Lecture 1

Data Communication and Networking

EEE 536

By

Engr. (Mrs.) D.O Abonyi; PhD

Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, ESUT
abonyi.dorathy@esut.edu.ng
08037576332
21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 1
 Lecture 1

Course Objective

 To understand the data communication components

 Understand the structure of networks that carry data
 Understand the need for protocols and standards in data
communications and networking as well as organisations that set
them up.

Books:
1) Data communication and Networking by Behrouz A. Forouzan
2) Data Communications and Computer Networks by Prakash C. Gupta

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 2

 Lecture 1

Course Content
PART 1: Introductory Concept
• Introduction
• Network Models

PART 2: Physical Layer and Media

• Data and Signals
• Digital Transmission
• Analog Transmission
• Bandwidth Utilization: Multiplexing and Spreading
• Transmission Media
• Switching
21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 3
 Lecture 1

Course Content
PART 3: Data Link Layer
• Error Detection and Correction
• Data Link Control
• Multiple Access
• Wired and Wireless LAN
• Connecting LANs, Backbone Networks and Virtual LANs
• Wireless WANs: Cellular Telephone and Satellite Networks
SONET/SDH
Virtual Circuit Networks: Frame Relay and ATM

PART 4: Network, Transport and Application Layers

PART 5: Network Security
21/08/2021
and Management
Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 4
 Lecture 1

PART 1: Introductory Concept

 Introduction

 Network Models

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 5

 Lecture 1

Introductory Concept

Why run to post office to post a letter when you can do it from your home
by sending an email?

Data communications are changing the way we live and do businesses

Time is saved in execution of virtually everything, from bank transaction

to teaching and learning and also in health sector

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 6

 Lecture 1

Introductory Concept

Introduction
• Data Communications
• Networks
• The Internet
• Protocols and Standards

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 7

 Lecture 1

Introduction

Data Communication
• Communication – Information sharing (local or remote)
• Telecommunication – Far distance communication
• Data – Information presented in any form agreed upon by the two
parties (sender and receiver).
• Data Communications are the exchange of data between two devices
via a communication medium such as a wire cable. These devices are
part of a communication system which comprises of both hardware
and software.
21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 8
 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION

Components of a Data Communication System

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 9

 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION
Components of a Data Communication System
Message – Information (data) to be sent (text, numbers, pictures, audio and
video)
Sender – Device that sends the data (computer, telephone handset, video
camera etc.)
Receiver – Device that receives the data (computer, telephone handset,
Television etc.)
Transmission medium – Physical path that the data pass from sender to
receiver (twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fibre-optic cable and air (radio
waves)
Protocol – Set of rule that govern data communications. An agreement
between sender and receiver. Without protocol, no two devices can
communicate even though they may be connected.
21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 10
 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 11

 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION

Data Representation

Numbers – Represented by bit patterns but a code

such as ASCII are not used rather numbers are directly
converted to binary numbers

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 12

 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION
Data Representation
 Images – Represented by bit pattern
• An image comprises of a matrix of pixels (picture elements) where each pixel
is a small dot whose size is dependent on the resolution. E.g: 10,000 pixels
has a better representation of a particular image than 1000 pixels but
requires more memory to store the image
• Each pixel of an image is assigned a bit pattern whereby the size and value of
the pattern depends on the image
• E.g an image made up of only pure black and white dots, one bit pattern can
represent a pixel. For a non-black and white coloured image, the size of bit
pattern can be increased to include the gray scale as follows;
Pixel colour Bit pattern
Black 00
Dark gray 01
Light gray 10
White 11
21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 13
 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION
Data Representation
 Audio – Refers to the recording or broadcasting of sound or music
• Quite different from text, numbers and images
• It is a continuous signal not discrete
• It can be converted to digital or analog signal

 Video – Recording or broadcasting of a picture or a movie

• Can either be represented as a continuous signal by a TV camera or as a
combination of images, each as a discrete entity arranged to convey the idea
of a motion
• It can be converted to digital or analog signal

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 14

 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION

Characteristics of an Effective Data Communications System

Data must be
delivered to the Data must be
correct user only accurately delivered

Data must be No variation in the

delivered in a timely packet arrival time
manner

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 15

 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION
Data Transmission Modes

Communication
between two devices
can be by
• simplex,
• half-duplex
• full-duplex

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 16

 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS A Network

*** Students to discuss ***

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 17

 Lecture 1

INTRODUCTION

A network is a connection (wired or wireless) of two or

more devices (nodes) for the purpose of sharing
resources (such as printers), exchange files, or allow
electronic communications.

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 18

 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION
Network Criteria
 Performance – can be measured by transmit and response time. Depends on
number of users, type of transmission medium, and capability of the
connected hardware and the efficiency of the software. Metrics for
evaluating performance are throughput and delay. Throughput may be
increased by sending more data but also delay is increased due to traffic
congestion.
 Reliability – Measured by accuracy of delivery, frequency of failure, time of
recovery after failure, and network robustness in case of catastrophe
 Security – This include, protecting data from unauthorised access and from
damage, and implementing policies and procedure for recovery from data
losses
21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 19
 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION

Network Topology
Two or more devices form a link
while two or more links form a
topology Mesh Topology Star Topology

*** Students to discuss Number of physical links

required for star, bus, tree, ring topologies***
*** Advantages based on traffic,
robustness, privacy and security and
fault identification and isolation.
Disadv based on cost, installation and
reconnection, and space *** Ring Topology

Bus Topology Tree Topology

Hybrid Topology – Two or more topologies are combined in a network
21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 20
 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 21

 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION
The Internet
• The Internet of today comprises of many WANs and
LANs joined by connecting devices and switching
stations.
• Most end users requiring an Internet connection do
so using Internet service providers (ISPs)
• ISPs include; international, national, regional and local
Internet service providers.

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 22

 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION
The Internet

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 23

 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION
Protocols and Standards
 Protocols – Set of rules that govern data communication
 Communication can only occur between two entities if there is an agreed upon
protocol.
 A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is communicated and when it is
communicated.
 Key elements of protocol – Syntax (format of data ), Semantics (meaning of each
section of bits) and Timing (when data will be sent and how fast)
 Standards – Rules that are agreed upon
 Two categories of data com standards: De facto (‘by fact’ or ‘by convention’) and
De jure (Standards that have been legislated by an officially recognised body)
 Standards provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies
and other service providers to ensure interoperability between devices from
different manufacturers
21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 24
 Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION
Protocols and Standards

Standard Organisations – Standards are developed through the cooperation of standard creation committees,
forums and government regulatory agencies.
 Standards Creation Committee - International Organisation for Standardization (ISO), International
Telecommunication Union – Telecommunication standards sector (ITU-R), American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
 Forums – Formed to facilitate the standardization process. The forum work with universities and users to test,
evaluate and standardise new technology. The forum present their conclusion to the standards body.
 Regulatory agencies – Government agencies that regulate communications technology e.g. Federal
Communication Commission (FCC) in United States and Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC) in
Nigeria. These agencies protect the public interest by regulating radio, TV and wire/cable communications.

Internet Standard - Thoroughly tested specification that are adhered to by those

who work with the Internet.
21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 25
 Lecture 1

SUMMARY
 Data Communication – Transfer of data from sender to receiver
via transmission medium
 A data Communication System must transmit data accurately to
the correct destination in a timely manner
 A network is a set of communication Devices connected by
media link
 An internet is a network of networks

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 26

 Lecture 1

QUESTIONS

AND

DISCUSSION

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 27

 Lecture 1
HOMEWORK
• Write a term paper on the title, "The Evolution of Data Communication Protocols: From
TCP/IP to the Future of Networking"
In this term paper, you are required to explore the evolution of data communication protocols,
focusing on the journey from the establishment of the TCP/IP protocol suite to the current
landscape of networking protocols. You have to delve into the historical development of TCP/IP, its
key features, and the reasons behind its widespread adoption as the foundation of the Internet.
You also need to examine the challenges faced by TCP/IP in meeting the demands of modern
networking, such as scalability, security, and the need for real-time communication. You also have
to discuss the emerging networking protocols and technologies, such as QUIC, HTTP/3, and IPv6,
and analyze how they address these challenges and shape the future of networking. The target is
for you to provide a comprehensive overview of the past, present, and future of data
communication protocols, offering insights into the trends and innovations driving the field of
networking.
 Ensure you cite relevant research articles and have list of cited works. Submit both soft and
hardcopies on or before 1st June 2024. Document should not exceed 15 pages. Avoid
plagiarism.
21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 28
 THANK YOU

21/08/2021 Data Communication and Networking (EEE 722) by Abonyi D.O 29