DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL -2020

LAB NAME: POWER SYSTEM-II LAB (6EE4-21)

 PREPERED BY: Mr. K.D. KANSAL

EXPERIMENT LIST
6EE4-21: POWER SYSTEM-II LAB

1. Fault analysis (for 3 to 6 bus) and verify the results using MATLAB or any available software

for the cases:

(i) LG Fault (ii) LLG Fault (iii) LL Fault and (iv) 3-Phase Fault.

2. Load flow analysis for a given system (for 3 to 6 bus) using (i) Gauss Seidal (ii) Newton Raphson

(iii) Fast Decoupled Method and verify results using MATLAB or any available software.

3. Three phase short circuit analysis in a synchronous machine (symmetrical fault analysis)

4. Study of voltage security analysis.

5. Study of overload security analysis and obtain results for the given problem using MATLAB or

any software.

6. Study of economic load dispatch problem with different methods.

7. Study of transient stability analysis using MATLAB/ETAP Software. 8. Power flow analysis of

a slack bus connected to different loads

Experiment NO:- 1

AIM:- Fault analysis (for 3 to 6 bus) and verify the results using MATLAB or any available
software for the cases: (i) LG Fault (ii) LLG Fault (iii) LL Fault and (iv) 3-Phase Fault.
THEORY
Symmetrical Fault
Three phase fault
From the thevenin’s equivalent circuit

Fault current,𝐼𝑓" = 𝑉𝑍𝑡𝑡ℎℎ

Where Vth = Thevenin’s Voltage

Z th = Thevenin’s Impedance
Unsymmetrical Fault
Single line to ground fault
Fault current, 𝐼𝑓 = Ia = 3𝐼𝑎1

𝐼𝑎1 = [𝑍 1+𝐸𝑍𝐴2+𝑍0 ]

Line to line fault

Fault current, 𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑎1(𝑎2 − 𝑎)

𝐼𝑎1 = 𝑍 1𝐸+𝑎𝑍2

Double Line to ground fault

Fault current, 𝐼𝑓 = 2𝐼𝑎0 + (𝐼𝑎1 + 𝐼𝑎2)(𝑎2 + 𝑎)

𝑰𝒂𝟏 = 𝒁𝟐𝑬(𝒁𝒂𝟎+𝟑𝒁𝒇)

𝒁𝟏+𝒁𝟐+𝒁𝟎+𝟑𝒁𝒇

Fault MVA = 3 * If * Vpu where, Ia1, Ia2 and Ia0 are positive, negative and zero
phase sequence currents.
Z1 ,Z2 and Zo are positive, negative and zero phase sequence impedances.

PROCEDURE
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.
EXERCISE
The one line diagram of a simple power system is shown in figure. The neutral of each generator is
grounded through a current limiting reactor of 0.25/3 per unit on a 100MVA base. The system data
expressed in per unit on a common 100 MVA base is tabulated below. The generators are running
on no load at their rated voltage and rated frequency with their emf in phase.
Determine the fault current for the following faults.
(a) A balanced three phase fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance, Z f = j0.1 per unit.
(b) A single line to ground fault at bus3 through a fault impedance, Zf = j0.1 per unit.
(c) A line to line fault at bus3 through a fault impedance, Zf = j0.1 per unit.
(d) A double line to ground fault at bus3 through a fault impedance, Z f = j0.1 per unit.
Item Base MVA Voltage 𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋0
Rating KV
𝐺1 100 20 0.15 0.15 0.05
𝐺2 100 20 0.15 0.15 0.05
𝑇1 100 20/200 0.10 0.10 0.10
𝐿12 100 20/200 0.10 0.10 0.10
𝐿13 100 220 0.125 0.125 0.30
𝐿23 100 220 0.15 0.15 0.35
100 220 0.25 0.25 0.7125

Verify the result using MATLAB program.

RESULT:-
(a) Symmetrical three-phase fault
Warning: Invalid escape sequence appears in format string. See help sprintf for valid
escape sequences. > In Symfault at 34
In Chp10ex7 at 17
Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 1

Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = .2

Balanced three-phase fault at bus No. 1

Total fault current = 4.0481 per unit

Bus Voltages during fault in per unit

Bus Voltage Angle

No. Magnitude degrees
1 0.8096 -35.9421
2 0.8256 -24.6322
3 0.8119 -31.6530

Line currents for fault at bus No. 1

From To Current Angle

Bus Bus Magnitude degrees
G 1 2.3479 -35.9421
1 F 4.0481 -35.9421
G 2 1.7002 -35.9421
2 1 1.2954 -35.9421
2 3 0.4048 -35.9421
3 1 0.4048 -35.9421
Another fault location? Enter 'y' or 'n' within single quote -> 'n'

(b) Line-to-ground fault

Line-to-ground fault analysis

Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 2

Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = 0

Single line to-ground fault at bus No. 2

Total fault current = 7.9708 per unit

Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit

Bus -------Voltage Magnitude-------

No. Phase a Phase b Phase c
 1 0.2972 0.9401 0.9401
2 0.0000 0.9319 0.9319
3 0.1896 0.9355 0.9355

Line currents for fault at bus No. 2

From To -----Line Current Magnitude----

Bus Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c
1 2 1.9827 0.5679 0.5679
1 3 0.6111 0.1860 0.1860
2 F 7.9708 0.0000 0.0000
3 2 0.6111 0.1860 0.1860
Another fault location? Enter 'y' or 'n' within single quote -> 'n'

(c) Line-to-line fault

Line-to-line fault analysis

Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 1

Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = 0

Line-to-line fault at bus No. 1

Total fault current = 5.9726 per unit

Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit

Bus -------Voltage Magnitude-------

No. Phase a Phase b Phase c
1 1.0000 0.5000 0.5000
2 1.0000 0.5541 0.5541
3 1.0000 0.5080 0.5080

Line currents for fault at bus No. 1

From To -----Line Current Magnitude---- Bus

Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c
1 F 0.0000 5.9726 5.9726
2 1 0.0000 1.9112 1.9112
2 3 0.0000 0.5973 0.5973
3 1 0.0000 0.5973 0.5973
Another fault location? Enter 'y' or 'n' within single quote -> 'n'

(d) double line-to-ground fault

Double line-to-ground fault analysis
Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 1

Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = 0

Double line-to-ground fault at bus No. 1

Total fault current = 5.8939 per unit

Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit

Bus -------Voltage Magnitude-------

No. Phase a Phase b Phase c
1 1.0727 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9008 0.3756 0.3756
3 1.0196 0.1322 0.1322

Line currents for fault at bus No. 1

From To -----Line Current Magnitude---- Bus

Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c
1 F 0.0000 6.6601 6.6601
2 1 0.2063 2.2302 2.2302
2 3 0.0393 0.6843 0.6843
3 1 0.0393 0.6843 0.6843
 Experiment NO:- 2

AIM:- Load flow analysis for a given system (for 3 to 6 bus) using Newton Raphson and Fast
Decoupled Method and verify results using MATLAB or any available software.
THEORY:- The Newton Raphson method of load flow analysis is an iterative method which
Approximates the set of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear simultaneous equations
using Taylor’s series expansion and the terms are limited to first order approximation. The load
flow equations for Newton Raphson method are non-linear equations in terms of real and imaginary
part of bus voltages.

𝑃𝑝 = ∑𝑛𝑞=1{𝑒𝑝(𝑒𝑞𝐺𝑝𝑞 + 𝑓𝑞𝐵𝑝𝑞) + 𝑓𝑝(𝑓𝑞𝐺𝑝𝑞 − 𝑒𝑞𝐵𝑝𝑞)}

𝑄𝑝 = ∑𝑛𝑞=1{𝑓𝑝(𝑒𝑞𝐺𝑝𝑞 + 𝑓𝑞𝐵𝑝𝑞) − 𝑒𝑝(𝑓𝑞𝐺𝑝𝑞 − 𝑒𝑞𝐵𝑝𝑞)}

Where, ep = Real part of Vp fp

= Imaginary part of Vp
Gpq, Bpq = Conductance and Susceptance of admittance Ypq respectively.
EXERCISE:- for IEEE 30 Bus system find the load flow using Newton raphson method
DATA
basemva = 100; accuracy = 0.001; accel = 1.8; maxiter = 100;

% IEEE 30-BUS TEST SYSTEM (American Electric Power)

% Bus Bus Voltage Angle ---Load---- -------Generator----- Static Mvar
% No code Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Qmin Qmax +Qc/-Ql

busdata=[1 1 1.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

2 2 1.043 0.0 21.70 12.7 40.0 0.0 -40 50 0
3 0 1.0 0.0 2.4 1.2 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
4 0 1.06 0.0 7.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
5 2 1.01 0.0 94.2 19.0 0.0 0.0 -40 40 0
6 0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
7 0 1.0 0.0 22.8 10.9 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
8 2 1.01 0.0 30.0 30.0 0.0 0.0 -30 40 0
9 0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
10 0 1.0 0.0 5.8 2.0 0.0 0.0 -6 24 19
11 2 1.082 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
12 0 1.0 0 11.2 7.5 0 0 0 0 0
13 2 1.071 0 0 0.0 0 0 -6 24 0
14 0 1 0 6.2 1.6 0 0 0 0 0
15 0 1 0 8.2 2.5 0 0 0 0 0
16 0 1 0 3.5 1.8 0 0 0 0 0
17 0 1 0 9.0 5.8 0 0 0 0 0
18 0 1 0 3.2 0.9 0 0 0 0 0
19 0 1 0 9.5 3.4 0 0 0 0 0
20 0 1 0 2.2 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
21 0 1 0 17.5 11.2 0 0 0 0 0
22 0 1 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0
23 0 1 0 3.2 1.6 0 0 0 0 0
24 0 1 0 8.7 6.7 0 0 0 0 4.3
25 0 1 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0
26 0 1 0 3.5 2.3 0 0 0 0 0
27 0 1 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0
28 0 1 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0
29 0 1 0 2.4 0.9 0 0 0 0 0
30 0 1 0 10.6 1.9 0 0 0 0 0];

% Line code
% Bus bus R X 1/2 B = 1 for lines % nl
nr p.u. p.u. p.u. > 1 or < 1 tr. tap at bus nl linedata=[1
2 0.0192 0.0575 0.02640 1 1 3 0.0452
0.1852 0.02040 1
2 4 0.0570 0.1737 0.01840 1
3 4 0.0132 0.0379 0.00420 1
2 5 0.0472 0.1983 0.02090 1
2 6 0.0581 0.1763 0.01870 1
4 6 0.0119 0.0414 0.00450 1
5 7 0.0460 0.1160 0.01020 1
6 7 0.0267 0.0820 0.00850 1
6 8 0.0120 0.0420 0.00450 1
6 9 0.0 0.2080 0.0 0.978
6 10 0 .5560 0 0.969
9 11 0 .2080 0 1
9 10 0 .1100 0 1
4 12 0 .2560 0 0.932
12 13 0 .1400 0 1
12 14 .1231 .2559 0 1
12 15 .0662 .1304 0 1
12 16 .0945 .1987 0 1
14 15 .2210 .1997 0 1
16 17 .0824 .1923 0 1
15 18 .1073 .2185 0 1
18 19 .0639 .1292 0 1
19 20 .0340 .0680 0 1
10 20 .0936 .2090 0 1
10 17 .0324 .0845 0 1
10 21 .0348 .0749 0 1
10 22 .0727 .1499 0 1
21 22 .0116 .0236 0 1
15 23 .1000 .2020 0 1
22 24 .1150 .1790 0 1
23 24 .1320 .2700 0 1
24 25 .1885 .3292 0 1
25 26 .2544 .3800 0 1
 25 27 .1093 .2087 0 1
28 27 0 .3960 0 0.968
27 29 .2198 .4153 0 1
27 30 .3202 .6027 0 1
29 30 .2399 .4533 0 1
8 28 .0636 .2000 0.0214 1
6 28 .0169 .0599 0.065 1];

lfybus % form the bus admittance matrix lfnewton %

Load flow solution by Newton-Raphson method

RESULT:- Line Flow and Losses

--Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer from
to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap

1 260.950 -17.010 261.504

2 177.743 -22.140 179.117 5.461 10.517
3 83.197 5.125 83.354 2.807 7.079

2 18.300 36.126 40.497

1 -172.282 32.657 175.350 5.461 10.517
4 45.702 2.720 45.783 1.106 -0.519
5 82.990 1.704 83.008 2.995 8.178
6 61.905 -0.966 61.913 2.047 2.263

3 -2.400 -1.200 2.683

1 -80.390 1.954 80.414 2.807 7.079
4 78.034 -3.087 78.095 0.771 1.345

4 -7.600 -1.600 7.767

2 -44.596 -3.239 44.713 1.106 -0.519
3 -77.263 4.432 77.390 0.771 1.345
6 70.132 -17.624 72.313 0.605 1.181
12 44.131 14.627 46.492 0.000 4.686 0.932

5 -94.200 16.995 95.721

2 -79.995 6.474 80.256 2.995 8.178
7 -14.210 10.467 17.649 0.151 -1.687
6 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 -59.858 3.229 59.945 2.047 2.263
4 -69.527 18.805 72.026 0.605 1.181
7 37.537 -1.915 37.586 0.368 -0.598
8 29.534 -3.712 29.766 0.103 -0.558
9 27.687 -7.318 28.638 0.000 1.593 0.978
10 15.828 0.656 15.842 -0.000 1.279 0.969
28 18.840 -9.575 21.134 0.060 -13.085

7 -22.800 -10.900 25.272

5 14.361 -12.154 18.814 0.151 -1.687
6 -37.170 1.317 37.193 0.368 -0.598

8 -30.000 0.759 30.010

6 -29.431 3.154 29.599 0.103 -0.558
28 -0.570 -2.366 2.433 0.000 -4.368

9 0.000 0.000 0.000

6 -27.687 8.911 29.086 0.000 1.593
11 0.003 -15.653 15.653 0.000 0.461
10 27.731 6.747 28.540 -0.000 0.811

10 -5.800 17.000 17.962

6 -15.828 0.623 15.840 -0.000 1.279
9 -27.731 -5.936 28.359 -0.000 0.811
20 9.018 3.569 9.698 0.081 0.180
17 5.347 4.393 6.920 0.014 0.037
21 15.723 9.846 18.551 0.110 0.236
22 7.582 4.487 8.811 0.052 0.107

11 0.000 16.113 16.113

9 -0.003 16.114 16.114 0.000 0.461

12 -11.200 -7.500 13.479

4 -44.131 -9.941 45.237 0.000 4.686
13 -0.021 -10.274 10.274 0.000 0.132
14 7.852 2.428 8.219 0.074 0.155
15 17.852 6.968 19.164 0.217 0.428
16 7.206 3.370 7.955 0.053 0.112

13 0.000 10.406 10.406

12 0.021 10.406 10.406 0.000 0.132

14 -6.200 -1.600 6.403

 12 -7.778 -2.273 8.103 0.074 0.155
15 1.592 0.708 1.742 0.006 0.006

15 -8.200 -2.500 8.573

12 -17.634 -6.540 18.808 0.217 0.428
14 -1.586 -0.702 1.734 0.006 0.006
18 6.009 1.741 6.256 0.039 0.079
23 5.004 2.963 5.815 0.031 0.063

16 -3.500 -1.800 3.936

12 -7.152 -3.257 7.859 0.053 0.112
17 3.658 1.440 3.931 0.012 0.027

17 -9.000 -5.800 10.707

16 -3.646 -1.413 3.910 0.012 0.027
10 -5.332 -4.355 6.885 0.014 0.037

18 -3.200 -0.900 3.324

15 -5.970 -1.661 6.197 0.039 0.079
19 2.779 0.787 2.888 0.005 0.010

19 -9.500 -3.400 10.090

18 -2.774 -0.777 2.881 0.005 0.010
20 -6.703 -2.675 7.217 0.017 0.034

20 -2.200 -0.700 2.309

19 6.720 2.709 7.245 0.017 0.034
10 -8.937 -3.389 9.558 0.081 0.180 21 -17.500 -11.200 20.777
10 -15.613 -9.609 18.333 0.110 0.236
22 -1.849 -1.627 2.463 0.001 0.001

22 0.000 0.000 0.000

10 -7.531 -4.380 8.712 0.052 0.107
21 1.850 1.628 2.464 0.001 0.001
24 5.643 2.795 6.297 0.043 0.067

23 -3.200 -1.600 3.578

15 -4.972 -2.900 5.756 0.031 0.063
24 1.771 1.282 2.186 0.006 0.012

24 -8.700 -2.400 9.025

22 -5.601 -2.728 6.230 0.043 0.067
23 -1.765 -1.270 2.174 0.006 0.012
25 -1.322 1.604 2.079 0.008 0.014
25 0.000 0.000 0.000
24 1.330 -1.590 2.073 0.008 0.014
26 3.520 2.372 4.244 0.044 0.066
27 -4.866 -0.786 4.929 0.026 0.049

26 -3.500 -2.300 4.188

25 -3.476 -2.306 4.171 0.044 0.066

27 0.000 0.000 0.000

25 4.892 0.835 4.963 0.026 0.049
28 -18.192 -4.152 18.660 -0.000 1.310
29 6.178 1.675 6.401 0.086 0.162
30 7.093 1.663 7.286 0.162 0.304

28 0.000 0.000 0.000

27 18.192 5.463 18.994 -0.000 1.310 0.968
8 0.570 -2.003 2.082 0.000 -4.368
6 -18.780 -3.510 19.106 0.060 -13.085

29 -2.400 -0.900 2.563

27 -6.093 -1.513 6.278 0.086 0.162
30 3.716 0.601 3.764 0.034 0.063

30 -10.600 -1.900 10.769

27 -6.932 -1.359 7.064 0.162 0.304
29 -3.683 -0.537 3.722 0.034 0.063

Total loss 17.594 22.233

Experiment NO:- 3

AIM:-. Load flow analysis for a given system (for 30 bus) using Gauss Seidal.
THEORY
The GAUSS – SEIDEL method is an iterative algorithm for solving a set of non-linear load flow
equations. The non-linear load flow equation is given by
𝑝−1 𝑛
1 𝑃
 𝑉𝑝𝑘+1 = 𝑌 𝑝𝑝 [ 𝑝 −𝑉𝑝𝑘𝑗𝑄𝑝 − 𝑞∑−1 𝑌𝑝𝑞𝑉𝑞𝑘+1 −

𝑞=∑𝑝+1 𝑉𝑝𝑘𝑞]

The reactive power of bus-p is given by

𝑝−1
𝑛

𝑄𝑝𝑘+1 = (−1)𝑥𝐼𝑚 [(𝑉𝑝𝑘){∑ 𝑌𝑝𝑞𝑉𝑞𝑘+1 + ∑ 𝑉𝑞𝑘𝑌𝑝𝑞}]

𝑞=𝑝 𝑞=1

PROCEDURE
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File.
3. Type and save the program in the editor Window.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.
EXERCISE
For IEEE 30 bus system find the load flow solution using Gauss seidel Method Data is already
given in previous Experiment

RESULT
Line Flow and Losses

--Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer from
to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap

1 260.998 -17.021 261.553

 2 177.778 -22.148 179.152 5.464 10.524
3 83.221 5.127 83.378 2.808 7.085

2 18.300 36.122 40.493

1 -172.314 32.671 175.384 5.464 10.524
4 45.712 2.705 45.792 1.106 -0.517
5 82.990 1.703 83.008 2.995 8.178
6 61.912 -0.958 61.920 2.048 2.264

3 -2.400 -1.200 2.683

1 -80.412 1.958 80.436 2.808 7.085
4 78.012 -3.158 78.076 0.771 1.344

4 -7.600 -1.600 7.767

2 -44.605 -3.222 44.722 1.106 -0.517
3 -77.242 4.503 77.373 0.771 1.344
6 70.126 -17.526 72.282 0.604 1.179
12 44.121 14.646 46.489 0.000 4.685 0.932

5 -94.200 16.975 95.717

2 -79.995 6.475 80.257 2.995 8.178
7 -14.205 10.500 17.664 0.151 -1.687

6 0.000 0.000 0.000

2 -59.864 3.222 59.951 2.048 2.264
4 -69.521 18.705 71.994 0.604 1.179
7 37.523 -1.885 37.570 0.367 -0.598
8 29.528 -3.754 29.766 0.103 -0.558
9 27.693 -7.322 28.644 0.000 1.594
0.978
10 15.823 0.653 15.836 0.000 1.278
0.969
28 18.819 -9.618 21.134 0.060 -13.086

-
 7 -22.800 -10.900 25.272
5 14.356 12.187 18.831 0.151 -1.687
6 -37.156 1.287 37.178 0.367 -0.598

8 -30.000 0.826 30.011

6 -29.425 3.196 29.598 0.103 -0.558
28 -0.575 -2.370 2.438 0.000 -4.368

9 0.000 0.000 0.000

6 -27.693 8.916 29.093 0.000 1.594
11 0.000 -15.657 15.657 0.000 0.462
10 27.693 6.741 28.501 0.000 0.809

10 -5.800 17.000 17.962

6 -15.823 0.626 15.835 0.000 1.278
9 -27.693 -5.932 28.321 0.000 0.809
20 9.027 3.560 9.704 0.081 0.180
17 5.372 4.414 6.953 0.014 0.037
21 15.733 9.842 18.558 0.110 0.237
22 7.583 4.490 8.813 0.052 0.107

11 0.000 16.119 16.119

9 -0.000 16.119 16.119 0.000 0.462

12 -11.200 -7.500 13.479

4 -44.121 -9.961 45.232 0.000 4.685
13 0.000 -10.291 10.291 0.000 0.133
14 7.856 2.442 8.227 0.075 0.155
15 17.857 6.947 19.161 0.217 0.428
16 7.208 3.363 7.954 0.053 0.112

13 0.000 10.423 10.423

12 -0.000 10.424 10.424 0.000 0.133

-
 14 -6.200 -1.600 6.403
12 -7.782 2.287 8.111 0.075 0.155
15 1.582 0.687 1.724 0.006 0.005

15 -8.200 -2.500 8.573

12 -17.640 -6.519 18.806 0.217 0.428
14 -1.576 -0.681 1.717 0.006 0.005
18 6.014 1.744 6.262 0.039 0.080
23 5.001 2.956 5.810 0.031 0.063

16 -3.500 -1.800 3.936

12 -7.154 -3.251 7.858 0.053 0.112
17 3.654 1.451 3.932 0.012 0.027

17 -9.000 -5.800 10.707

16 -3.643 -1.424 3.911 0.012 0.027
10 -5.357 -4.376 6.918 0.014 0.037

18 -3.200 -0.900 3.324

15 -5.975 -1.665 6.203 0.039 0.080
19 2.775 0.765 2.879 0.005 0.010

19 -9.500 -3.400 10.090

18 -2.770 -0.755 2.871 0.005 0.010
20 -6.730 -2.645 7.231 0.017 0.034

20 -2.200 -0.700 2.309

19 6.747 2.679 7.259 0.017 0.034
10 -8.947 -3.379 9.564 0.081 0.180

21 -17.500 -11.200 20.777

10 -15.623 -9.606 18.340 0.110 0.237

-
22 -1.877 -1.594 2.462 0.001 0.001

22 0.000 0.000 0.000

10 -7.531 4.384 8.714 0.052 0.107

-
 21 1.877 1.596 2.464 0.001 0.001
24 5.654 2.788 6.304 0.043 0.067

23 -3.200 -1.600 3.578

15 -4.970 -2.893 5.751 0.031 0.063
24 1.770 1.293 2.192 0.006 0.012

24 -8.700 -2.400 9.025

22 -5.611 -2.721 6.236 0.043 0.067
23 -1.764 -1.280 2.180 0.006 0.012
25 -1.325 1.602 2.079 0.008 0.014

25 0.000 0.000 0.000

24 1.333 -1.588 2.073 0.008 0.014
26 3.545 2.366 4.262 0.045 0.066
27 -4.877 -0.778 4.939 0.026 0.049

26 -3.500 -2.300 4.188

25 -3.500 -2.300 4.188 0.045 0.066

27 0.000 0.000 0.000

25 4.903 0.827 4.972 0.026 0.049
28 -18.184 -4.157 18.653 0.000 1.309
29 6.189 1.668 6.410 0.086 0.162
30 7.091 1.661 7.283 0.161 0.304

28 0.000 0.000 0.000

27 18.184 5.466 18.987 0.000 1.309 0.968
8 0.575 -1.999 2.080 0.000 -4.368
6 -18.759 -3.467 19.077 0.060 -13.086

29 -2.400 -0.900 2.563

27 -6.104 -1.506 6.286 0.086 0.162
30 3.704 0.606 3.753 0.033 0.063
 30 -10.600 -1.900 10.769
27 -6.930 -1.358 7.062 0.161 0.304
29 -3.670 -0.542 3.710 0.033 0.063 Total
loss 17.599 22.244

Experiment NO:- 4
AIM:-Study of voltage security analysis.
THEORY:- Reliable operation of large scale electric power networks requires that system
voltages and currents stay within design limits. Operation beyond those limits can lead to
equipment failures and blackouts. Security margins measure the amount by which system loads or
power transfers can change before a security violation, such as an overloaded transmission line, is
encountered. This thesis shows how to efficiently compute security margins defined by limiting
events and instabilities, and the sensitivity of those margins with respect to assumptions, system
parameters, operating policy, and transactions. Security margins to voltage collapse blackouts,
oscillatory instability, generator limits, voltage constraints and line overloads are considered. The
usefulness of computing the sensitivities of these margins with respect to interarea transfers,
loading parameters, generator dispatch, transmission line parameters, and VAR support is
established for networks as large as 1500 buses. The sensitivity formulas presented apply to a range
of power system models.
Conventional sensitivity formulas such as line distribution factors, outage distribution factors,
participation factors and penalty factors are shown to be special cases of the general sensitivity
formulas derived in this thesis. The sensitivity formulas readily accommodate sparse matrix
techniques. Margin sensitivity methods are shown to work effectively for avoiding voltage collapse
blackouts caused by either saddle node bifurcation of equilibria or immediate instability due to
generator reactive power limits. Extremely fast contingency analysis for voltage collapse can be
implemented with margin sensitivity based rankings. Interarea transfer can be limited by voltage
limits, line limits, or voltage stability. The sensitivity formulas presented in this thesis apply to
security margins defined by any limit criteria. A method to compute transfer margins by directly
locating intermediate events reduces the total number of loadflow iterations required by each
margin computation and provides sensitivity information at minimal additional cost. Estimates of
the effect of simultaneous transfers on the transfer margins agree well with the exact computations
for a network model derived from a portion of the U.S grid. The accuracy of the estimates over a
useful range of conditions and the ease of obtaining the estimates suggest that the sensitivity
computations will be of practical value.
Voltage stability margin is a measure of the available transfer capacity, net transfer
capacity, or total transfer capacity. The margin is the difference (or a ratio) between operation and
voltage collapse points based on the KSP (loading, line flow, etc.) and accounts for a pattern of
load increase or generation loss. As a concept for system operators, margin is a straightforward
and easily understood index, and thus, widely accepted. There are a number of advantages of the
stability margin as a collapse index.
• The margin is not based on a particular power system model and can be used with static or
dynamic models independent of the details of the power system dynamics.
• It is an accurate index that takes full account of the power system non-linearity and device
limits as loading is increased.
• Sensitivity analysis may be applied easily and quickly to study the effects of power system
parameters and controls.
• The margin accounts for patterns of load increase.

The primary disadvantage is that it may oversimplify the view of the stability problem
and may not account for the variety of ways in which instabilities can arise. In theory, the
computation of the stability margin should be performed for all contingencies. This would be an
excessively time-consuming process but is generally not necessary in practice. Instead, the
margin is determined based on the most critical contingency from a relatively short list of known
severe contingencies. Key to the analysis is the degree of experience that allows one to identify a
more manageable list of disturbances. Still, the precise computation of the margin is
timeconsuming, thus limiting application for on-line use. The most common methods to estimate
the proximity of the voltage collapse point are the minimum singular value, point of collapse
method, continuation power flow, and optimization methods. Some other methods are sensitivity
analysis, second order performance index, and the energy function method.

RESULT:-We have study about voltage security analysis.

Experiment NO:- 5

AIM : Three phase short circuit analysis in a synchronous machine (symmetrical fault
analysis).

PROGRAM REQUIRED: MATLAB 5.3

THEORY :

Symmetrical Fault :

Three phase fault :

From the thevenin’s equivalent circuit
Vth

Fault current If′ ′ =

Z th

Where Vth = Thevenin’s Voltage

Z th = Thevenin’s Impedance

Unsymmetrical Fault :
Single line to ground fault :
Fault current If = Ia = 3Ia1

Ia1 =Ea
Z1+Z2+Z0

Line to line fault:

Fault current If = Ia1(a2 – a )

Ea
Ia1 =
Z1+Z2

Double Line to ground fault :

Fault current If = 2 Ia0 +( Ia1+ Ia2) (a2 + a )

Ea
Ia1 =
Z1 + Z0Z2
Z0+Z2
Ia2 = (- Ia1) * Z0
 Z0+Z2

Ia0 = − ( Ia1 − Ia2)

Fault MVA = √3 * If * Vpu

where, Ia1, Ia2 and Ia0 are positive, negative and zero phase sequence currents

Z1 ,Z2 and Zo are positive, negative and zero phase sequence impedances

PROCEDURE:

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
3. Type and save the program.

4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run. View the results.

EXERCISE :
 The one line diagram of a simple power system is shown in figure. The neutral of each
generator is grounded through a current limiting reactor of 0.25/3 per unit on a 100MVA
base. The system data expressed in per unit on a common 100 MVA base is tabulated below.
The generators are running on no load at their rated voltage and rated frequency with their
emfs in phase.

Determine the fault current for the following faults.

(a) A balanced three phase fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1 per unit.

(b) A single line to ground fault at bus3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1 per unit.

(c) A line to line fault at bus3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1 per unit.

(d) A double line to ground fault at bus3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1 per unit.

Item Base Voltage Rating X1 X2 X0

MVA kV
G1 100 20 0.15 0.15 0.05
G2 100 20 0.15 0.15 0.05
T1 100 20/220 0.10 0.10 0.10
T2 100 20/220 0.10 0.10 0.10
L12 100 220 0.125 0.125 0.30
L13 100 220 0.15 0.15 0.35
L23 100 220 0.25 0.25 0.7125

Verify the result using MATLAB program.

PROGRAM:

zdata1 = [0 1 0 0.25
0 2 0 0.25
1 2 0 0.125

1 3 0 0.15
2 3 0 0.25];
zdata0 = [0 1 0 0.40

0 2 0 0.10
1 2 0 0.30
1 3 0 0.35
2 3 0 0.7125];
zdata2 = zdata1;
Zbus1 = zbuild(zdata1)
 Zbus0 = zbuild(zdata0)
Zbus2 = Zbus1;
symfault(zdata1,Zbus1)
lgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2)
llfault(zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2) dlgfault(zdata0,
Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2)

Experiment NO:- 6

AIM:-. Study of economic load dispatch problem with different methods

THEORY:-Mathematical Model for Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units Without
Transmission Loss Statement of Economic Dispatch Problem
In a power system, with negligible transmission loss and with N number of spinning thermal
generating units the total system load PD at a particular interval can be met by different sets of
generation schedules
{PG1(k) , PG2(k) , ………………PGN(K) }; k = 1,2,……..NS
Out of these NS set of generation schedules, the system operator has to choose the set of schedules,
which minimize the system operating cost, which is essentially the sum of the production cost of
all the generating units. This economic dispatch problem is mathematically stated as an
optimization problem.
Given : The number of available generating units N, their production cost functions, their
operating limits and the system load PD, To determine : The set of generation schedules,
PGi ; i = 1,2………N
Which minimize the total production cost,
Min ; FT = Fi (PGi )
and satisfies the power balance constraint
PGi –PD = 0 and the operating limits
PGi,min ≤ PGi ≤ PGi, ,max
The units production cost function is usually approximated by quadratic function
Fi (PGi) = ai PG2i + bi PGi + ci ; i = 1,2,…….N where
ai , bi and ci are constants
Necessary conditions for the existence of solution to ED problem
The ED problem given by the equations (1) to (4). By omitting the inequality constraints (4)
tentatively, the reduce ED problem (1),(2) and (3) may be restated as an unconstrained
optimization problem by augmenting the objective function (1) with the constraint
multiplied by LaGrange multiplier, to obtained the LaGrange function, L as
Min : L (PG1 ……..PGN , ) = Fi(PGi) - [Σ PGi – PD]
The necessary conditions for the existence of solution to (6) are given by

𝝏𝑳 =𝟎= 𝒅 𝑭𝒊(𝑷𝑮𝒊) −λ;

𝝏𝑷𝑮𝒊 𝒅𝑷𝑮𝑰

𝝏𝑳/𝝏 λ=0= ∑𝑁𝑖=1𝑃𝐺𝑖 −𝑃𝐷

The solution to ED problem can be obtained by solving simultaneously the necessary conditions
(7) and (8) which state that the economic generation schedules not only satisfy the system power
balance equation (8) but also demand that the incremental cost rates of all the units be equal be
equal to which can be interpreted as “incremental cost of received power”.
When the inequality constraints (4) are included in the ED problem the necessary condition (7)
gets modified as dFi (PGi) / dPGi = l for PGi,min £ PGi £ PGi, ,max
£ l for PGi = PGi, ,max
` l for PGi = PGi, ,min
Economic Schedule
PGi = (l -bi)/ 2ai ; i=1,2…………….N λ
Incremental fuel cost
N N

λ = [PD + ∑(bi/2ai)] / ∑ 1/2ai

i=1 i=1

PROCEDURE
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results

EXERCISE
1. The fuel cost functions for three thermal plants in $/h are given by
C1 = 500 + 5.3 P1 + 0.004 P1
2 ; P1 in MW
C2 = 400 + 5.5 P2 + 0.006 P2
2 ; P2 in MW
C3 = 200 +5.8 P3 + 0.009 P3
2 ; P3 in MW
The total load, PD is 800MW.Neglecting line losses and generator limits, find the optimal
dispatch and the total cost in $/h by analytical method. Verify the result using MATLAB
program.

RESULT:
Total generation cost = 8236.25 $/h
Incremental cost of delivered power (system lambda) = 8.500000 $/MWh Optimal
Dispatch of Generation:
400.0000
250.0000
150.0000
Total system loss = 0 MW
Total generation cost = 6682.50 $/h
 Experiment NO:- 7

AIM:- Study of transient stability analysis using MATLAB/ETAP Software.

THEORY
Stability: Stability problem is concerned with the behavior of power system when it is subjected
to disturbance and is classified into small signal stability problem if the disturbances are small and
transient stability problem when the disturbances are large.
Transient stability: When a power system is under steady state, the load plus transmission loss
equals to the generation in the system. The generating units run at synchronous speed and system
frequency, voltage, current and power flows are steady. When a large disturbance such as three
phase fault, loss of load, loss of generation etc., occurs the power balance is upset and the
generating units rotors experience either acceleration or deceleration. The system may come back
to a steady state condition maintaining synchronism or it may break into subsystems or one or
more machines may pull out of synchronism. In the former case the system is said to be stable and
in the later case it is said to be unstable.
Small signal stability: When a power system is under steady state, normal operating condition,
the system may be subjected to small disturbances such as variation in load and generation, change
in field voltage, change in mechanical toque etc., the nature of system response to small
disturbance depends on the operating conditions, the transmission system strength, types of
controllers etc. Instability that may result from small disturbance may be of two forms, (iii) Steady
increase in rotor angle due to lack of synchronizing torque. (iv) Rotor oscillations of increasing
magnitude due to lack of sufficient damping torque.

FORMULA

Reactive power Qe = sin(cos-1(p.f))

Reactive power𝑄𝑒
Stator Current 𝐼𝑡 = 𝐸𝑆∗𝑡
 = 𝑃𝑒−𝐸𝑡𝑗𝑄∗ 𝑒

Voltage behind transient condition 𝐸′ = 𝐸𝑡 + 𝑗𝑋′𝑑𝐼𝑡

Voltage of infinite bus 𝐸𝐵 = 𝐸𝑡 − (𝑋3 + 𝑋𝑡𝑟)𝐼𝑡

Where, 𝑋3 = 𝑋 𝑋11+𝑋𝑋22

Angular separation between 𝐸𝐵 and 𝐸′

𝛿0 = 𝐸′ − 𝐸𝐵 Pre
fault operation:
𝑋 = 𝑗𝑋𝑑′ + 𝑗𝑋𝑡𝑟 + 𝑋𝑋11+𝑋𝑋22

Power 𝑃𝑒 = 𝐸 ′𝑋𝐸𝐵 sin 𝛿0

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,𝛿0 𝐸𝑃′ ∗𝐸𝑋 𝐵

During fault condition:

𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋 − 𝛿0
𝑃𝑒 = sin 𝑃𝛿𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥

Critical clearing angle:

𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛿𝑐𝑟 = 𝑃 𝑚(𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝛿0)

+𝑃𝑃33𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑃2 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑃2𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛿0

Critical clearing time:

𝑡𝑐𝑟 = √2 𝐻𝜋(𝛿𝑓𝑐𝑟0𝑃−𝑚𝛿0) Secs

PROCEDURE
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run
5. View the results.

EXERCISE
1. Transient stability analysis of a 9-bus, 3-machine, 60 Hz power system with the following system
modeling requirements:
i. Classical model for all synchronous machines, models for excitation and speed governing systems
not included.
(a) Simulate a three-phase fault at the end of the line from bus 5 to bus 7 near bus 7 at time = 0.0 sec.
Assume that the fault is cleared successfully by opening the line 5-7 after 5 cycles ( 0.083 sec)
. Observe the system for 2.0 seconds
(b) Obtain the following time domain plots:
- Relative angles of machines 2 and 3 with respect to machine 1
- Angular speed deviations of machines 1, 2 and 3 from synchronous speed - Active power
variation of machines 1, 2 and 3.
(c) Determine the critical clearing time by progressively increasing the fault clearing time.

RESULT
Experiment NO:- 8
Aim: To perform power flow analysis of a slack bus connected to different loads.

Apparatus: MATLAB-PSAT

Theory:

Slack Bus: To calculate the angles θi (as discussed above), a reference angle (θi = 0) needs to
be specified so that all the other bus voltage angles are calculated with respect to this reference
angle. Moreover, physically, total power supplied by all the generation must be equal to the sum
of total load in the system and system power loss. However, as the system loss cannot be
computed before the load flow problem is solved, the real power output of all the generators in
the system cannot be pre-specified. There should be at least one generator in the system which
would supply the loss (plus its share of the loads) and thus for this generator, the real power
output can’t be pre-specified. However, because of the exciter action, Vi for this generator can
still be specified. Hence for this generator, Vi and θi(= 0) are specified and the quantities Pi and
Qi are calculated. This generator bus is designated as the slack bus. Usually, the largest
generator in the system is designated as the slack bus.

In the General Load Flow Problem the Bus with largest generating capacity is taken as the
Slack Bus or Swing Bus. The Slack Bus Voltage is taken to be 1.0 + j 0 P.U. and should be
capable of supplying total Losses in the System. But usually the generator bus are only having
station auxiliary which may be only up to 3% of total generation . If the Generation at Slack
Bus is more it can take more load connected to the slack bus.

A slack bus is usually a generator bus with a large real and reactive power output. It is assumed
that its real and reactive power outputs are big enough that they can be adjusted as required in
order to balance the power in the whole system so that the power flow can be solved. A slack
bus can have load on it because in real systems it is actually the bus of a power plant, which can
have its own load. It also takes care of the Line losses

Circuit Diagram:
Procedure :

Create a new file in MATLAB-PSAT

Browse the components in the library and build the bus system.
Save the file and upload the data file in PSAT main window

Execute the program and run power flow

Get the network visualization.

APPENDIX
PROGRAM 1

alpha = [500; 400; 200];

beta = [5.3; 5.5; 5.8]; gamma = [0.004; 0.006; 0.009];
PD = 800; DelP = 10; lamda = input('Enter
estimated value of Lamda = ');
fprintf(' ') disp(['Lamda P1
P2 P3 DP'... ' grad
Delamda']) iter = 0; while
abs(DelP) >= 0.001 iter =
iter + 1;
P = (lamda - beta)./(2*gamma);
DelP = PD - sum(P);
J = sum(ones(length(gamma),1)./(2*gamma));
Delamda = DelP/J;
disp([lamda,P(1),P(2),P(3),DelP,J,Delamda])
lamda = lamda + Delamda; end totalcost =
sum(alpha + beta.*P + gamma.*P.^2)
PROGRAM: 2

Pm = 0.8; E = 1.17; V = 1.0; X1

= 0.65; X2 = inf; X3 = 0.65;
eacfault (Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)
For b)
Pm = 0.8; E = 1.17; V = 1.0; X1
= 0.65; X2 = 1.8; X3 = 0.8;
eacfault (Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)

PROGRAM 3

function eacpower(P0, E, V, X)

if exist('P0')~=1
P0 = input('Generator initial power in p.u. P0 = '); else, end if
exist('E')~=1
E = input('Generator e.m.f. in p.u. E = '); else, end if
exist('V')~=1
V = input('Infinite bus-bar voltage in p.u. V = '); else, end if
exist('X')~=1
X = input('Reactance between internal emf and infinite bus in p.u. X = '); else, end
Pemax= E*V/X; if
P0 >= Pemax
fprintf('\nP0 must be less than the peak electrical power Pemax = %5.3f p.u. \n', Pemax)
fprintf('Try again. \n\n') return, end
d0=asin(P0/Pemax);
delta = 0:.01:pi; Pe =
Pemax*sin(delta);
dmax=pi; Ddmax=1;
while abs(Ddmax) > 0.00001
Df = cos(d0) - (sin(dmax)*(dmax-d0)+cos(dmax));
J=cos(dmax)*(dmax-d0);
Ddmax=Df/J;
dmax=dmax+Ddmax;
end dc=pi-dmax;
Pm2=Pemax*sin(dc);
Pmx =[0 pi-d0]*180/pi; Pmy=[P0 P0]; Pm2x=[0
dmax]*180/pi; Pm2y=[Pm2 Pm2];
x0=[d0 d0]*180/pi; y0=[0 Pm2]; xc=[dc dc]*180/pi; yc=[0 Pemax*sin(dc)];
xm=[dmax dmax]*180/pi; ym=[0 Pemax*sin(dmax)];
d0=d0*180/pi; dmax=dmax*180/pi; dc=dc*180/pi;
x=(d0:.1:dc); y=Pemax*sin(x*pi/180);
%y1=Pe2max*sin(d0*pi/180);
%y2=Pe2max*sin(dc*pi/180);
x=[d0 x dc]; y=[Pm2 y
Pm2]; xx=dc:.1:dmax;
h=Pemax*sin(xx*pi/180)
; xx=[dc xx dmax];
hh=[Pm2 h Pm2];
delta=delta*180/pi;
%clc
fprintf('\nInitial power =%7.3f p.u.\n', P0)
fprintf('Initial power angle =%7.3f degrees \n', d0)
fprintf('Sudden additional power =%7.3f p.u.\n', Pm2-P0)
fprintf('Total power for critical stability =%7.3f p.u.\n', Pm2)
fprintf('Maximum angle swing =%7.3f degrees \n', dmax)
fprintf('New operating angle =%7.3f degrees \n\n\n', dc)
fill(x,y,'m') hold; fill(xx,hh,'c')
plot(delta, Pe,'-', Pmx, Pmy,'g', Pm2x,Pm2y,'g', x0,y0,'c', xc,yc, xm,ym,'r'), grid
Title('Equal-area criterion applied to the sudden change in power') xlabel('Power
angle, degree'), ylabel(' Power, per unit')
axis([0 180 0 1.1*Pemax])
hold off;

PROGRAM ............................................................................................................................................ 27
zdata1 = [0 1 0 0 ...................................................................................................................................... 27
0 2 0 0 ...................................................................................................................................... 27

1 2 0 0.125
1 3 0 0.15
2 3 0 0.25];
zdata0 = [0 1 0 0.40
0 2 0 0.10
1 2 0 0.30
1 3 0 0.35
2 3 0 0.7125]; zdata2 =
zdata1; Zbus1 =
zbuild(zdata1)
Zbus0 = zbuild(zdata0) Zbus2 = Zbus1;
symfault(zdata1,Zbus1) lgfault(zdata0, Zbus0,
zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2) llfault(zdata1, Zbus1,
zdata2, Zbus2) dlgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1,
zdata2, Zbus2)

Double Line to Ground Fault Program

PROGRAM 5
function dlgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2, V)

if exist('zdata2') ~= 1
zdata2=zdata1; else,
end if exist('Zbus2')
~= 1
Zbus2=Zbus1;
else, end
nl = zdata1(:,1); nr = zdata1(:,2); nl0 = zdata0(:,1); nr0
= zdata0(:,2); nbr=length(zdata1(:,1)); nbus =
max(max(nl), max(nr)); nbr0=length(zdata0(:,1)); R0 =
zdata0(:,3); X0 = zdata0(:,4);
R1 = zdata1(:,3); X1 = zdata1(:,4);
R2 = zdata2(:,3); X2 = zdata2(:,4);

for k = 1:nbr0 if R0(k) == inf | X0(k)

== inf R0(k) = 99999999; X0(k) =
999999999; else, end end
ZB1 = R1 + j*X1; ZB0 = R0 + j*X0;
ZB2 = R2 + j*X2;

if exist('V') == 1 if length(V) == nbus

V0 = V; else, end else, V0 = ones(nbus,
1) + j*zeros(nbus, 1); end

fprintf('\nDouble line-to-ground fault analysis \n')

ff = 999; while ff > 0 nf = input('Enter Faulted
Bus No. -> '); rtn=isempty(nf); if rtn==1; nf=-
1; end
while nf <= 0 | nf > nbus fprintf('Faulted bus No.
must be between 1 & %g \n', nbus) nf = input('Enter
Faulted Bus No. -> '); rtn=isempty(nf); if rtn==1; nf=-
1; end end rtz=1; while rtz==1
fprintf('\nEnter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in ') Zf =
input('complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = ');
rtz=isempty(Zf); end fprintf(' \n') fprintf('Double line-to-
ground fault at bus No. %g\n', nf) a
=cos(2*pi/3)+j*sin(2*pi/3); sctm = [1 1 1; 1 a^2 a; 1 a a^2];

Z11 = Zbus2(nf, nf)*(Zbus0(nf, nf)+ 3*Zf)/(Zbus2(nf, nf)+Zbus0(nf, nf)+3*Zf);

Ia1 = V0(nf)/(Zbus1(nf,nf)+Z11);
Ia2 =-(V0(nf) - Zbus1(nf, nf)*Ia1)/Zbus2(nf,nf);
Ia0 =-(V0(nf) - Zbus1(nf, nf)*Ia1)/(Zbus0(nf,nf)+3*Zf);
I012=[Ia0; Ia1; Ia2];
Ifabc = sctm*I012; Ifabcm=abs(Ifabc);
Ift = Ifabc(2)+Ifabc(3);
Iftm = abs(Ift);

fprintf('Total fault current = %9.4f per unit\n\n', Iftm)

fprintf('Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit \n\n')
fprintf(' Bus -------Voltage Magnitude------- \n') fprintf('
No. Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')

for n = 1:nbus
Vf0(n)= 0 - Zbus0(n, nf)*Ia0;
Vf1(n)= V0(n) - Zbus1(n, nf)*Ia1;
Vf2(n)= 0 - Zbus2(n, nf)*Ia2;
Vabc = sctm*[Vf0(n); Vf1(n); Vf2(n)]; Va(n)=Vabc(1);
Vb(n)=Vabc(2); Vc(n)=Vabc(3); fprintf(' %5g',n) fprintf('
%11.4f', abs(Va(n))),fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Vb(n))) fprintf('
%11.4f\n', abs(Vc(n))) end
fprintf(' \n') fprintf('Line currents for fault at bus No. %g\n\n',
nf) fprintf(' From To -----Line Current Magnitude----
\n') fprintf(' Bus Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')
for n= 1:nbus for I = 1:nbr if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n if
nl(I) ==n k = nr(I); elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I); end
if k ~= 0
Ink1(n, k) = (Vf1(n) - Vf1(k))/ZB1(I);
Ink2(n, k) = (Vf2(n) - Vf2(k))/ZB2(I);
else, end else, end end for I = 1:nbr0
if nl0(I) == n | nr0(I) == n if nl0(I) ==n
k = nr0(I); elseif nr0(I) == n k = nl0(I);
end
if k ~= 0
Ink0(n, k) = (Vf0(n) - Vf0(k))/ZB0(I);
else, end else, end end for I = 1:nbr
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n if nl(I) ==n
k = nr(I); elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I);
end if k ~= 0
Inkabc = sctm*[Ink0(n, k); Ink1(n, k); Ink2(n, k)]; Inkabcm
= abs(Inkabc); th=angle(Inkabc); if real(Inkabc(2)) < 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k), fprintf(' %11.4f',
abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(2))) fprintf('
%11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3))) elseif real(Inkabc(2)) ==0 &
imag(Inkabc(2)) > 0 fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3))) else, end else, end
else, end end if n==nf fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf(' F'), fprintf('
%11.4f', Ifabcm(1)),fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(2)) fprintf(' %11.4f\n',
Ifabcm(3)) else, end end
resp=0; while strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 & strcmp(resp,
'Y')~=1 resp = input('Another fault location? Enter ''y'' or ''n'' within single quote -> '); if
strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
fprintf('\n Incorrect reply, try again \n\n'), end end if resp == 'y' | resp == 'Y' nf = 999; else
ff = 0; end end % end for while

Line to Ground Fault

PROGRAM 6

function lgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2, V)

if exist('zdata2') ~= 1 zdata2=zdata1; else, end
if exist('Zbus2') ~= 1
Zbus2=Zbus1; else, end nl =
zdata1(:,1); nr = zdata1(:,2); nl0 =
zdata0(:,1); nr0 = zdata0(:,2);
nbr=length(zdata1(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
nbr0=length(zdata0(:,1));
R0 = zdata0(:,3); X0 = zdata0(:,4);
R1 = zdata1(:,3); X1 = zdata1(:,4);
R2 = zdata1(:,3); X2 = zdata1(:,4);

for k=1:nbr0
if R0(k)==inf | X0(k) ==inf
 R0(k) = 99999999; X0(k) = 99999999;
else, end end
ZB1 = R1 + j*X1; ZB0 = R0 + j*X0;
ZB2 = R2 + j*X2;

if exist('V') == 1
if length(V) == nbus
V0 = V; else, end
else, V0 = ones(nbus, 1) + j*zeros(nbus, 1); end
fprintf('\nLine-to-ground fault analysis \n')
ff = 999; while ff > 0
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
rtn=isempty(nf); if rtn==1; nf=-1;
end while nf <= 0 | nf > nbus
fprintf('Faulted bus No. must be between 1 & %g \n', nbus)
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> '); rtn=isempty(nf);
if rtn==1; nf=-1; end
end rtz=1;
while rtz==1
fprintf('\nEnter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in ') Zf =
input('complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = ');
rtz=isempty(Zf);
end fprintf('
\n')
fprintf('Single line to-ground fault at bus No. %g\n', nf)
a =cos(2*pi/3)+j*sin(2*pi/3); sctm = [1 1 1; 1 a^2
a; 1 a a^2];
Ia0 = V0(nf)/(Zbus1(nf,nf)+Zbus2(nf, nf)+ Zbus0(nf, nf)+3*Zf); Ia1=Ia0; Ia2=Ia0;
I012=[Ia0; Ia1; Ia2];
Ifabc = sctm*I012; Ifabcm = abs(Ifabc); fprintf('Total fault
current = %9.4f per unit\n\n', Ifabcm(1)) fprintf('Bus
Voltages during the fault in per unit \n\n') fprintf(' Bus
-------Voltage Magnitude------- \n') fprintf(' No. Phase
a Phase b Phase c \n')

for n = 1:nbus
Vf0(n)= 0 - Zbus0(n, nf)*Ia0;
Vf1(n)= V0(n) - Zbus1(n, nf)*Ia1;
Vf2(n)= 0 - Zbus2(n, nf)*Ia2;
Vabc = sctm*[Vf0(n); Vf1(n); Vf2(n)];
Va(n)=Vabc(1); Vb(n)=Vabc(2); Vc(n)=Vabc(3); fprintf('
%5g',n)
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Va(n))),fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Vb(n)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Vc(n))) end
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Line currents for fault at bus No. %g\n\n', nf) fprintf('
From To -----Line Current Magnitude---- \n')
fprintf(' Bus Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')
for n= 1:nbus for I = 1:nbr if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n
if nl(I) ==n k = nr(I); elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I);
end
if k ~= 0
Ink1(n, k) = (Vf1(n) - Vf1(k))/ZB1(I);
Ink2(n, k) = (Vf2(n) - Vf2(k))/ZB2(I);
else, end else, end end for I = 1:nbr0
if nl0(I) == n | nr0(I) == n if nl0(I) ==n
k = nr0(I); elseif nr0(I) == n k = nl0(I);
end
if k ~= 0
Ink0(n, k) = (Vf0(n) - Vf0(k))/ZB0(I);
else, end else, end end for I = 1:nbr
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n if nl(I) ==n
k = nr(I); elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I);
end
if k ~= 0
Inkabc = sctm*[Ink0(n, k); Ink1(n, k); Ink2(n, k)];
Inkabcm = abs(Inkabc); th=angle(Inkabc); if
real(Inkabc(1)) > 0 fprintf('%7g', n),
fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3))) elseif real(Inkabc(1)) ==0 &
imag(Inkabc(1)) < 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3)))
else, end
else, end else,
end end
if n==nf
fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf(' F'),
fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(1)),fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(2))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', Ifabcm(3))
else, end
end resp=0;
while strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
resp = input('Another fault location? Enter ''y'' or ''n'' within single quote -> ');
if strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
fprintf('\n Incorrect reply, try again \n\n'), end end
if resp == 'y' | resp == 'Y'
nf = 999; else ff = 0; end
end % end for while
%Ink0
%Ink1
%Ink2

Line To Line Fault

PROGRAM 7

function llfault(zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2, V)

if exist('zdata2') ~= 1 zdata2=zdata1; else, end
if exist('Zbus2') ~= 1
Zbus2=Zbus1; else,
end

nl = zdata1(:,1); nr = zdata1(:,2); R1
= zdata1(:,3); X1 = zdata1(:,4);
R2 = zdata2(:,3); X2 = zdata2(:,4); ZB1
= R1 + j*X1; ZB2 = R2 + j*X2;
nbr=length(zdata1(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
if exist('V') == 1 if length(V) == nbus V0 = V;
else, end
else, V0 = ones(nbus, 1) + j*zeros(nbus, 1); end
fprintf('\nLine-to-line fault analysis \n')
ff = 999; while ff > 0
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
rtn=isempty(nf); if rtn==1; nf=-1;
end while nf <= 0 | nf > nbus
fprintf('Faulted bus No. must be between 1 & %g \n', nbus)
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> '); rtn=isempty(nf);
if rtn==1; nf=-1; end
end rtz=1; while rtz==1 fprintf('\nEnter Fault
Impedance Zf = R + j*X in ') Zf = input('complex form
(for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = '); rtz=isempty(Zf); end
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Line-to-line fault at bus No. %g\n', nf)
a =cos(2*pi/3)+j*sin(2*pi/3); sctm
= [1 1 1; 1 a^2 a; 1 a a^2];
Ia0=0;
Ia1 = V0(nf)/(Zbus1(nf,nf)+Zbus2(nf, nf)+Zf); Ia2=-Ia1;
I012=[Ia0; Ia1; Ia2];
Ifabc = sctm*I012; Ifabcm = abs(Ifabc); fprintf('Total fault
current = %9.4f per unit\n\n', Ifabcm(2)) fprintf('Bus
Voltages during the fault in per unit \n\n') fprintf(' Bus
-------Voltage Magnitude------- \n')
fprintf(' No. Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')

for n = 1:nbus
Vf0(n)= 0;
Vf1(n)= V0(n) - Zbus1(n, nf)*Ia1;
Vf2(n)= 0 - Zbus2(n, nf)*Ia2;
Vabc = sctm*[Vf0(n); Vf1(n); Vf2(n)]; Va(n)=Vabc(1);
Vb(n)=Vabc(2); Vc(n)=Vabc(3); fprintf(' %5g',n)
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Va(n))),fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Vb(n))) fprintf('
%11.4f\n', abs(Vc(n)))
end
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Line currents for fault at bus No. %g\n\n', nf) fprintf('
From To -----Line Current Magnitude---- \n') fprintf('
Bus Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')

for n= 1:nbus
for I = 1:nbr
if nl(I) == n |
nr(I) == n
if nl(I) ==n k
= nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == n
k = nl(I);
end if k
~= 0 Ink0(n,
k) = 0;
Ink1(n, k) = (Vf1(n) - Vf1(k))/ZB1(I);
Ink2(n, k) = (Vf2(n) - Vf2(k))/ZB2(I);

Inkabc = sctm*[Ink0(n, k); Ink1(n, k); Ink2(n, k)];

Inkabcm = abs(Inkabc); th=angle(Inkabc); if
real(Inkabc(2)) < 0

fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),

fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3)))
elseif real(Inkabc(2)) ==0 & imag(Inkabc(2)) > 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3))) else, end else, end
else, end end if n==nf
fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf(' F'),
fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(1)),fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(2))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', Ifabcm(3))
else, end
end resp=0;
while strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
resp = input('Another fault location? Enter ''y'' or ''n'' within single quote -> ');
if strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
fprintf('\n Incorrect reply, try again \n\n'), end end
if resp == 'y' | resp == 'Y'
nf = 999; else ff = 0; end
end % end for while
Three Phase Symmetrical Fault PROGRAM 8

function symfaul(zdata, Zbus, V)

nl = zdata(:,1); nr = zdata(:,2); R = zdata(:,3);

X = zdata(:,4); nc = length(zdata(1,:)); if nc
> 4 BC = zdata(:,5);
elseif nc ==4, BC = zeros(length(zdata(:,1)), 1);
end
ZB = R + j*X;
nbr=length(zdata(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
if exist('V') == 1 if
length(V) == nbus
V0 = V; else, end
else, V0 = ones(nbus, 1) + j*zeros(nbus, 1); end
fprintf('\Three-phase balanced fault analysis \n')
ff = 999; while ff > 0
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
rtn=isempty(nf); if
rtn==1; nf=-1; end
while nf <= 0 | nf > nbus
fprintf('Faulted bus No. must be between 1 & %g \n', nbus)
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> '); rtn=isempty(nf);
if rtn==1; nf=-1; end
end rtz=1; while rtz==1 fprintf('\nEnter Fault
Impedance Zf = R + j*X in ') Zf = input('complex form
(for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = '); rtz=isempty(Zf); end
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Balanced three-phase fault at bus No. %g\n', nf)

If = V0(nf)/(Zf + Zbus(nf, nf)); Ifm = abs(If);

Ifmang=angle(If)*180/pi; fprintf('Total fault current
= %8.4f per unit \n\n', Ifm)
%fprintf(' p.u. \n\n', Ifm)
fprintf('Bus Voltages during fault in per unit \n\n')
fprintf(' Bus Voltage Angle\n')
fprintf(' No. Magnitude degrees\n')

for n = 1:nbus
if n==nf
Vf(nf) = V0(nf)*Zf/(Zf + Zbus(nf,nf)); Vfm = abs(Vf(nf)); angv=angle(Vf(nf))*180/pi;
else, Vf(n) = V0(n) - V0(n)*Zbus(n,nf)/(Zf + Zbus(nf,nf));
Vfm = abs(Vf(n)); angv=angle(Vf(n))*180/pi;
end
fprintf(' %4g', n), fprintf('%13.4f', Vfm),fprintf('%13.4f\n', angv)

end
fprintf(' \n')

fprintf('Line currents for fault at bus No. %g\n\n', nf)

fprintf(' From To Current Angle\n') fprintf('
Bus Bus Magnitude degrees\n')

for n= 1:nbus %Ign=0; for

I = 1:nbr if nl(I) == n | nr(I)
== n if nl(I) ==n k=
nr(I); elseif nr(I) == n k
= nl(I);
end
if k==0
Ink = (V0(n) - Vf(n))/ZB(I);
Inkm = abs(Ink); th=angle(Ink);
%if th <= 0
if real(Ink) > 0
fprintf(' G '), fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf('%12.4f', Inkm)
fprintf('%12.4f\n', th*180/pi) elseif real(Ink) ==0 &
imag(Ink) < 0
fprintf(' G '), fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf('%12.4f', Inkm)
fprintf('%12.4f\n', th*180/pi)
else, end
Ign=Ink;
elseif k ~= 0
Ink = (Vf(n) - Vf(k))/ZB(I)+BC(I)*Vf(n);
%Ink = (Vf(n) - Vf(k))/ZB(I);
Inkm = abs(Ink); th=angle(Ink);
%Ign=Ign+Ink;
%if th <= 0 if
real(Ink) > 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf('%12.4f', Inkm), fprintf('%12.4f\n', th*180/pi)
elseif real(Ink) ==0 & imag(Ink) < 0 fprintf('%7g',
n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf('%12.4f', Inkm), fprintf('%12.4f\n', th*180/pi)
else, end else, end else, end end

if n==nf
fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf(' F'), fprintf('%12.4f', Ifm)
fprintf('%12.4f\n', Ifmang)
else, end end resp=0;
while strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
resp = input('Another fault location? Enter ''y'' or ''n'' within single quote -> ');
if strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
fprintf('\n Incorrect reply, try again \n\n'), end end
if resp == 'y' | resp == 'Y'
nf = 999; else ff = 0; end
end % end for while
PROGRAM 9

%NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD

clc; gbus = [1 2.0 1.0
0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0
3 1.5 0.6 0.0 0.0]; ybus = [5.882-j*23.528 -2.941+j*11.764 -
2.941+j*11.764 -2.941+j*11.764 5.882-j*23.528 -2.941+j*11.764 -
2.941+j*11.764 -2.941+j*11.764 5.882-j*23.528]; t= 0.001
v1=1.04+j*0; v2=1+j*0; v3=1.04+j*0; del3=angle(v3); del1=angle(v1);
del2=angle(v2); %abs(ybus(2,1)) %abs(v2) for i=1:10
p2=(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*cos((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-
del2))
+abs(v2)*
abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*cos((angle(ybus(2,2))))+(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*
abs(ybus(2,3))*cos((angle(ybus(2,3))+del3-del2));
q2=-(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*sin((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))-
abs(v2)*abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*sin((angle(ybus(2,2))))-(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*
abs(ybus(2,3))*sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
p3=(abs(v3)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(3,1))*cos((angle(ybus(3,1)))+del1-
del3))+abs(v3)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(3,3))*cos((angle(ybus(3,3))))+
(abs(v2)*abs(v3)* abs(ybus(3,2))*cos((angle(ybus(3,2)))+del2-del3));
delp20=gbus(2,4)-gbus(2,2)-p2; delp30=gbus(3,4)-gbus(3,2)-p3;
delq20=gbus(2,5)-gbus(2,3)-q2;
J(1,1)=(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*sin((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-
del2))+(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-
del2));
J(1,2)=-(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-
del2));
J(1,3)=(abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*cos((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-
del2))+2*(abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*cos((angle(ybus(2,2))))+
(abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))* cos((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
J(2,1)=-(abs(v3)*abs(v2)*abs(ybus(3,2))*sin((angle(ybus(3,2)))+del2-
del3));
J(2,2)=(abs(v3)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(3,1))*sin((angdel3))+(abs(v3)*abs(v2)*abs(ybus(3,2))*sin((angle(yb
us(3,2)))+del2- del3));
J(2,3)=(abs(v3)*abs(ybus(3,2))*cos((angle(ybus(3,2)))+del2-del3));
J(3,1)=(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*cos((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-
del2))-(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*cos((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del2-
del3));
J(3,2)=(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*cos((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del2-
del3));
J(3,3)=-(abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,1))*sin((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1- del2))-
2*(abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*sin((angle(ybus(2,2))))-
(abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*
sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2)); end
J inv(J);
A=[del2;del3;abs(v2)]; delA0=[delp20;delp30;delq20];
delA1=inv(J)*delA0; delA1; b0=abs(v2);
A1=[del2;del3;b0]+delA1; A1-delA0; if((A1-
delA0)<=t) break; del2=A1(1,1); del3=A1(2,1);
abs(v2)=A1(3,1); end A1
PROGRAM 10

%Gauss Sedial
clc; data=[1 1 2 10-j*20 2 1 3 10-j*30 3
2 3 16-j*32] elements=max(data(:,1));
bus=max(max(data(:,2)),max(data(:,3)))
; y=zeros(bus,bus); for p=1:bus, for
q=1:elements,
if(data(q,2)==p|data(q,3)==p)
y(p,p)=y(p,p)+data(q,4); end end end for
p=1:bus,
for q=1:bus, if (p~=q) for r=1:elements
if((data(r,2)==p&data(r,3)==q)|(data(r,2)==q&data(r,3)==p))
y(p,q)=-(data(r,4)); end end end end end a1=input('enter p2
in MW:'); b1=input('enter q2 in MVAR:'); a2=input('enter p3
in MW:'); b2=input('enter q3 in MVAR'); pu=input('enter the
base value in MVA'); p2=(a1/pu); q2=(b1/pu); p3=(a2/pu);
q3=(b2/pu); dx1=1+j*0; dx2=1+j*0; v1=1.05; v2=1+j*0;
v3=1+j*0; iter=0; disp('iter v2 v3');
while(abs(dx1)&abs(dx2)>=0.00001)&iter<7; iter=iter+1;
g1=(((p2-j*q2)/conj(v2))+(-y(1,2)*v1)+(-y(2,3)*v3))/y(2,2);
g2=(((p3-j*q3)/conj(v3))+(-y(1,3)*v1)+(-y(2,3)*g1))/y(3,3);
dx1=g1-v2;
dx2=g2-v3; v2=v2+dx1;
v3=v3+dx2;
fprintf ('%g',iter),disp([v2,v3]); end

PROGRAM:-11

Economic load dispatch

cost = [500 5.3 0.004

400 5.5 0.006 200
5.8 0.009]; limits=[200
450
150 350
 100 225];
Pdt = 800;
dispatch gencost