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DLC Lab Exp 8 Oel

The document outlines the design and analysis of a 555 timer astable circuit that allows for adjustable frequency while maintaining a fixed 50% duty cycle. It details the theoretical background, methodology, apparatus used, and results from the experiment, confirming the circuit's ability to generate consistent square wave outputs. The experiment demonstrated the practical applications of the 555 Timer IC in generating clock pulses and other timing-related functions.

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4 views5 pages

DLC Lab Exp 8 Oel

The document outlines the design and analysis of a 555 timer astable circuit that allows for adjustable frequency while maintaining a fixed 50% duty cycle. It details the theoretical background, methodology, apparatus used, and results from the experiment, confirming the circuit's ability to generate consistent square wave outputs. The experiment demonstrated the practical applications of the 555 Timer IC in generating clock pulses and other timing-related functions.

Uploaded by

moahtasimbillahsoykot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Title: Designing and Analyzing a 555 Timer Astable Circuit with Adjustable Frequency and

Fixed 50% Duty Cycle.

Objective: Designing , building , and testing a 555-timer astable circuit that allows you to adjust
the oscillation frequency while keeping the duty cycle fixed at 50%.

Introduction:

The name of the timer comes from the three 5 kΩ resistors which are embedded in it [1]. This IC
gives precise time at the output which is must in the time related circuits. One of its basic
operations is to produce clock pulses with predefined frequency as an astable mutivibrator.
Another operation is to work like a stop watch which is done in monostable mode. We will see
these two operations in this experiment. The following figure is the layout of the 555 Timer IC as
which allows us to focus on the functions of the circuit.

Figure 1: Pin configuration of the 555 timer IC.

Theory and Methodology:

Astable Multivibrator: It is also called free running sinusoidal oscillator. An astable multivibrator
is simply and oscillator. The astable multivibrator generates a continuous stream of rectangular
off-on pulses that switch between two voltage levels. The frequency of the pulses and their duty
cycle are dependent upon the RC network values.

1
Figure 2: 555 timer connected as an astable multivibrator

The time that the output is high, TL is how long it takes C to discharge from 1/3 of Vcc to 2/3
of Vcc. It is expressed as

TH = 0.7(RA + RB) C

The time that the output is low, TH is how long it takes C to charge from 2/3 of Vcc to 1/3 of
Vcc. It is expressed as

TL =0.7RBC

The time period, T = TH + TL = 0.7(RA + 2RB) C Frequency of Oscillation, f = 1/T = 1.44 /


(RA + 2RB) C Duty cycle, D = TH/ T = (RA + RB)/ (RA + 2RB) x 100%.

Apparatus:
• 555 Timer IC (1 piece)
• Resistors: 1 kΩ, 2.2 kΩ, 4.7 kΩ, and 50 kΩ (1 piece each)
• Capacitors: 0.01 µF, 0.022 µF, and 100 µF (1 piece each)
• Breadboard for circuit assembly
• Connecting wires
• Simulation software (MULTISIM) 2
Simulation And Result:
Astable Multivibrator:

Figure 4: Experimental setup for astable multivibrator.

Here we used ,
555 timer only astable mode:
Capacitor: 47uF
Frequency: 1HZ
Time period: 1S
Duty Cycle: 50%
TH = TL=0.5s
R1 = 1 k ohm and
R2= 4.7 k ohm

3
Calculation (In lab ) :

In the lab, we worked with the value that are given below and solved the timer:

C = 47µF
Duty cycle = 50% = 0.5
f = 1Hz
T = 1s
TH = TL = 0.5s

Here,
TL = 0.7 × RB × C
0.5 = 0.7 × RB × (47 × 10⁻⁶)
⇒ RB = 0.5 / [0.7 × (47 × 10⁻⁶)] = 15.20 kΩ

Now,
TH = 0.7 × (RA + RB) × C
⇒ 0.5 = 0.7 × (RA + 15.2kΩ) × 47 × 10⁻⁶
⇒ 15.20 kΩ = RA + 15.2 kΩ
⇒ RA = 0 kΩ

As, taking RA = 0 kΩ for our experiment is a problem , we took both RA and


RB 15 k ohm (said by faculty).

Discussion:

The implementation of the 555 Timer IC in astable mode effectively demonstrated


its ability to function as a stable, free-running oscillator. In this configuration, the
circuit continuously generated a square wave output without the need for an
external trigger. This behavior makes the astable mode particularly suitable for
applications such as clock pulses, LED flashers, and frequency modulation.

During the experiment, variations in resistor (R1 and R2) and capacitor (C) values
allowed precise control over the output waveform's frequency and duty cycle. This
confirmed the theoretical relationship between these components and the timing
intervals, as described by the standard formulas for the 555 Timer in astable mode.

4
The observed waveforms from the practical setup closely matched both calculated
values and simulation results, indicating accurate circuit behavior.

This experiment reinforced the practical importance of the astable mode,


showcasing how the 555 Timer IC can be used to generate consistent and
adjustable pulse trains for various digital and analog applications.

Reference(s):

1. Boylestad, Robert L., and Louis Nashelsky. Electronic Devices


And Circuit Theory, 2006, Pearson Prentice Hall.

2. Thomas L. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 9th Edition, 2006, Prentice Hall.


3. Lab manual.

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