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rHObWchSyh

The document discusses key concepts related to antenna beam area, radiation intensity, beam efficiency, directivity, and gain. It explains how beam area is determined by the half-power beamwidths and how radiation intensity is defined per unit solid angle. Additionally, it highlights the relationship between directivity and beam area, emphasizing that smaller beam areas lead to higher directivity values for antennas.

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dars3113
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4 views7 pages

rHObWchSyh

The document discusses key concepts related to antenna beam area, radiation intensity, beam efficiency, directivity, and gain. It explains how beam area is determined by the half-power beamwidths and how radiation intensity is defined per unit solid angle. Additionally, it highlights the relationship between directivity and beam area, emphasizing that smaller beam areas lead to higher directivity values for antennas.

Uploaded by

dars3113
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The beam area A is the solid angle through which all of the power radiated by the antenna would

stream if P(0.4) maintained its maximum


value over 2A and was zero elsewhere. Thus the power radiated = P(0, Φ)ΩΑ watts.

The beam area of an antenna can often be described approximately in terms of the angles subtended by the half-power points of the main lobe
in the two principal planes. Thus,

uivalent solid

Mual pattern of

am area

power beam

HP

Beam area = Α Ξ ΘΗΡΦΗΡ (sr)

(6)

where OHP and HP are the half-power beamwidths (HPBW) in the two principal planes, minor lobes being neglected.
2-5 Radiation Intensity

The power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is called the radiation intensity U (watts per steradian or per square degree). The
normalized power pattern of the previous section can also be expressed in terms of this parameter as the ratio of the radiation intensity U (0. $),
as a function of angle, to its maximum value. Thus, U (θ. φ) P(9.) = U (0.4)max S(0.4) Whereas the Poynting vector S depends on the distance
from the antenna (varying inversely as the square of the distance), the radiation intensity U is independent of the distance, assuming in both
cases that we are in the far field of the antenna (see Sec, 2-13). (1)

2-6 Beam Efficiency

The (total) beam area 2A (or beam solid angle) consists of the main beam area (or solid angle) 2 plus the minor-lobe area (or solid angle) Ωm.
Thus, ΩΑ = 2 + 2 The ratio of the main beam area to the (total) beam area is called the (main) beam efficiency &M. Thus, ΩM (dimensionless)
Beam efficiency = &M = ΩΑ The ratio of the minor-lobe area (2m) to the (total) beam area is called the stray factor. Thus, Ω

(1)

(2)

Em

ΩΑ

(3)
It follows that

EM + Em = 1

= stray factor

47

Therefore, the directi

D=

(1/4π

and

D=

where P, (θ, φ)

Thus, the dir


The smaller

the beam area

4л

D=2

where dBi =

Note that

antennas hav

and a direct

2-7 Directivity D and Gain G

The directivity D and the gain G are probably the most important parameters of an antenna.
The directivity of an antenna is equal to the ratio of the maximum power density P(. )max (watts/m²) to its average value over a sphere as
observed in the far field of an antenna. Thus D= P( theta, phi) tmx P( theta, phi) xv Directivity from pattern The directivity is a dimensionless
ratio >= 1 .

(1)

The average power density over a sphere is given by P( theta, phi) xv = 1 4 pi int phi=0 ^ phi=2 pi integrate P(theta,phi) * sin theta dphi from theta
= 0 to theta = pi = 1 4 pi iint -4 pi dot P(theta,phi) * d*Omega(Ws * r ^ - 1) directivity

(2)

Therefore, the D= P(θ. 6) max (1/4) 1 P(0.4) 42 (1/4) [P(6.0)/P(0.4)max)42 4x

and

(3)

D= 4 pi iint A pi P_{pi}(theta, phi) * d*Omega = 4 pi Omega A Directivity from beam area A

(4)

where P_{e}(theta, phi) d = P(θ. Φ)/P(θ. 4) max = normalized power pattern Thus, the directivity is the ratio of the area of a sphere (47 st) to the
beam area Omega_{A} of the antenna (Fig. 2-5b). The smaller the beam area, the larger the directivity D. For an antenna that radiates over only
half a sphere the beam area Omega_{A} = 2pi sr (Fig. 2-6) and the directivity is D = (4pi)/(2pi) = 2 (= 3.01 * dBi )
(5)

where dBi decibels over isotropic Note that the idealized isotropic antenna (Omega_{A} = 4pi*sr) has the lowest possible directivity D = 1 All
actual antennas have directivities greater than 1 (D > 1) simple short dipole has a beam area Omega_{A} = 2.67pi*sr and a directivity D=1.5(=
1.76 * dBi )

theta = 0

0-0

Hemispheric

(a)

(b)

Isotropic

(c)

Figure 2-6 Hemispheric power patterns, (a) and (b), and comparison with isotropic pattern (c).
which means that the antenna radiates 100 times the power in the direction of the main beam as a nondirectional, isotropic antenna.

The directivity-beamwidth product 40,000 is a rough approximation. For certain types of antennas other values may be more accurate, as
discussed in later chapters. If an antenna has a main lobe with both half-power beamwidths (HPBWs)= 20 deg its directivity from (8)

is approximately D= (4pi(st))/(Omega_{A}(st)) cong 41,253(deg^ 2 ) theta IIF ^ c phi IIP ^ c = 41,253(deg^ 2 ) 20^ c *20^ c cong103 cong 20 * dBi
(dB above isotropic)

which means that the antenna radiates a power in the direction of the main-lobe maximum which is about 100 times as much as would be
radiated by a nondirectional (isotropic) antenna for the same power input.

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