Module 1 CHP 7-How Do Organisms Reproduce
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notyash18Module 1 CHP 7-How Do Organisms Reproduce
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HOW ORGANISMS REPRODUCE
Module 1
Reproduction :-
Reproduction is the process by which living organisms
produce new individuals of the same species.
Reproduction is necessary for the survival and
increase in the population of a species. If organisms do
not reproduce, their population decreases and species
will become extinct.
Significance of Reproduction:
1. It allows continuity of of a species generation
after generation.
2.It plays an important role in evolution by
transmitting favorable variations from one
generation to another generation.
Body design of organisms: Organisms look
similar because their body design are similar.
• Reproduction at its most basic level involves making
copy of the blue print of body design.
• DNA in the cell nucleus is the information source for
making protein and different proteins lead to different
body design.
• A basic level of reproduction is the creation of a DNA copy.
• DNA copy is accompanied by a cell division giving rise
to two cells.
• DNA copying always involves some variation, hence
DNA copies generated are similar but not identical.
this tendency of variation during reproduction leads
to evolution.
The importance of variation :-
DNA copying during reproduction is important for
maintaining the body designs of different organisms to
survive in the existing environment. But the environment is
constantly changing due to changes in temperature,
climate, water levels etc. If organisms cannot adjust
themselves to the changes in the environment then their
species will become extinct.
If there are variations in some individuals of a species
they may be able to survive the changes in the
environment.
So variations in species is necessary for the survival of
different species and for the evolution of new species.
4) Types of reproduction :-
There are two main types of reproduction in living organisms. They
are asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction :- is reproduction in which new
individuals are produced from a single parent.
Sexual reproduction :- is reproduction in which two
individuals are involved to produce a new individual.
Asexual reproduction is of different types. They are:- fission,
budding, regeneration, fragmentation, spore formation,
vegetative propagation etc.
i) Fission :-
Fission is an asexual reproduction by which a unicellular
organism divides and forms two or more new individuals.
Fission is of two types. They are binary fission and
multiple fission.
i) Binary fission :- In this method an organism divides and
forms two individuals. First the nucleus divides and
forms two nuclei. Then the cytoplasm divides and forms
two daughter cells. Eg:- Amoeba, Paramaecium etc.
ii) Multiple fission :- In this method one organism divides
into many daughter cells. Eg.Plasmodium (Malarial parasite).
ii) Budding :-
In this method a bud like projection is formed on the
body of the organism. The bud then develops into a
new
individual. It then separates from the parent and forms an
independent individual. Eg:- Hydra, Yeast etc.
bud
bud
iii) Regeneration :-
It is the ability of a fully differentiated organisms to give
rise to new individual organisms from its body part. The
body part which contain a specialesed cell grow or
regenerate into separate individuals.
Eg :- Hydra, Planaria, Star fish etc.
iv) Fragmentation :-
In this method the body of a simple multicellular
organism breaks up into smaller pieces on maturation and
each fragment develops into new individuals.
Eg :- Spirogyra, Flatwom.
v) Spore formation :-
In this method structures called sporangia produce tiny
cells called spores. When the spores come in contact with a
moist surface, it develops into new individuals.
Eg :- Rhizopus(Bread mould) , Mucor, Penicillium etc.
vi) Vegetative propagation :-
In this method new plants are produced from the
vegetative parts of the plant like root, stem or leaves without
the help of any reproductive organs.
It may be natural:
By Roots: Dahalia, Sweet potato.
By stems: Ginger(Rhizome),
Potato(Tuber),Onion(Bulb) By leaves: Bryophyllum
Vegetative propagation can also be done artificially by cutting,
layering, grafting etc.
Cutting - Rose, Chrysanthum, Grapes etc.
Layering - lemon, Guava, Hibiscus, Bougainvillea, Jasmine,
Rasberry, Strawberry etc.
Grafting – this method is applied to improve variety of fruits
like mango, apples, peas, etc
Advantages of vegetative propagation:-
1. Plants takes less time to grow.
2. It also helps in the propagation of plants which do not
produce seeds like rose, jasmine banana or produce seed
with prolonged period of dormancy.
Disadvantages of vegetative propagation:
1. There is no genetic variation, so there is less adaptibility to
the environment.
2. The disease of the parent plants get transferred to the
offspring.
3. New characters can neither be introduced nor undesirable
characters be eliminated.
vii) Tissue Culture: In this method new plants are
grown by removing tissues or cells from the
growing tip of a plant.
in this technique cells are induced to devide
artificially by chemicals(Cytokinin) to form a group
of cells called „callus‟. Now the callus is
transferred to another medium containing
hormones for growth and differentiation.
the plantlets are now placed in soil, so that
grow into mature plants.
This technique is commonly used for ornamental
plants.
Characteristics of asexual reproduction:
1. Only one individual of an organism is involved.
2. The new individual produced are
genetically identical to their parents.
3. It presents a rapid mode of
multiplication. Advantages of Asexual
reproduction:
1. Plants takes less time to grow.
2. It also helps in the propagation of plants which do not produce
seeds like rose, jasmine banana or produce seed with
prolonged period of dormancy.
3. It helps to preserve parental
characters. Disadvantages of Asexual
reproduction:
1. There is no genetic variation, so there is less adaptability to the
environment.
2. The disease of the parent plants get transferred to the
offspring.
3. New characters can neither be introduced nor undesirable
characters be eliminated.