) (k )
 Qn 
(k )
  
(k )

 Qn   Qn 

... ..     ... ..  Qn  
  2    n 
 V 
 2 
 V  
 n  


P   J1 J 2   
Or in short
14:25 Q    J  
J 4   V 
   3

29
 Newton - Raphson Method for power system

• The terms Pi and Qi are the difference between the scheduled and
calculated values. Therefore: (k )
Pi  Pi  Pi
sch (k ) (4)
(k ) (k )
Qi  Qi  Qi
sch
(5)

• The new estimates for bus voltages are:

(6)
 i ( k 1)   i ( k )   i ( k )
( k 1) (k ) (k )
Vi  Vi   Vi (7)

Note:
For voltage controlled buses, the voltage magnitudes are known. Therefore,
if m buses of the system are voltage controlled, m equations involving Q
and V and the corresponding columns of the Jacobian matrix are
eliminated.

14:25

Newton - Raphson Method for power system

The procedure for power flow solution by the Newton-Raphson

method is as follows:

1. For load buses, voltage magnitudes and angles are set. For voltage
regulated buses, only the voltage angles are set.
2. For load buses, P and Q and for voltage controlled P are calculated
from the equations 4 and 5.
3. The elements of the Jacobian matrix are calculated.
4. The linear equations are solved by optimally ordered triangular
factorization and Gaussian elimination.
5. The new voltage magnitudes and phases are computed using equations 6
and 7.
6. The process is continued until:
 
(k )
 Pi

 
(k )
Qi

14:25

30
 Example 5:

The line impedances are as indicated in per unit on 100MVA base. Using Newton
Raphson method find the power flow solution of the system.

1 2
400
0.02  j 0.04 pu MW

G
0.01  j 0.03 pu 0.0125  j 0.025 pu
250
V1  1.050 o pu MVAR

3 | V3 |  1.04
200
MW G

14:25

The expressions for the real and reactive power are as follows:

3
P2 | V2 |  | Y2 p | | V p | cos ( 2   p   2 p )
p 1

2
P2  V2 V1 Y21 cos( 2  1   21 )  V2 Y22 cos( 22 )  V2 V3 Y23 cos( 2   3   23 )

3
P3  V3  | Y3 p | | V p | cos ( 3   p   3 p )
p 1

2
P3  V3 V1 Y31 cos( 3  1   31 )  V3 V2 Y32 cos( 3   2   32 )  V3 Y31 cos( 33 )

3
Q2 | V2 |  | Y2 p | | V p | sin ( 2   p   2 p )
p 1

2
Q2  V2 V1 Y21 sin( 2  1   21 )  V2 Y22 sin( 22 )  V2 V3 Y21 sin( 2   3   23 )

2
Q2  V2 V1 Y21 sin( 2  1   21 )  V2 Y22 sin( 22 )  V2 V3 Y21 sin( 2   3   23 )
14:25

31
  P2 P2 P2 
 
  2  3  V2 
 P P3 P3 
The Jacobian Matrix J  3 
  2  3  V2 
 Q Q2 Q2 
 2
  2  3  V2 

Elements of the Jacobian matrix can be calculated as follows:

P2
 V2 V1 Y21 sin( 21   2  1 )  V2 V3 Y23 sin( 23   2   3 )
 2

P2
  V2 V3 Y23 sin( 23   2   3 )
 3

P2
 V1 Y21 cos( 21   2  1 )  2 V2 Y22 cos( 22 )  V3 Y23 cos( 23   2   3 )
 V2

The other Jacobian elements will be calculated to finalize the Jacobian

matrix
14:25

Classification of buses: 1 2
400
0.02  j 0.04 pu MW

Bus 1: Slack Bus G

0.0125  j 0.025 pu
0.01  j0.03 pu
250
V1  1.05 0 o pu
V1  1.050 pu o MVAR

3
Bus 2: Load Bus (PQ bus) | V3 |  1.04
200
MW G

P2 and Q2 are known V2 and  2 are unknown

( P2 , g  P2 ,d )  j( Q2 , g  Q2 ,d )
S 2 ,sch  pu
Base MVA
( 0  400 )  j ( 0  250 )
S 2 ,sch  pu
100
S 2 ,sch   4  j 2.5 pu

Bus 3: Voltage Controlled Bus (PV bus)

|V3 | and Pg ,3 are known Q3 ,sch and  3 are unknown

14:25
P3 ,sch  2.0 pu

32
 Using N-R method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:

V1  1.050 o pu V2o  10 | V3 |  1.04

 2o  0o  3o  0 o

( 0) (0)
P2  P2  P2  4.0  (1.14)  2.86
sch

(0) (0)
P3  P2  P3  2.0  (0.5616)  1.4384
sch

( 0) (0)
Q2  Q2  Q2  2.5  (2.28)  0.220
sch

14:25

We are ready now to use the N-R technique:

 P2 P2 P2 
 
 2  3  V2 
P2    2 

P   P3 P3 P3   
 3      3 
 3  V2  
Q3   2  V2 
 Q Q2 Q2  
 2
  2  3  V2 

24.86   2 
( 0)
 2.86  54.28  33.28
1.4384   33.28  
 16.64  3 
( 0)
   66.04
 0.22   27.14 16.64 49.72   V ( 0) 
 2 

 2  2 (1)  0  (0.045263)  0.045263

(0)
 0.045263

 3  3(1)  0  (0.007718)  0.007718

( 0)
 0.007718

(0) (1)
V2  0.026548 V2  1  (0.026548)  0.97345
14:25
This is the end of the fist iteration, the process will be repeated for the second iteration and so on.

33
 Example 6:

For the two bus power system shown below, use the Newton-Raphson power
flow to determine the voltage magnitude and angle at bus two. Assume
that bus one is the slack and SBase = 100 MVA.

Line Z = 0.1j

One 1.000 pu Two 1.000 pu

0 MW 200 MW
0 MVR 100 MVR

14:25

Example 6-solution:

2    j10 j10 

x    Ybus   
 V2   j10  j10 
n
Pi | Vi | | Yip || V p | cos (  i   p   ip )
p 1
n
Qi | Vi | | Yip || V p | sin (  i   p   ip )
p 1
2
P2 | V2 |  | Y2 p | | V p | cos ( 2   p   2 p )
p 1

P2 | V2 | Y21 | | V1 | cos ( 2  1   21 ) | V2 | Y22 | | V2 | cos ( 2   2   22 )

P2 | V2 | 10 | sin ( 2 )  0
2
Q2 | V2 |  | Y2 p | | V p | sin ( 2   p   2 p )
p 1

Q2 | V2 | Y21 | | V1 | sin ( 2  1   21 ) | V2 |2 Y22 | sin ( 2   2   22 )

14:25 Q2 | V2 | (10) cos ( 2 ) | V2 |2 10  0

34
 Example 6-solution:

 P2 P2 
   V2 
The Jacobian Matrix
J  
2

 Q2 Q2 
 
  2  V2 

10 V2 cos 2 10sin 2 

J  
10 V2 sin 2  10cos 2  20 V2 

0  10 0 P2( 0 )  (0  2)  0 

X ( 0)    J (0)    (0)    
1  0 10  Q2  (0  1)  0 

1
0  10 0   2  0.2
X (1)         
1  0 10  1  0.9 

This is the end of the fist iteration, the process will be repeated for the second iteration and so on.
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 THE DECOUPLED POWER-FLOW METHOD
 Approximate Version of Newton Raphson Procedure
 Based on
 Change in the voltage angle at a bus primarily
affects the flow of real power P in the
transmission lines and leaves the flow of reactive
power Q relatively un changed.
 Change in the voltage magnitude V at a bus
primarily affects the flow of reactive power Q in
the transmission lines and leaves the flow of real
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power P relatively un changed.

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