ENGINEERING DATA

ANALYSIS
MATH14
OBTAINING DATA

MATH14 – Engineering Data Analysis

METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
OBTAINING DATA
MATH14 – ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
DATA
• figures collected in a systematic manner for a pre-
determined purpose.
• can be define as the quantitative and qualitative value of
a variable (e.g. number, images, words, figures, facts or
ideas)
• one of the most important and vital aspect of any
research study.
TYPES OF DATA
1. Quantitative Data
• are measures of values or counts and are expressed as numbers.
2. Qualitative Data
• are measures of 'types' and may be represented by a name,
symbol, or a number code. Also about categorical variables.
SOURCES OF DATA
1. Primary Data – are those which are collected a fresh
and for the first time and thus happen to be original in
character. Collected from first-hand experiences. It has
more reliable, authentic and not been published
anywhere.

2. Secondary Data – are those which have been collected

by someone else and which have already been passed
through the statistical process. Data that have already
been collected by others.
DATA COLLECTION
process by which the researcher collects the information
needed to answer the research problem.

In collecting the data, the researcher must decide:

1. Which data to collect
2. How to collect the data
3. Who will collect the data
4. When to collect the data
METHODS OF COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA
1. Observation Method
2. Interview Method
3. Questionnaire
4. Survey/Schedule Method
 OBSERVATION METHOD
Observation involves collecting information without asking
1 questions. This method is more subjective, as it requires the
researcher, or observer, to add their judgment to the data.

2
3
4
COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA
 OBSERVATION METHOD
Advantages:
1 • No bias information
• Information researcher gets is current information
2 • Independent to respondent’s variable

Disadvantages
3 • It is expensive (time requires more)
• Unforeseen factors may interfere with observational task
4 • Respondents’ opinion can not be recorded on certain
subject

COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA

 TYPES OF OBSERVATION
• Structured & unstructured
1 • Participant & non-participant
• Controlled & uncontrolled
2
3
4
COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA
 TYPES OF OBSERVATION
• Structured & unstructured
1
• When observation is done by characterizing style of recording
the observed information, standardized conditions of
2 observation, definition of the units to be observed, selection of
pertinent data of observation then it is structured observation

3 • When observation is done without any thought before

observation then it is unstructured observation.

4
COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA
 TYPES OF OBSERVATION
• Participant & Non-Participant
1
• When the observer is member of the group which he is observing
then it is participant observation.
2
• When observer is observing people without any information to
them then it is non participant observation.
3
4
COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA
 TYPES OF OBSERVATION
• Controlled & Uncontrolled
1
• When the observation takes place in natural condition. It is done
to get spontaneous picture of life and persons.
2
• When observation takes place according to definite pre
arranged plans, with experimental procedure then it is controlled
3 observation.

4
COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA
 INTERVIEW METHOD
1. Direct method of collection of data, which is based on
1 interview.
2. Most important method of collection of data.
2 3. Through this method we can know the views and ideas
of other persons. Method of social interaction.
4. Can be conducted through personal or phone.
3
4
COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA
 INTERVIEW METHOD
Advantages:
1 • Information at greater depth
• Flexibility of restructuring questionnaire
2 • Personal information can be obtained

3 Disadvantages:
• Expensive method
4 • Respondent may give bias information
• Takes more time when samples are more

COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA

 INTERVIEW METHOD
Other types of Interview:
1 • Structured & unstructured
• Focused
2 • Clinical
• Group
3 • Qualitative and quantitative
• Individual
4 • Selection
• Depth

COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA

 QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
This method of data collection is quite popular, particularly
1 in case of big enquiries.
In this method, a questionnaire is prepared and sent to
respondent by post. It is a set of questions.
2
3
4
COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA
 QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
Advantages:
1 • Low cost even the geographical area is large to cover.
• Answers are in respondents word so free from bias.
• Adequate time to think for answers
2 • Non approachable respondents may be conveniently contacted

3 Disadvantages:
• Low rate of return
• Can be used when respondent is educated and cooperative
4 • Difficult to know the expected respondent have filled the form or it is
filled by someone else
• Slowest method of data collection
COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA
 QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
Different types of questions:
1 • Direct Question
• Indirect Question
2 • Open Form Questionnaire
• Closed Form Questionnaire
3 • Multiple Choice Questions

4
COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA
 SURVEY/ SCHEDULE METHOD
• One of the most important methods for the study of social
1 problems.
• It is a document containing set of questions filled by
enumerators who are specially identified for the purpose.
2 The enumerators are persons acting under the direction of
researchers. Enumerators explain the aim and objective to
respondent and fill the answers in provided space.
3 • In the words of Thomas Carson Macormic, “The schedule is
nothing more than a list of questions which it seems
4 necessary to test the hypothesis.”

COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA

SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
Sources of Data:
• Publications of Central, state or local government
• Technical and trade journals
• Books, magazines, newspapers
• Reports and publication of industry, bank, stock exchange
• Reports by research scholars, Universities, economists
• Public records
SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
Factors to be considered before using secondary data:

• Reliability of data
• Suitability of data
• Adequacy of data
OTHER METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
• Warranty Cards
• Distributor or Store Audits
• Pantry Audits
• Consumer Panels
• Transitory Consumer Panels
• Use of Mechanical Device
• Depth Interview
• Content Analysis
SELECTION OF PROPER METHOD FOR
COLLECTION OF DATA
• Nature, Scope and object of inquiry
• Availability of Funds
• Time Factor
• Precision Required
SAMPLING METHODS IN DATA COLLECTION
• Sampling is the process of identifying a subset of a
population that provides an accurate reflection on the
whole.
• There are five generally accepted sampling methods.
Namely:
• Random Sampling
• Systematic Sampling
• Convenience Sampling
• Clustered Sampling
• Stratified Sampling
RANDOM SAMPLING

Just as its name indicates, random sampling involves

picking respondents with no design or order, like picking
names out of a hat. While randomness may seem
unscientific, this method can be valuable in research, and
in fact, is the preferred way of sampling, as a truly random
sample eliminates elements that can affect the validity of a
study.
SYTEMATIC SAMPLING

Easier than random sampling, systematic sampling follows a

set of rules to create regularity in sampling. An example is
interviewing every tenth customer. As long as you follow the
counting system, you’ll know that there’s some order to the
process.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

This is the easiest sampling method but also the least

reliable. Convenience sampling involves gathering
information from whoever is closest and easiest to reach.
An example would be asking coworkers in the same office
a question, rather than questioning every employee at the
company, since going to other offices might take more
time and effort. Convenience sampling can also involve
using whatever data is readily available.
CLUSTERED SAMPLING

With clustered sampling, a researcher uses the subgroups of

a population instead of individuals. Clusters are often
predefined, such as municipalities in a study about the
effect of a particular phenomenon across the country.

The main benefit of clustered sampling is that some of the

work is already done: A group is already clearly defined.
Therefore, it can be more efficient than other methods.
However, there can be bias in the study if the clusters do
not accurately represent the population as a whole.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING

Another method that uses subgroups is stratified sampling.

This data collection method involves dividing a population
into subgroups that share similar characteristics.

Stratified and cluster sampling may sound similar. Here’s the

critical difference: In stratified sampling, individuals are
randomly selected from each group (or strata). In cluster
sampling, only certain clusters are used.
PLANNING AND
CONDUCTING SURVEYS
OBTAINING DATA
MATH14 – ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
SURVEY
A survey is a way to ask a lot of people a few well-
constructed questions. The survey is a series of unbiased
questions that the subject must answer.
DESIGNING SURVEY
Steps in designing a survey
1. Determine the goal of your survey
2. Identify the sample population
3. Choose an interviewing method
4. Decide what questions you will ask in what order, and how to
phrase them.
5. Conduct the interview and collect the information.
6. Analyze the results by making graphs and drawing conclusions.
CONSTRUCTING SURVEY
PROBLEM :

Martha wants to construct a survey that shows which

sports students at her school like to play the most.
CONSTRUCTING SURVEY
A. LIST THE GOAL OF THE SURVEY.

Answer: The goal of the survey is to find the answer to the

question: “Which sports do students at Martha’s school like
to play the most?”
CONSTRUCTING SURVEY
B. What population sample should she know?

Answer: A sample of the population would include a

random sample of the student population in Martha’s
school.
CONSTRUCTING SURVEY
C. How should she administer the survey?

Answer: Face to face interviews are a good choice in this

case. Interviews will be easy to conduct since the survey
consist of only one question which can be quickly
answered and recorded. Asking face to face will help
eliminate non-response bias.
CONSTRUCTING SURVEY
D. Create a data collection sheet that can use to record
her results.

SPORT TALLY
Baseball
Basketball
Football
Soccer
Volleyball
Swimming
DISPLAY, ANALYZE AND INTERPRET
STATISTICAL DATA
DISPLAY, ANALYZE AND INTERPRET
STATISTICAL DATA
• Make a bar graph of the
results showing the
percentage of each
student in each category.
PLANNING AND
CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS
OBTAINING DATA
MATH14 – ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT
• refers to any process that generate sets of data.
• an experiment involves a test or series of test in which
purposeful changes are made to the input variables of a
process or system so that changes in the output responses
can be observed and identified.
TERMINOLOGIES
Response
- a measurable outcome of interest , e.g. yield,
strength, etc.

Factors
- controllable variables that are deliberately
manipulated to determine their individual and joint effects
on the responses. Also, those quantities that affect the
outcome of an experiment. e.g. time, temperature, etc.
TERMINOLOGIES
Treatment
- A set of specified factor levels for an experimental
run.

Replications
- a systematic duplication of series of experimental
runs. Provides means of measuring precision by the
experimental error.
TERMINOLOGIES
Hypothesis
- a supposition or proposed explanation mode on the
basic of limited evidence as a starting point for further
investigation.
Accuracy
- degree to which the result of a measurement,
calculation, or specification conforms to the correct value
or a standard.
Precision
- description of random errors, a measure of statistical
variability to the actual (true) value.
TERMINOLOGIES
Trueness
- closeness of the mean of a set of measurement
results to the actual (true) value.
Control Group
- used as a baseline measure. Identical to all other
items or subjects that you are examining with the exception
that it does not receive the treatment or the experimental
manipulation that the treatment group receives.
Treatment Group
- item or subject that is manipulated.
PLANNING AND DESIGNING EXPERIMENT
To plan an experimental study, here is a list of
considerations that should be taken into account:
• Determine the specific objective of the experiment.
• Determine the response variables and the ways of
measuring these measurements.
• Identify factors that are potentially influential to the
response measurements.
• Determine which factors to vary and controlled in the
experiment and which to be held at constant or its
influence should be minimized.
PLANNING AND DESIGNING EXPERIMENT
To plan an experimental study, here is a list of
considerations that should be taken into account:
• Determine the specific design and procedure for
conducting the experiment.
• Determine the number of replications of the basic
experiment to conduct.
• Identify and secure available resources, material and
facility needed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A WELL-DESIGNED
AND WELL CONDUCTED EXPERIMENT
• CONTROL
• REPLICATE
• RANDOMIZE
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN
If all the experimental units (subjects) of the experiment) are
randomly assigned to either the control group or to the
treatment group, then the experiment has a completely
randomized design.
BLOCK RANDOMIZATION
Placing subjects into groups of similar individuals. The
random assignments into treatment groups is carried out
separately within each block.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• Backbone of any experiment
• It is a process for experimentation that is used to explore
observations and answer questions.
• It is a step-by-step scientific procedure in order to discover
cause and effect relationships by asking questions,
carefully gathering and examining the evidence, and
seeing if all the available information can be combined
into a logical answer.
STATISTICAL METHOD
Different Statistical Method used in Experiment Design:

• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

• Linear Regression
• Factorial Design
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
Used to determine whether there are statistically significant
differences between the samples (treatments). In cases,
that experiment contains two samples only, and then t-test
is good enough to check whether there are statistically
significant differences between the means of treatments.

𝐻0 = 𝜇1 = 𝜇𝑖 = ⋯ = 𝜇𝑘 = 0
𝐻1 = 𝜇𝑗 ≠ 0 for at least one 𝑗 different than zero
LINEAR REGRESSION
Linear approach to
modeling the relationship
between a dependent
variable and independent
variable(s). The case of
one independent variable
is called simple linear
regression. For more than
one independent variable,
the process is called
multiple linear regression.
FACTORIAL DESIGN
Involves having more than one independent variable, or
factor, in a study. It allow researchers to look at how
multiple factors affect a dependent variable, both
independently together.
ARITHMETICS INVOLVED IN
EXPERIMENTATION
ARITHMETIC MEAN, ERROR, PERCENT
ERROR AND PERCENT DEVIATION
Mean
- average of a set of numerical values, calculated by
adding them together and dividing by the number of terms
in the set.
Error
- (unknown) difference between the retained value
and the true value. Subtract the theoretical value from your
experimental data point.
Percent Error
- measure of how inaccurate a measurement is,
standardized to how large the measurement is.
ARITHMETIC MEAN, ERROR, PERCENT
ERROR AND PERCENT DEVIATION
Deviation
- measure of difference between the observed value
of a variable and some other value, often that variable’s
mean. Subtract the mean from the experimental data
point.
Percent Deviation
- measures the degree to which individual data points
in a statistic deviate from the average deviation by the
mean, then multiply by 100.
SAMPLE EXERCISE
Example 1: in the lab, the boiling point of a liquid, which
has a theoretical value of 54.0° C, was measured by a
student four (4) times. Determine, for each measurement,
the error, percent error, deviation, and percent deviation.
SAMPLE EXERCISE
Example 1: in the lab, the boiling point of a liquid, which
has a theoretical value of 54.0° C, was measured by a
student four (4) times. Determine, for each measurement,
the error, percent error, deviation, and percent deviation.

Observed Percent
Error Percent error Deviation
value deviation
54.9
54.4
54.1
54.2
THANK YOU!